1. phonology
the relationship between sounds

2. Understanding Hebrew /p/
• Hebrew has a phoneme /p/
• /p/
[p] [f]
/p/ is realised as [f] when it follows
vowels and as [p] elsewhere

3. Identifying phonemes
• We know now how to identify allophones of a
phoneme
• WE also can use this inspection method to
identify separate phonemes
• IF ALLOPHONES are in COMPLIMENTARY
DISTRIBUTION
PHONEMES are in PARALLEL DISTRIBUTION

4. Looking for minimal pairs
• Two words that differ in meaning and only
one sound are minimal pairs
• If we have a minimal pair the two sounds
must be separate phonemes in that
language
• [pʰak] versus [pʰat]
• /t/ and /k/ are in parallel distribution
• They can appear in the same place
• These two words creates a minimal pair
• /t/ and /k/ must be separate phonemes in
English.

5. Korean
• kɑl ‘that’ll go’ iɾɯmi ‘name’
• kɯnɯl ‘shade’ kuɾɯm ‘cloud’
• mul ‘water’ sɑɾɑm person
• pɑl ‘leg’ uɾi ‘we’
• tatɯl ‘all of them’ ʃilkwɑ ‘fruit’
• ilkop ‘7’ səul ‘Seoul’
• ipɑlsa ‘barber’ pʰɑl ‘arm’

6. doing phonological analysis
• usually problems will ask you to explore 2 or more
particular phones and decide whether they are
separate phonemes or allophones of a single
phoneme.
• write down each phone’s 3 term label
• look for minimal pairs
• if no minimal pairs
• write down the environments the two phones
appear in
• Use _ for the spot the sound fits in
• use # to mean word edge
• #_ for beginning _# for end of a word

7. Korean ɾ and l
• kɑl ‘that’ll go’ iɾɯmi ‘name’
• kɯnɯl ‘shade’ kuɾɯm ‘cloud’
• mul ‘water’ sɑɾɑm person
• pɑl ‘leg’ uɾi ‘we’
• tatɯl ‘all of them’ ʃilkwɑ ‘fruit’
• ilkop ‘7’ səul ‘Seoul’
• ipɑlsa ‘barber’ pʰɑl ‘arm’

8. Writing the environments
• ɾ l
• Voiced, alv, flap voiced alv lateral
• i_ɯ ɑ_#
• u_ɯ ɯ_#
• ɑ_ɑ i_k
• u-i ɑ_s

9. Korean (2)
• What is the relationship between s, ʃ and z?
• sɑtɑn division ʃinpu bride
• sɑk colour inzweʧɑ publisher
• ʃilsu mistake susul operation
• pʰuŋzɯp custom ʧɑnzɑ business
• inzɑ greetings
• ʃeke world ʃihɑp game
• ʃesuʃil washroom
• pɑŋzək cushion

10. Types of phonetic environments
• Word initial processes – English Aspiration
• Word final voicelessness
• German the child – Das Kind /d/ [t]
• kindergarten
• Between vowels – voiced allophones, flaps
• /stops/ [fricatives]
• Preceding sounds
• Following sounds
• Adjacent sounds – English nasalisation can be provoked by
nasals on either side

11. Natural classes
• Sometimes expect to see allophones for a
whole bunch of sounds –Aspiration on p t k
• Same row of the IPA i.e. all sounds of the
same manner
• Same column – same place
• So if there is an allophone for one velar
consonant look for an allophone for other
velar consonants.

12. Japanese
• sɑkɑ ‘hill’ ʃinu ‘die’
• sorɑ ‘sky’ wɑtɑʃi ‘I’
• suru ‘do’ kimɑʃitɑ ‘came’
• mizu ‘water’ ʤi ‘hour’
• zɑʃi ‘magazine’ toʤite ‘close’
• what is relationship between [s] and
[ʃ]?