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Civil engineering
250 Civil Engineer Interview
Questions and Answers
asked in Top Companies
Haidari

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1. Define what is Civil Engineering?
Answer: Civil engineering is arguably the oldest engineering
Discipline. It deals with the designed setting and may be dated to the primary time somebody placed a roof over his or
her Head or set a stalk across a stream to form it easier to urge across.
The designed setting encompasses abundant of what defines fashionable civilization. Buildings and bridges area unit usually
the primary constructions that come back to mind, as they’re the foremost conspicuous creations of structural engineering,
one in every of civil engineering’s major sub disciplines. Roads, railroads, subway systems, and airports area unit designed
by transportation engineers, another class of engineering. So there are a unit the less visible creations of civil engineers.
Each time you open a water tap, you expect water to return out, doltishly that civil engineers created it attainable. the
big apple town has one in every of the world’s most spectacular water system systems, receiving billions of gallons of high-
quality water from the mountain chain over 100 miles away. Similarly, not many of us appear to fret regarding what happens
to the water once it’s served its functions.
The recent engineering discipline of sanitary engineering has evolved into fashionable environmental engineering of such
significance that almost all educational departments have modified their names to civil and environmental engineering.
These few examples illustrate that civil engineers do lots quite style buildings and bridges. they’ll be found within the
region business, coming up with jetliners and house stations; within the automotive business, perfecting the load-carrying
capability of a chassis and rising the crash worthiness of bumpers and doors; and that they is found within the ship building
business, the ability business, and lots of different industries where made facilities area unit concerned. And that they
arrange and supervise the development of those facilities as construction managers
2. What is the Unit Weight of concrete?
Answer: As per IS: 456-2000 Unit weight of Plain cement concrete is 24KN/m3 and Reinforced cement Concrete is
25KN/m3
3. Which is the world’s tallest man-made structure?
Answer: World's tallest man-made structure is the Burj Dubai which stands at Approx. 830 meters tall.
4. What are the steps involved in the concreting process, explain?
Steps involved in the concreting process are: 1. Batching 2. Mixing 3. Transporting and placing of concrete 4. Compacting.
5. What are the Nominal Concrete Mix proportions for different grades?
Answer: Nominal mix concrete used for concrete of M-20 or lower. M5- 1:5:10, M7.5- 1:4:8, M15- 1:2:4, M20-1:1.5:3

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6. What is ductility?
Answer: Ductility is the Ability to deform under tensile stress.
7. How do you find the weight of steel bar used in reinforcement?
Answer: Weight of Bar in kg/m = D2 /162.2 {D- Diameter of bar in mm}
8. What’s the difference between one-way slab and two-way slab?
Answer: One way slab: Ratio of Longer Span / Shorter span > 2
Two way slab: when the Ratio of Longer span / shorter span <= 2
9. What is flat slab?
Answer: The slab which is supported on columns (Flab slab don’t have beams).
10. What’s the length of rise and tread in Stair case?
Answer: Rise – 150mm to 200mm, Tread – 250mm to 300mm
11. What Is Difference Between Engineering Stress And True Stress?
Answer: At any load, the engineering stress is the load divided by this initial cross- area. . At any load, the
True stress is the load divided by the cross-area at that instant.
12. What are the causes of building collapse?
Answer: The passage of time is one reason. Buildings also collapse due to weak foundations. Earthquakes, hurricanes and
other natural disasters can also damage the structure of the buildings and cause it to collapse. Bombings or demolition
of buildings is also other reasons.
13. What are the applications of modulus of elasticity?
Answer: As the term implies, “Modulus of Elasticity” relates to the elasticity or “flexibility” of a material. The value of
modulus of elasticity is very much significant relating to deflection of certain materials used in the construction
industry. Take for example the general E value of mild carbon steel is about 200 GPA compared to about 70 GPA for
aluminum. This simply translate that aluminum is 3 times flexible than steel.
14. Define what is the difference between routing maintenance and major maintenance in school facilities?
Answer:
The routine maintenance is the minor and consistent repairs that are engaged in the school premises. Examples could
include painting, replacement of fixtures, louver blades, furniture repairs, and patching cracks in the school buildings.

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The major maintenance could also be a total rehabilitation of the school, either school buildings or any other project
within the school community. It could be total restructuring of the lighting system in the school or sanitary system.
15. How are freeway bridges built?
Answer:
After calculating the anticipated traffic for the bridge, cement/reinforced- with- rebar stanchions are spaced over the
freeway to accommodate the bridge. An ‘off-ramp’ from the freeway to the bridge is constructed, as is an ‘on-ramp’ to
the subsequent road. Cement/rebar slabs are built and lifted with cranes to form the platform, and voila! Drive carefully.
Although the bridge deck/roadway is almost always a concrete slab, the structure that holds up the bridge deck can be
reinforced concrete, structural steel, or a combination of steel and concrete.
16. What is the difference between absorption & adsorption and sorption?
Answer:
Absorption generally refers to two phenomena, which are largely unrelated. In one case, it refers to when atoms,
molecules, or ions enter some bulk phase – gas, liquid or solid material. For instance, a sponge absorbs water when
it is dry.
Absorption also refers to the process by which the energy of a photon is taken up by another entity, for example,
by an atom whose valence electrons make transition between two electronic energy levels. The photon is
destroyed in the process. The absorbed energy may be re-emitted as radiant energy or transformed into heat
energy. The absorption of light during wave propagation is often called attenuation. The tools of spectroscopy in
chemistry are based on the absorption of photons by atoms and molecules.
Adsorption is similar, but refers to a surface rather than a volume: adsorption is a process that occurs when a gas
or liquid solute accumulates on the surface of a solid or, more rarely, a liquid (adsorbent), forming a molecular or
atomic film (the adsorb-ate). It is different from absorption, in which a substance diffuses into a liquid or solid to
form a solution.
17. How do you measure concrete?
Answer: Cubic feet, Cubic yards, Cubic Meter
18. Define what is the tallest man made structure in the world?
Answer: The tallest man made structure is the KVLY-TV mast which is 2063 feet tall. The world’s tallest man made
structure is Burj Dubai which is 800 meter tall.

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19. Define what are the uses of alloys in daily life and how are alloys made?
Answer:
Alloying is not always done to produce a ‘superior’ material, but to produce materials having a desired requirement
in the industry or elsewhere. A classic case is of lead solder (containing lead & tin), in which the melting point of
the constituent elements are lowered, not necessarily a desirable property.
Alloying can be carried out using hot press method (a sheet of material is sandwiched with alloying material),
rolling the heated base metal in a drum full of alloying metal powder, using hot spraying, galvanizing (dipping the
base in a molten solution of alloying material) etc. Sometimes the alloying material is added in small proportions to
the molten base metal (e.g., in production of different types of steel).
20.What is the world’s largest concrete dam?
Answer: The Grand Coulee Dam is said to be the largest concrete dam. Currently the world’s largest concrete dam is the
Itapúa Dam, an accomplishment of two neighboring countries, Brazil and Paraguay in South America. Though it is not
finished yet, the Three Gorges (or Sand pong) Dam on the Yangtze River in China will take over as the largest upon its
completion, which is slated for 2009.
21. What is braced excavation all about?
Answer: Excavations are braced to prevent the cave-in of surrounding unstable soil
22.What is the meaning of soil reinforcement?
Answer: Soil reinforcement is the act of improving soil strength to enable it support or carry more load. Two common
examples are:
Mixing a soil amendment such as lime into weak clayey soil and re-compacting to improve soil-bearing capacity
(often done under the road base in highway construction)
Installing plastic or composite webbing layers (called geo-grid material) alternating with compacted soil to produce
a stronger sloped soil structure (often done on steep roadway embankments to improve strength and stability)
23.Define what is aggregate?
Answer: Aggregate is the component of a composite material used to resist compressive stress.
24.What year was the keystone power plant in Indiana County constructed?
Answer: 1967 began commercial operation on unit 1.
25.Define what is the force exerted by the Tacoma narrows bridge?

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Answer: The force exerted to the Tacoma narrows bridge was initially
The wind resistance. The wind resistance caused the whole bridge to act as a system with forced vibration with damping.
26.Why nautical mile is different from statute mile?
Answer: One nautical mile is defined by one latitude minute of arc (there are 60 such minutes to a degree). This equals
1852 meters, and roughly (but coincidentally) 2000 yards or 6000 feet. (Edit: actually, a standard nautical mile is 6076
feet, 6000 feet and 2000 yards are commonly used approximations, but produce an error of about 1%).
The statute mile had a little fuzzier definition to start with, as one mile was the same as 1000 roman paces/steps. The
definition has since changed, but one statute mile equals about 1609 meters.
27.Define what is rigging?
Answer: In sailing, the ropes used to move the sails around so the boat will move in the right direction when the wind
blows.
28.What is absolute pressure?
Answer: Absolute pressure is simply the addition of the observed gage pressure plus the value of the local atmospheric
pressure.
29.How do we calculate absolute pressure?
Answer: Absolute is equal to gauge pressure plus atmospheric.
30.What is Gravity flow?
Answer: Gravity flow is fluid flowing due to the forces of gravity alone and not to an applied pressure head. In the Bernoulli
equation, the pressure term is omitted, and the height and velocity terms are the only ones included.
31. Define what is a kip?
Answer: 1 kip = 1000 lbs.
32.What are some structures that may be subjected to fatigue?
Answer: Bridges, hydraulic presses, burners trains
33.Will going from a 3-tap to 6-tap increase water pressure?
Answer: No, the pressure will be the same, you will get more volume only if your pumps can handle the GPM, to increase
pressure you may need a booster pump or a single pump that is rated for your needs.
34.Why does the pressure increase under soil?

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Answer: Soil pressure increases with depth due to the overburden or self-weight of the soil and due to loads imposed upon
the soil For example, the pressure variation below the depth of soil is linear and the relation is given by pressure = unit
wt. * depth.As depth increases, there will be a linear increase in the soil pressure.
35.Define what is the distance between railway tracks?
Answer: 4 feet, 8 1/2 inches
36.How high should the water tank be to provide a 60 PSI at base of this water tower?
Answer: 138.60ft, 2.31ft of water= 1 PSI
37.What are the steps involved in Building Construction?
Answer: There are different steps involved in Building construction like,
a. Concreting
b. Masonry work
c. Plastering work
d. Flooring work
e. Formwork
f. Steel cutting and Bending
38.Define what are the reasons for geotechnical site investigations in Uganda?
Answer:
To know the soil properties, in so doing be in position to determine whether the particular site is suitable for the
purpose intended
To know the history of the site
To know what remedies need to be put in place before construction can start
Based on the soil properties, that can be determined on site and in the lab, design the appropriate foundation for
the structure
39.What do you mean by honeycomb in concrete?
Answer: Some people call it an air pocket in the concrete or a void.
40.What is the purpose of the gap in the road on this bridge?
Answer: Purpose of the gap in the road is to allow the road to expand and contract with temperature changes without
causing damage or deformation to the road.

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41. Define what is a projection line?
Answer: Projection line is the way, in which the earth is shown on a flat piece of paper.
42.What are moment of inertia and its importance in civil engineering?
Answer: The moment of inertia measures the opposition any kind of body will have against a certain momentum (along that
same axis) trying to rotate that body.
43.Define what is the origin of name Railway Sleepers?
Answer: When sleepers were added below the railway, lines the trains ran more smoothly and people fell asleep on their
journeys,
44.Does brick grows bigger every year?
Answer: Usually bricks do not grow, but since stuff gets all over, it looks like it grows.
45.What is the absolute pressure scale?
answer: Absolute pressure is calculated from a vacuum (0 PSI) and atmospheric pressure is14.7PSIa or 14.7 PSI above a
vacuum 1PSI on a tire pressure gauge is called 1PSIg = 15.7PSIa 10PSIg=24.7PSIa 100PSIg=114.7PSIa etc.
46.What is the difference between QA and QC?
Answer: Many people and organizations are confused about the difference between quality assurance (QA), quality control
(QC), and testing. They are closely related, but they are different concepts. Since all three are necessary to manage the
risks of developing and maintaining software, it is important for software managers to understand the differences. They
are defined below:
Quality Assurance: A set of activities designed to ensure that the development and/or maintenance process is
adequate to ensure a system will meet its objectives.
Quality Control: A set of activities designed to evaluate a developed work product.
Testing is the process of executing a system with the intent of finding defects. (Note that the “process of
executing a system” includes test planning prior to the execution of the test cases.)
47.Will Water damage concrete?
Answer: As far as only concrete is concerned i.e. plain concrete, the effect of water seepage is very little (depending upon
the grade of concrete) whereas for RCC (reinforced cement concrete) water that seeps in corrodes the reinforcement
and thus reduces the life of the structure. The defects that water seepage induces in concrete are as follows:
induces capillary formation (due to the detonating characteristics of water)

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With this capillaries the concrete starts spalling out; i.e. the places where capillaries are formed, with even slight
amount of stress that portion comes out and exposes the steel to the atmosphere.
Concrete has a pH of about 12 -13. It also reduces the pH of the concrete when in salty water (or) when exposed
to marshy areas.
Reduces the overall strength of concrete
Reduces durability
Reduces permeability to further water seepage
Results in ageing of structures
48.How do you determine Specific gravity of cement?
Answer: Cement is usually purchased as a powdery substance that is mixed with sand, aggregate, gravel, and water to form
concrete. Since the cement itself is usually a powder, it is hard to measure a standard value for its specific gravity. In
addition, since cement is usually not used by itself, knowing its specific gravity is not particularly useful. A more useful
question is “What is the typical density of concrete?” A rule of thumb answer is that normal cured
Concrete has a density of about 150 pounds per cubic foot. This includes the weight of the cement, sand, aggregate, and
that part of the water that chemically binds with the cement to form the concrete. Since water weighs about 62.4 pounds
per cubic feet, concrete is about 2.4 times as heavy. Thus, the specific gravity of concrete is about 2.4. If you took cement
and mixed it with water, you would eventually have a hard lump of useless cement and it would also have a specific gravity
of between 2 and 2.4.
49.What are advancements in civil engineering?
Answer: Unlike other fields of engineering, the major advancement of the filed has been in the early years of the century
before the last century where the use of concrete technology is advanced. The use of cement as a construction material
is since the turn of the last century, improvement in the field increase by the use of steel elements in the construction
of buildings and bridges of various types. With the help of two, it was possible to do multistory buildings in the world.
Machineries were created to speed up the construction structures. The last century has also seen the advent of
Sophisticated design to withstand the effect of earthquake that was not possible before. With the use of computers,
development of model and analysis of structures under the effect of loads was made possible. Before just two decades,
it used to take months and months to design high-rise building and big bridges. Now it is a matter of hours.
50.How do you maintain water pressure?

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Answer: if you have water pressure and wish to maintain it, do not cause flow in the line, which will reduce pressure due
to friction. To keep pressure up, reduce friction by increasing the line size or eliminating some other restriction.
51. What are some facts about concrete?
Answer: Actually, drying is not directly linked to hardness in concrete. After concrete is poured, putting it in a wet
environment by spraying it constantly with water will hasten its hardening and its curing. After concrete cures, it is hard.
52.How many kilo-Newton’s equals 1000 kilogram?
Answer: When the 1000 kg are at rest, on Earth with Gravitational acceleration 9.81 m/s2, 1000 kg equal 9.81 KN
53.How long does it take concrete to harden?
Answer: It takes 28 days to cure.
54.Define what is unit weight of normal concrete?
Answer: 145 PCF
55.What is the difference between shear and tensile strength?
Answer: Tensile Strength for a Bolt is determined by applying a Force along it long axis. Shear Strength for a Bolt is
determined by applying a Force across its diameter, as it would be loaded in a lug joint.
56.Define what are the materials used in building a gravity dam?
Answer: There are many gravity dams constructed of compacted earth. High dams are generally concrete. All dams require
a spillway to be safe. The spillway must be armored.
57.How many feet are in 4 square yards?
Answer: There are 9 square feet in a square yard therefore there are 36 square feet in 4 square yards.
58.What is the average density of soil?
Answer: For purposes of civil engineering, an average soil will have a density of about 100 to 110 pounds per cubic foot.
(This can vary a little depending upon how well compacted the soil is.)
59.What are the strongest shapes in building?
Answer: The pillars
60.What is the density of most of construction materials?
Answer: If it floats it is less dense than water, 62.4 lbs. /cubic ft. Wood is about 40 lbs. / cu.ft.–it floats. Concrete is
150 lbs. / cu.ft. — It does not float.
61. What is Critical path in Ms-Project?

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Answer: The Critical Path consists of a series of tasks that must be completed on schedule for a project to finish on
schedule. It is the series of tasks (or even a single task) that dictates the calculated finish date. Each task on the critical
path is a critical task.
62.Where will be the reinforcement of slab placed when there is an inverted beam and the bottom of the beam and slab are
at same level?
Answer: Irrespective of the type of reinforced concrete flexural element, the fundamental requirement is that tension
reinforcement must be placed in that portion of the section which has tensile stresses. Depending upon the type of element
and loading, tensile stresses may not be on the same (top or bottom) edge of the section. But it is very easy to determine
the portion of the length of the element where tension is at the top and where it is at the bottom, by studying
The bending moment diagram of the element. Reinforcement is placed on the compression side of the elements when it is
required to increase the moment carrying capacity of the section beyond the limit possible for an under-reinforced section.
Replacing a portion of concrete in compression by steel results in the compressive force and adding a little extra tension
steel to balance the additional compression makes it possible to increase the moment of resistance without increasing the
depth of the section. Having said that, an inverted beam (with slab flush with the bottom of the beam) reverses the
location of flange but not the bending moment distribution. So, positioning of reinforcement would be the same as and a
normal beam. But it has an impact on the amount of reinforcement because of the changed flange location.
63.Which condition will prevail for the design of a swimming pool? When the pool is empty or when it is filled?
Answer: Depends on many factors – like in-ground vs above-ground – but both is a good answer – in-ground an empty pool
has to Withstand the force of the earth pushing on it. Both when filled have to handle the force of the water on the
shape of the walls and bottom.
64.Which is stronger solid steel rod or hollow steel pipe?
Answer: On a per pound basis, steel pipe is stronger in bending and is less likely to buckle in axial compression.
65.What is reinforced concrete?
Answer: Reinforced concrete have steels bars or mesh in them, which gives extra strength to the construction.
66.What are the different types of foundation?
Answer: Three main types of foundation are
Basement: In this a basement is prepared first on top of it building is constructed

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Crawl space: A crawl space is a raised foundation, it is built above the ground, just allowing enough space to crawl
underneath
Slab: In this foundation, concrete is directly poured into the pit made in the ground.
67.What is Hybrid Foundation?
Answer: Hybrid Foundation is usually used for high rise building, it contains both soil supported mat and piles. This type
of foundation is helpful in reducing the amount of the settlement.
68.What are the common ways of demolition?
Answer:
Hydro-demolition
Pressure Bursting
Dismantling
69.What is floating slab foundation?
Answer: A floating concrete foundation is a type of mat foundation that consists of the hollow mat formed by a grid of
thick reinforced concrete walls between two thick reinforced concrete slabs.
70.Define different types of roof systems?
Answer:
Slate or Stone roofs
Wood shingle roofs
Metal roofing systems
71. What are the phases inspections are done by local authority while construction?
Answer: Various inspections during the construction includes
Site Inspection
Pre-construction or first construction Inspection
Foundation inspection (before placing of concrete)
Framing inspection (before insulating or covering frame)
Insulation inspection (After insulation is completed)
Final inspection (after all construction is completed, and Permits are received)
72.What is Critical Path Method (C.P.M)?

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Answer: Critical Path Method is strategy and method of representing the respective tasks and activities involved in the
construction through a symbolic diagram.
73.What is demising walls?
Answer: Demising wall is used for the boundary that separates your land or house from neighbor’s house.
74.What is structural frames or systems?
Answer: Structural frames are a load bearing assembly of beams and columns on a foundation. Normally, the columns and
beams are generally fabricated off site and assembled on site.
75.What is the Construction Manager Responsibilities?
Answer: Construction Manager Deals with many responsibilities there are:
Cost Estimation
Chosen materials pre purchasing
Bidding phase of bidders selection
Proposal analysis
Monitoring and scheduling of construction
Construction of Cost control
Supervision and contract Negotiations construction.
76.On the construction site, what are the risks which are faced by Workers?
Answer: There are some the risk factors on the construction site that will be faced by the workers such as:
Falls from heights
Scaffold and collapse trench
Blasting of arc and shocks
Incorrectly using the personal protective Equipment
77.Explain OSHA compliance?
Answer: Occupational Safety and Health Act is shortly called OSHA, The main motto of this act is to deals with health
and security rules for their workers. So, it is a standard act that is followed by every construction company.
78.What is the reinforced concrete?
Answer: Reinforced concrete contains mesh and steel bars that support extreme strength to the construction.
79.What are the applications involved in the modulus of elasticity?

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Answer:
Construction of pillars, bridges, and beams Etc.
Used to test the distortion property of the new materials.
Calculates and measures the contortion response between the materials among working loads and Weight.
It measures the relationship of the stress-strain.
80.Explain the effect of a building collapse?
Answer:
Material wastage
Unhealthy environment
Loss of economy
Homeless with the deprivation of countless property.
81. Explain the primary difference between adsorption and absorption?
Answer:
A) Absorption
It is a bulk occurrence
The process involved is endothermic
Absorption has a uniform state of the process
It is the combination of the molecular species at the liquid or solid form
B) Adsorption
It is the occurrence in surface
It is an exothermic process
Its extends equilibrium was increasing steadily and gradually
Surface accumulation of the molecular species, rather bulk of solid or liquid
82.What is meant by the compressive strength of fly ash bricks?
Answer:
3.5N/mm2 is the strength and the fly ash brick wall is 3 times more than the normal brick which is made with clay, and
the normal clay value is bricked compressive which is 10-12N/mm2.
83.What are the different types of roofing systems?

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Answer:
Laminated asphalt shingles
Rubber Membrane roofing
Solar Tiles
Cedar Shingles or Shakes
Living Roofs
Asphalt Shingles
Asphalt Roll Roofing
84.What responsibilities are assigned to the site manager?
Answer:
Planning all the work which is to be done according to the project Decision making is required
Organization and preparing the list of the work to be done
Commitment to the safety and health regulations within other legislation
Traveling and connecting the sites for client meetings.
85.What means segregation and bleeding?
Answer: In civil engineering, the process of mixing water in the concrete where the concrete increases beyond the
material's surface are called bleeding.
86.How to measure the strength of the cement?
Answer:
After the completion of the curing process the measurement is taken for about 7 or 28 days. The load is slowly applied at
140kg/cm2 per minute up to the specimen's failure. We will get the concretes compressive strength or the cement at load
failure divided by the area of specimens.
87.What is meant by the strength of cement?
Answer:
The cement's strength is based on the Hardness of Cement sand mortar cubes, which are prepared from the cement
consist of 53MPa strength. It is obtained from OPC Grade cement within 28 days of cement's compressive strength. This
is one of the common questions asked in civil engineering interviews.

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88.What crank length in the slab defines?
Answer:
300mm is the minimum length of a crank
Crank length formula is = (d1+d2+5)*10mm
d1 = smaller bar diameter
d2= largest bar diameter
Crank slope is 1:10.
89.What is two way slab?
Answer:
Beam helps the four sides of the concrete slab and loads within both directions. The ratio between longer and shorter
spans is below 2.
Example: multistoried buildings.
90.What is meant by one way slab?
Answer:
The beams assist the one way slab on two opposite sides. Its main work is to carry the load within one direction.
The ratio of the span between longer and shorter is equal or more than 2.
Example: Verandah
91. What is a beam?
Answer:
It is the best example of the structural element which bends.
It gives the best solution to many structural problems of moving of gravity horizontal loads up to the load elements.
It gives the linear structural element towards the perpendicular loads gets the flex load which is applied within the
axis.
92.What is Slab?
Answer:
The slab is a flexural element that allows the load one horizontally or in many directions to contain a single plane.
Whereas the resistance in bending slab is the same as the beam, vary from proportional beams continuous in both
directions.

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It is concrete pavement that is bent perpendicular and promotes torsion in the slab.
93.Q) How do you build-up the weight of steel?
Answer: To calculate the weight of steel, the formula is
Ex: 95 x length (m) x width (m) x thickness (mm)
94.What is seepage?
Answer:
Seepage is well known for the slow seeping of water through the soil.
95.List out the potential risk factors for workers on the construction site?
Answer:
Potential risk factors for worker on the construction site
Falls from heights
Scaffold and Trench collapse
Electric shock and arc blast
Repetitive motion injuries
Not using personal protective equipment correctly
96.What is the Compressive Strength of brick?
Answer:
Second class brick-70kg/cm2
First class brick-105kg/cm2
Fire brick-125kg/cm2
97.What are the steps involved in the concreting process AND explain?
Answer:
The major steps in converting process are
Batching
Mixing
Transporting and placing of concrete
Compacting
98.How do you check the quality of cement on the site?

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Answer:
Date of Mfg: Cement strength decreases with its age so it is very important to check.
Color: The Colour should be grey with light greenish. color is an indication of excess lime or clay
Float test: A good cement will float for some time and then sinks.
Also, When you put your hand in cement bag you should feel cool
99.What are the basic differences between absorption, adsorption, and sorption?
Answer:
Absorption: It is the conversion or mixing of one material into another state.
Adsorption: The physical bonding of ions and molecules onto the surface of another phase
Sorption: It is a physical and chemical process in which one substance becomes attached to another.
100. What is soil analysis?
Answer:
Soil analysis is the testing of soil to determine the nutritional and elemental composition of soil. It is generally tested for
knowing the contents of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorous.
101.What do you mean by segregation?
Answer:
Segregation is a separation of cement, sand from aggregate. This is caused due to Water cement ratio and when concrete
is poured about more than 1.5m.
102. What is bleeding in concrete?
Answer:
Bleeding is one form of segregation, where water comes out to the surface of the concrete, because of its lowest specific
gravity of water among all the ingredients of concrete.
103. What is Honeycombing of concrete?
Answer:
Honeycombs are hollow spaces and cavities left in concrete mass on surface or inside the concrete mass where concrete
could not reach. These look like honey bees nest.
104. What is a crank length in the slab?
Answer:

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The crank length in Slab is 0.42 D.
Where D = Slab thickness – (Top cover + Bottom Cover)
105. What’s the slope of Staircase?
Answer:
As per IS 456, the slope or pitch of stair should be between 25 degrees to 40 degrees.
106. What Is Difference Between Engineering Stress And True Stress?
Answer:
At any load, the engineering stress is the load divided by this initial cross- area. . At any load, the true stress is the load
divided by the cross-area at that instant.
107. What is flat slab?
Answer:
The slab which is supported on columns (Flab slab don’t have beams).
108. What Do You Understand by M25 Concrete?
Answer:
According to IS 456: 2000, M refers Mix and 25 refers the characteristic compressive.
Strength of concrete cube of 150mmX150mmX150 mm tested at the end of 28 days should be minimum 25 N/Sq.mm
109. What is the maximum allowable fresh concrete temperature until used as per ASTM?
Answer:
32° C
110. What are the skills required to become an architect?
Answer:
Conceptual understanding of designing models
Basic knowledge of computer and architect related software programs
Designing 3D models
Engineering ability
Business aptitude
Legal knowledge
111. For filling cracks in masonry structures, the type of bitumen used, is.

-
Answer:
Plastic bitumen
112. What is the process of covering of concrete placed on the exposed top of an external wall?
Answer:
Coping
113. What is the minimum curing period?
Answer:
IS 456 – 2000 recommends that curing duration of concrete must be at least 7 days in case of Ordinary Portland Cement,
at least 10 days for concrete with Mineral admixtures. It also recommends that the curing duration should not be less
than 10 days for concrete of OPC exposed to dry and hot weather conditions and 14 days for concrete with mineral
admixtures in hot and dry weather.
114. What is the minimum weight of fine aggregate for sieve analysis as per ASTM C136?
Answer:
300 g
115. How many hours should CBR samples be soaked?
Answer:
96 Hrs
116. The bearing capacity of granite is generally?
Answer:
30 to 35 kg/cm 2
117. What is grouting?
Answer:
Grout is a fluid form of concrete which is used to fill the voids.
118. What is the recommended slump for column?
Answer:
75 to 125 mm
119. What is the minimum curing period?
Answer:

-
IS 456 – 2000 recommends that curing duration of concrete must be at least 7 days in case of Ordinary Portland Cement,
at least 10 days for concrete with Mineral admixtures.
It also recommends that the curing duration should not be less than 10 days for concrete of OPC exposed to dry and hot
weather conditions and 14 days for concrete with mineral admixtures in hot and dry weather.
120. What are the functions of column in a building?
Answer:
Column is a vertical member in building whose Primary function is to support structural load and transfer it through beams.
Upper columns transfers the load to the lower columns and finally to the ground through footings.
121. What are the uses of Groynes?
Answer:
They prevent, or slow down erosion, and stop the longshore drift. This, however, can have bad knock-on effects somewhere
near.
122. What is the initial and final setting time of ideal cement mix?
Answer:
Initial setting time for ideal cement mix is around 30 minutes for almost all kind of cements. For masonry cement it can
be 90minutes. Final setting time of ideal cement mix should be 10 hours at max. For masonry cement it shouldn’t exceed
24hours.
123. The portion of a brick cut across the width is called
Answer:
Bat
124. The length of each fish plate is
Answer:
457.2mm
125. Rail chairs are used to fix
Answer:
Double head rails

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126. Creeping of rails can be checked by using
Answer:
Anchors
127. What Is Rigging?
Answer:
In sailing, the ropes used to move the sails around so the boat will move in the right direction when the wind blows.
128. What Are The Materials Used In Building A Gravity Dam?
Answer:
There are many gravity dams constructed of compacted earth. High dams are generally concrete. All dams require a
spillway to be safe. The spillway must be armored.
129. What the Purpose of the Gap in the Road on This Bridge?
Answer:
Purpose of the gap in the road is to allow the road to expand and contract with temperature changes without causing
damage or deformation to the road.
130. On Indian railways , minimum formation width in embankment for a single line of board gauge ,is
Answer:
6.1m
131. The device used for changing the direction of the engines is called
Answer:
Turn table
132. The device provided to prevent the vehicles from moving beyond the end of rail at terminals is called
Answer:
Buffer stops
133. What Are Moment Of Inertia And Its Importance In Civil Engineering?
Answer:
The moment of inertia measures the opposition any kind of body will have against a certain momentum (along that same
axis) trying to rotate that body.

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134. The distance between the running edge of the stock and switch rails at the switch heel ,is called
Answer:
Heel clearance
135. What are various tests for checking brick quality?
Answer:
We can use water absorption test, hardness test, shape & size, crushing strength test, soundness test, etc. to check the
brick quality. In water absorption test, we dip the brick for 16 hours in water. If weight of brick after dipping in water
doesn’t exceed by 20%, it can be considered as first class brick, if below 22.5% it can be considered as second class
brick, if below 25% it can be considered as third class brick. In crushing test, it crushing strength should be minimum of
10 N/mm2 for first class brick, 7.5 N/mm2
For second class bricks. In hardness test, we scratch the brick with nails. It should be scratch free. In soundness test
we check the metallic sound by striking two bricks with each other.
136. The distance between the adjacent faces of the stock rail and the check rail , is called
Answer:
Flange way clearance
137. What is void ratio?
Answer:
Void ratio is the ratio of volume of voids to volume of solids.
138. How Do You Determine Specific Gravity Of Cement?
Answer:
Cement is usually purchased as a powdery substance that is mixed with sand, aggregate, gravel, and water to form concrete.
Since the cement itself is usually a powder, it is hard to measure a standard value for its specific gravity. In addition,
since cement is usually not used by itself, knowing its specific gravity is not particularly useful.
A more useful question is “What is the typical density of concrete?” A rule of thumb answer is that normal cured concrete
has a density of about 150 pounds per cubic foot. This includes the weight of the cement, sand, aggregate, and that PArt
of the water that chemically binds with the cement to form the concrete. Since water weighs about 62.4 pounds per cubic
feet, concrete is about 2.4 times as heavy. Thus, the specific gravity of concrete is about 2.4. If you took cement and

-
mixed it with water, you would eventually have a hard lump of useless cement and it would also have a specific gravity of
between 2 and 2.4.
139. Why Concrete Cover is provided to reinforcement?
Answer:
Concrete cover for reinforcement is required to protect the rebar against corrosion and to provide resistance against
fire.
140. How to do check level on construction site?
Answer:
I will check the level on construction site by Spirit level, Dumpy Level and Leveling Pipe.
141. What do you do if any concrete cube fails in 28 days compressive strength test?
Answer:
If the concrete cube fails in strength test, I will conduct a core cutter test on concrete and send a report to higher
authorities.
142. What is the Unit weight of 12 mm Steel Bars?
Answer:
0.89 kg/m
143. Explain what is floating slab foundation?
Answer:
A floating concrete foundation is a type of mat foundation that consists of the hollow mat formed by a grid of thick
reinforced concrete walls between two thick reinforced concrete slabs.
144. What is the Density of Steel?
Answer:
7850 kg/m³
145. The height of low kerb?
Answer:
A kerb is a structure used to separate pavement and median, pavement and shoulder, pavement and footpath. In low kerb
height is restricted to 100mm only.

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146. What is the Volume of 50 kg bag of cement?
Answer:
0.035 m³
147. What are the functions of grout inside tendon ducts?
Answer:
Grout in prestressing works serves the following purposes:
Protect the tendon against corrosion.
Improve the ultimate capacity of tendon.
Provide a bond between the structural member and the tendon.
In case of failure, the anchorage is not subject to all strain energy.
148. In Residential Building, Average Value of Stair Width?
Answer:
900 mm
149. What is the function of shear keys in the design of retaining walls?
Answer:
In determining the external stability of retaining walls, failure modes like bearing failure, sliding and overturning are
normally considered in design. In considering the criterion of sliding, the sliding resistance of retaining walls is derived
from the base friction between the wall base and the foundation soils. To increase the sliding resistance of retaining walls,
other than providing a large self-weight or a large retained soil mass, shear keys are to be installed at the wall base.
150. The Slope of Stair Should not Exceed.
Answer:
25- 40º
151. Minimum diameter of steel in Column.
Answer:
12 mm
152. Standard Size of Brick?
Answer:
19 cm x 9 cm x 9 cm

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153. What is Unit Weight of RCC?
Answer:
2500 kg/ m³
154. Explain what are the problems one might face while having a Cantilever balcony?
Answer:
Cantilever balcony are usually unsupported and extend outwards, so the problem with Cantilever balconies are
Excess deflection or bounce
Weakness of the deck structure
Rot and water damage to the interior of the house
Unevenness inside the house
Can’t use the balcony for gardening or other purposes as it is not designed to lift excess amount of weight
155. One Acre = Sq. ft.
Answer:
43560 Sq. ft.
156. What is the Full Form of UTM?
Answer:
Universal Testing Machine
157. Cement Expire After?
Answer:
3 month
158. What is the IS code for Plain and Reinforced Concrete
Answer:
IS: 456
159. One square meter = Sq. ft?
Answer:
10.76 Sq. ft
160. What are the standard American codes for steel and concrete?
Answer: ACI and AISC

-
161. What is the code of practice for General Construction in steel
Answer: IS: 800
162. What is unit weight of 25 mm Steel Bars
Answer: 3.85 kg/m
163. For Steel structures what is permissible vertical deflection
Answer:
Span / 325
164. One Tonne is equal to kilograms
Answer: 1000 KG
165. Maximum Free fall of concrete allowed is?
Answer: 1.5 m
166. Instrument used for level work on a construction site?
Answer: Dumpy Level
167. What is the minimum reinforcement in beams
Answer: Ast/b*d = 0.85/ fy
168. What is the maximum reinforcement in beams
Answer: 0.04*b*d
169. What is the minimum reinforcement in slabs
Answer: 0.12 % of gross area
170. What is the minimum reinforcement in columns
Answer: 0. 8% of area
171. What is the maximum reinforcement in columns
Answer: 4%
172. Minimum Bars in Circular Column Should be_______
Answer: 6 Nos.
173. What is the Full Form of AAC?
Answer: Autoclaved Aerated Concrete

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174. What is the Full Form of NDT?
Answer: Non – Destructive Test
175. What is the Full Form of JCB?
Answer: Joseph Cyril Bamford
176. Which Test is conducted to determine the bearing capacity of Soil?
Answer: Plate Load Test
177. Ring and ball test is conducted on which construction material?
Answer: Bitumen
178. Where is the section for bending considered
Answer: At the face of column
179. What is the maximum no of steps in a flight
Answer: 12
180. What are various limit states of strength
Answer: Flexure, Compression, shear and torsion
181. Minimum hook length as per IS Code?
Answer: 75 mm
182. What is the extra length in Bent up bars?
Answer: 0.45 X D
183. What is Least Count of Dumpy?
Answer: 5mm
184. What is Full of EGL?
Answer: Existing ground level.
185. A First Class Brick Should Absorb Water More than?
Answer: 20 %
186. What are the minimum no of bars to be provided in rectangular column
Answer: 4
187. What are minimum no of bars to be provided in circular column
Answer: 6

-
188. What are various losses in prestressing
Answer:
1 Elastic deformation of concrete
2 Shrinkage of concrete
3 Creep of concrete
4 Relaxation of stress in steel
189. Vicats apparatus is used for
Answer: Consistency test
190. Le chatliers apparatus is used for
Answer: Soundness test
191. Number of Bricks used in 1 Cubic meter of Brickwork?
Answer: 500 Nos.
192. The Normal Consistency of Portland cement?
Answer: 25 %
193. The Expansion in Portland cement is tested by…
Answer: Soundness Test
194. What is shear center in steel beam
Answer: It is point or axis through which load acts
195. What is Strut
Answer: Strict is a compression member
196. What is Modular ratio
Answer: It is the ratio of Modulus of elasticity of steel to Modulus of elasticity of concrete.
197. What is the minimum diameter of bar used in column
Answer: 12
198. What are bearing piles
Answer: Bearing piles transfer the loads to the hard strata
199. What are friction Piles
Answer: Friction piles transfer the loads by friction between surface of pile and soil.

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200. According to IS Code, Full Strength of Concrete is achieved after?
Answer: 28 Days
201. What is the Volume of 1 bag of cement?
Answer: 0.035 m³
202. Minimum Grade of Concrete Used For RCC?
Answer: M – 20
203. What is the slenderness limit for column
Answer:
Less than 12, it is short column
More than 12, it is Long column
204. What is the initial and final setting time for cement?
Answer: Initial: Less than 30 min and 600 min.
205. Le chatliers apparatus is used for
Answer: Soundness test
Answer: I will check the level on the construction site by Spirit level, Dumpy Level, and Leveling Pipe.
207. What is the accuracy of the dumpy level or minimum reading we can take?
Answer: With the help of a dumpy level, we can take up 5mm accurate reading or minimum reading.
208. In Fe – 415 Steel Grade, 415 indicates the___________of Steel.
Answer: Tensile Strength.
209. One kilo newton is equal to _________ kilograms
Answer: 101.97 KG
210. Instrument used for level work on a construction site?
Answer: Dumpy Level
211. Minimum Bars in Circular Column Should be_______
Answer: 6 Nos.
212. What is the Full Form of AAC?
Answer: Autoclaved Aerated Concrete.

-
213. What is the Full Form of NDT?
Answer: Non – Destructive Test
214. What is the Full Form of JCB?
Answer: Joseph Cyril Bamford
215. Which Test is conducted to determine the bearing capacity of Soil?
Answer: Plate Load Test
216. Minimum hook length as per IS Code?
Answer: 75 mm
217. Explain what is progress payment?
Ans: A progress payment is a payment done by the owner to the contractor in parts after the completion of a certain
amount of construction. Technically it is a difference between the completed work and material stored and a
predetermined schedule of values or unit costs.
218. Explain the Order of Change request?
Ans: Change order request is a written document given by the owner, requesting an adjustment to the contract sum or an
extension of the contract time. It can be issued by the architect or owners representative.
219. Explain the term is Demising Wall?
Ans: Demising wall act as a boundary that separates your land or house from neighbor’s house or property.
The Significance of the labor and material payment bond is if the contractor fails to pay for all labor, materials,
equipment’s or services in accordance with the contract, he or she will guarantee payment to the owner under this bond.
Hence it is a bond between the owner and the main contractor.
220. What does the Critical Path Method (C.P.M) mean?
Ans: It (CPM) is a strategy along with the method of representing the respective tasks and activities to be involved in the
construction with respect to a symbolic diagram.
221. The Expansion in Portland cement is tested by…
Ans: Soundness Test
222. The Normal Consistency of Portland cement?
Ans: 25 %

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223. Number of Bricks used in 1 Cubic meter of Brickwork?
Ans: 500 Nos.
224. A First Class Brick Should Absorb Water More than?
Ans: 20 %
225. What is Least Count of Dumpy?
Ans: 5mm
226. What is the extra length in Bent up bars?
Ans: 0.45
227. What is a Structural Frame or Systems?
Ans: Beams and columns form load-bearing assembly on a foundation called Structural frames. However, the columns and
beams are mostly fabricated offsite and can be assembled on site.
228. Explain the concept “release of lien“?
Ans: Documentation executed by any individual or firm in the availability of supplying labor, material, or professional
service on a project, which will release its mechanic’s lien against the project property.
229. What is an Architect-Prepared Contract?
Ans: A contract is an agreement prepared by the architect between the owner and himself which is further reviewed by
an attorney before its execution is an architect -Prepared Contract. It is legal contract with all terms and conditions
including adequate legal protection offered for both parties.
230. What 1/8 on the architect ruler indicate?
Ans: 1/8 on the architect ruler is a scale that converts 1/8 inch onto the drawing to 1 foot. Its representation will be a
drawing with a scale of 1/8”= 1 foot.
231. What are software programs that can be used by architects?
Ans: The list of software programs is as follows:
AutoCAD
3DS Max
Sketch up
Photoshop
Adobe creative suites

-
Microsoft office
Digital Media, Heir use is based on the type of architectural project.
232. Explain what are the skills required for a good architect?
Ans:
Conceptual understanding related to designing models,
Basic knowledge of computer and architectural software programs
Various Engineering abilities
General and Business aptitude
Knowledge about 3D model Designs
233. What are different dimension tools in CAD?
Answer:
For accessing CAD dimension tools one must go to CAD>Dimensions. The wide range of dimension tools is listed below:
Manual dimensions
Interior dimensions
Point to point dimensions
Display temporary dimensions moving objects using dimensions
Auto exterior dimensions
Auto interior dimensions
End to end dimensions
234. What are the most helpful and best engineering Apps?
Ans: Some of the best apps for civil engineering are:
Sketchbook
Photoshop Express
Flipboard
Evernote
STEEL
Dropbox
Houzz

-
AutoCAD Ws
Magic Plan
235. What are Wooden Shingles?
Ans: Slats or sheets rectangular in shapes that are nailed to the exterior surface are called wooden shingles. The shingling
method is a traditional weatherproofing method for building.
236. What could be the common problems that architect has to tackle?
Ans: Common problems faced by architecture are, the client would sometimes not be able to know what they want that is
when the architect will face problems in designing the structure. When budget is limited when the requirement of the
customer is custom design at standard design cost when an architect is provided with less space to work.
237. Distinguish between Built Area and Super Built-up Area?
Ans: Difference between Built up area and super built up area, the built-up area includes carpet area plus area covered by
the walls, pillars as well as ducts. It is having 10% more area than that carpet area On another hand, Super built-up area
includes your built-up area plus the area that you use as building amenities like the passage of lift, stairs, and lifts, gym,
club, etc.
238. Explain the terms bending moment (BM) & Shear force (SF)?
Ans: A bending moment is a reaction that tends to bend the element when an external for resist shear force is a major
objective than its ability to resist an axial force. The axial force acts parallel to the longitudinal axis.
239. What is the type of bitumen used is for filling cracks in masonry structures?
Ans: Plastic bitumen is the best-suited bitumen used is for filling cracks in masonry structures.
240. ——– is the wall constructed to resist the pressure of an earth filling.
Answer: The Retaining wall
241. List the steps involved in the concreting process?
Answer: Steps in Concreting are as given below:
Batching of Concrete
Mixing.
Transportation of Concrete
Compaction of Concrete
Curing

-
242. Reason for concrete being weak in tension?
Ans: Concrete is a combination of materials like several aggregate types, cement, pozzolana, water, air, etc. which stick
together with a cement paste are. The zone called the “interface zone” is the weakest link in the structure. During
compression, that interface is the only to transfer compressive stresses from aggregate to aggregate. Which does not
require exceptional strength. While the scenario under tension is not the same. The aggregates in tension are trying to pull
away from each other and the bond is what holds it tightly. Since it is significantly weaker than the aggregates, it is what
results in failure.
243. What is Bursting Reinforcement?
Ans: Tensile stresses induced during prestressing operation are called as bursting reinforcement and it is maximum where
the stress trajectories are concave towards the line of action of the load.
244. Explain what are the functions of columns in a building?
Ans: Support structural load and transfer it through beams to the foundation.
245. What do we call the portion of a brick cut across the width?
Ans: BAT
246. Explain what is the void ratio?
Ans: Void ratio is the ratio of the volume of voids to volume of solids.
Ans: Spirit level, Dumpy Level, and Leveling Pipes are used to check levels on construction sites.
248. In Fe – 415 Steel Grade, 415 indicates _____of
Ans: Steel... 415 is the Tensile Strength of steel.
249. ____ is the mix ratio for M – 20 Grade of concrete.
Ans: 1: 1.5: 3
250. How will you measure the volume of concrete?
Ans: It is a simple task of multiplying its Length, Width, and Thickness together. For Example – 2m x 2m x 2m = 8 m³ of
the volume of concrete.

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