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Objectives
❏ Give high level and relatable ideas of
computer networking concepts
❏ Prepare for self learning weeks 3 - 6 of google
technical support certification
❏ Prepare for self learning advanced
networking in future
Outline
❏ Recap
❏ Introduction to Network Services (Week 03)
❏ Introduction to Connecting to the Internet
(Week 04)
❏ Introduction to Troubleshooting and the
Future of Networking (Week 05)
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Please Physical
Do Data Link
Not Network
Throw Transport
Sliced Session
Pizza Presentation
Away Application
Network Layers(OSI)
Recap
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Network Services
○ Network Address Translation (NAT)
■ Overview
■ NAT vs PAT
■ Non routable address space and ipv4
limitations
RFC1918: ‘We will refer to the
hosts in the first and second
categories as
"private". We will refer to the
hosts in the third category as
"public".’
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Connecting to the Internet
○ Dial up
■ Overview
■ POTs
■ Dial up modems
■ Point to point protocol (PPP)
PO
T
Dial up modem
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Connecting to the Internet
○ Broadband
■ Overview
■ Broadband technologies
(DSL, Cable, Fiber and
Satellite, also T-carriers)
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Connecting to the Internet
○ T-Carrier technologies: T-Carrier: [L1]
■ T-1: 24 channels and 1.544 Mbps
■ T-2: 96 channels and 6.312 Mbps
■ T-3: 432 channels and 44.736 Mbps
■ T-4: 4032 channels and 274.176
Mbps
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Connecting to the Internet
○ Wide Area Networks (WANs)
■ Overview
■ WAN technologies
■ WAN protocols
● Point-to-point topology
● Hub-and-spoke topology
● Full mesh topology
● Dual-homed topology
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Connecting to the Internet
○ Wireless Networks
■ Overview
■ Wireless technologies
■ Wireless protocols
■ Wireless channels & security
■ What OSI layer is the network
adapter?
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Connecting to the Internet
● 900 MHz (802.11ah)
● 2.4 GHz (802.11b/g/n/ax)
● 3.65 GHz (802.11y)
● 5.0 GHz (802.11j) WLAN
● 5 GHz or 5.8 GHz
(802.11a/h/j/n/ac/ax)
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Troubleshooting & Future
○ Verification of network connectivity
■ How the OSI/TCP-IP layes
help ?
■ ICMP
■ Ping & Traceroute
■ What layer is ICMP ?
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Troubleshooting & Future
○ DNS deep dive
■ Name resolution tools
■ Public DNS servers
■ Google DNS and nslookup
handson :)
■ DNS registration and expiration
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Word Definitions
Bit On or off signal (8 bits == Byte)
Symmetrical
Transmission
Equal download/upload speeds
Node Device on the network. Could be computer, switch.
Gateway Network entry point
Packet Formatted unit of data with header and user data
header Control information identifying packet, e.g source, destination.
Non routable ip Private IP space (A, B, C )
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Word Definitions
ISP Internet Service Provider
ADSL Asymmetrical DSL (higher download than upload)
DSL Digital subscriber line
Analog Continuous signal
Cloud Cloud computing platform
hop Network count
L OSI /TCP-IP Layers (1-7)
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References/Resources
○ IPv4 address space depletion
○ Network Address Translation
○ DHCP
○ Why does DNS use UDP ?
○ OSI Networking Game :)
○ Request for comments (RFC)
○ RFC archives
○ IANA
○ RIR
○ OSI Model
Notas do Editor
QnA from previous ??
What: L7 network service that helps us resolve friendly domain names to ip addresses
Why: although domain names are easy for people to remember, computers or machines, access websites based on IP addresses
How: 3 way handshake (L7) to query → Uses either UDP or TCP (L4) via a 4 way handshake to serve requested resource
Use cases, QnAnA
What: L7 network service that helps us resolve friendly domain names to ip addresses
Why: although domain names are easy for people to remember, computers or machines, access websites based on IP addresses
How: 3 way handshake (L7) to query → Uses either UDP or TCP (L4) via a 4 way handshake to serve requested resource
Use cases, QnAnA
What: L7 network service that ensures automatic assignment of ip addresses on network
Why: ip scalability if ip needs grow, less error prone, unlikely conflict in ip assignment, better ip assigning management.
How: It accepts UDP requests for IP address from un-configured hosts. Then, returns the IP address for that host.
Static may be prefered in VPN applications
Use cases, QnAnA
What: L3 network service that translates private ips to public ips for routing to and from a private network
Why: Secure:keeps internal addressing from the external network, help conserve ip space by mappin multiple private ip set to one public ip
How: Modifies IP header of packet to reflect appropriate public or private ip
Non routable address space: Class A, B and C ( D==multicast, E==Experimental purpose)
Use cases, QnAnA
What: L3 network service that translates private ips to public ips for routing and vice versa
Why: Secure:keeps internal addressing from the external network, help conserve ip space by mappin multiple private ip set to one public ip
How: Modifies IP header of packet to reflect appropriate public or private ip
Non routable address space: Class A, B and C ( D==multicast, E==Experimental purpose)
Use cases, QnAnA
What: (L3 / L2 ) network service for safe and encrypted connection over a less secure network e.g. internet. Extends private network via public network
Why: safety, privacy,
How: KPMG wfh scenario
Proxies: Anonymous web browsing and managing content access control. It masks your IP location but doesn’t encrypt your data, (KPMG scenario)
Use cases, QnAnA
What: internet service that connect via phone line. Phone couldn’t be used for both calls and internet connectivity at same time(Baseband)
Why: We had to get on the internet by some means :) and this was the best way then
How: Dial into your ISP (Internet Service Provider) using a phone number via an external (or later internal) dial-up modem((L1 device)
POTs: voice-grade telephone service. Uses analog signal transmission
Point to point protocol (PPP):enable dial up connections / facilitates the transmission of data packets between point to point links.
Use cases, QnAnA
What: internet service uses multiple channel and able to split signal traffic among different channels for both calls and internet connectivity
Why: it's a lot better than traditional dial up connection, faster and more options for delivery. Find protocols
How: Broadband technologies(order of popularity): DSL, Cable modem, Fiber, t-carriers, and Satellite . Find order of speed
What: internet service Dedicated multi channel phone call and data (point-to-point private networks). Unlike standard telephone lines which transfer data and voice at about 30,000 bits per second (30 kbps) using a dial-up modem
Why: dedicated and faster connection
How: multi channels (maths)
What: geographically distributed network that interconnects multiple local area networks (LANs). E.g network of ATMs, internet, #askmore
Why: expand networks accross diverse locations,
How: Facilitated by WAN technologies and protocols
WAN technologies usually at layers 1,2&3
What: Network on which data transmission is via a wireless medium
Why: Convenience/mobility, easy deployment, might cost less
How: LAN==Wi-Fi, Community==WiMax, Satellite,MAN==Point-to-Point links, PAN==Bluetooth,Zigbee, infrared, etc..
Devices: Repeater(L1), Wireless router(L3),
What: Network on which data transmission is via a wireless medium
Why: Convenience/mobility, easy deployment, might cost less
How: LAN==Wi-Fi, Community==WiMax, Satellite,MAN==Point-to-Point links, PAN==Bluetooth,Zigbee, infrared, etc.. Ref
Devices: Repeater(L1), Wireless router(L3),
What: A cellular network or mobile network is a radio network distributed over land areas called cells, each served by at least one fixed-location transceiver, known as a cell site or base station.
Why: seamless roaming capabilities for supporting cellular devices.
How:
Handson with students (Ping & Traceroute)
The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is a supporting protocol in the Internet protocol suite. It is used by network devices, including routers, to send error messages and operational information indicating success or failure when communicating with another IP address
Hostsfiles: Maps custom hostnames to ip addresses. Testing domains locally before going live
Tools: NSlookup: resolves domain names to ip
Hostsfiles: Maps custom hostnames to ip addresses. Testing domains locally before going live
Tools: NSlookup: resolves domain names to ip
Virtualization: single host could run many virtual instances called guests.
Hypervisor: runs and manages virtual machines while also offering these guests a virtual operating platform that's indistinguishable from actual hardware.
Cloud leverages on this to create a system that allows massive resource sharing
Virtualization: single host could run many virtual instances called guests.
Hypervisor: runs and manages virtual machines while also offering these guests a virtual operating platform that's indistinguishable from actual hardware.
Cloud leverages on this to create a system that allows massive resource sharing
What: emerged to resolved the depleting addresses of ipv4. Uses alphanumeric to represent ip addresses rather than numbers as in ipv4. (Hexadecimals). 128 bit ip address & 16 octets
What: emerged to resolved the depleting addresses of ipv4.
Ipv6 vs ipv4 harmony: how do we safely and seamlessly transition or even merge these two ? Read more about ipv6 tunneling