2. Bellringer
There are four major types of plants. Identify the
types and give at least two examples of each.

3. Objectives
 Identify four characteristics that all plants share.
 Describe the four main groups of plants.

4. Characteristics of Plants
 Plants use energy from sunlight to make food from
carbon dioxide and water. This process is called
photosynthesis.
 A cuticle is a waxy layer that coats most of the
surfaces of plants that are exposed to air.

5. Characteristics of Plants
 Plant cells are surrounded by a rigid cell wall.
 Plants have two stages in their life cycle— the
sporophyte stage and the gametophyte stage.

7. Plant Classification
 A nonvascular plant is a plant that doesn’t have
specialized tissues to move water and nutrients
through the plant. They depend on diffusion.
 A plant that has tissues to deliver water and
nutrients from one part of the plant to another is
called a vascular plant.

9. Think/Pair/Share
 What are the four characteristics that all plants share?
 How is a plant’s size dependent on its ability to
transport water and nutrients?

10. Bellringer
 If plants can make their own food, why do people
add fertilizer to the soil?

11. Objectives
 List three nonvascular plants and three seedless
vascular plants.
 Explain how seedless plants are important to the
environment.
 Describe the relationship between seedless
vascular plants and coal.

12. Nonvascular Plants
 Mosses often live together in large groups. They
cover soil or rocks with a mat of tiny green plants.
 Like mosses, liverworts and hornworts are usually
small, nonvascular plants that usually live in damp
places.

13. Importance of Nonvascular Plants
 Nonvascular plants are usually the first plants to
live in a new environment, such as newly exposed
rock.
 When these nonvascular plants die, they form a
thin layer of soil.

14. Importance of
Seedless Vascular Plants
 Ferns, horsetails, and club mosses help form soil.
They also help prevent soil erosion.
 Some ferns and horsetails can be eaten. Horsetails
are used in dietary supplements, shampoos, and
skin-care products.
 The remains of ferns, horsetails, and club mosses
that lived and died 300 million years ago formed
coal. Humans rely on coal for energy.

15. Think/Pair/Share
 What do nonvascular plants do for the environment?
 List six kinds of seedless plants.
 What is the relationship between coal and seedless
vascular plants?

16. Bellringer
 If plants cannot move, how do they disperse their
seeds?

17. Objectives
 Describe three ways that seed plants differ from
seedless plants.
 Describe the structure of seeds.
 Compare angiosperms and gymnosperms.
 Explain the economic and environmental
importance of gymnosperms and angiosperms..

18. Characteristics of Seed Plants
 Seed plants differ from seedless plants in the
following ways:
 Seed plants produce seeds.
 The sperm of seed plants do not need water to
reach an egg. Instead they form inside pollen.

19. Parts of a Seed
 A seed is made up of three parts.
 The first part is a young plant, or the sporophyte.
 The second part is stored food.
 Finally, a seed coat surrounds and protects the young
plant.

21. Advantages of Having a Seed
 When a seed begins to grow, the sporophyte uses the food
stored in the seed.
 Seeds can be spread by animals. The spores of seedless
plants are normally spread by wind.
 Animals spread seeds more efficiently than the wind.

22. Gymnosperms
 Seed plants that do not have flowers or fruit are called
gymnosperms.
 The four groups are
 Conifers
 Cycads
 Ginkgoes
 Gnetophytes

23. Importance of Gymnosperms
 Conifers are the most economically important
gymnosperms. People use conifer wood for
building materials and paper products.
 Resin, a sticky fluid produced by pine trees, is
used to make soap, turpentine, paint, and ink.

24. Angiosperms
 Angiosperms are vascular plants that produce
flowers and fruit.
 Flowers help angiosperms reproduce. Flowers
attract animals that help spread pollen.
 Fruits surround and protect the seeds. These fruits
help angiosperms distribute their seeds.

25. Classifying Angiosperms
 Angiosperms are divided into two classes—
monocots and dicots.

26. Importance of Angiosperms
 Flowering plants provide many land animals with
the food they need to survive.
 People use flowering plants in many ways. Major
food crops, such as corn, wheat, and rice, are
flowering plants.
 Flowering plants are used to make cloth
fibers, rope, medicines, rubber, perfume oil, and
building materials.

27. Think/Pair/Share
 Compare angiosperms and gymnosperms.
 What are the three parts of the seed?

28. Bellringer
 Why do cactuses have spines?

29. Objectives
 List three functions of roots and three functions of
stems.
 Describe the structure of a leaf.
 Identify the parts of a flower and their functions.

30. Vascular Tissue
 There are two types of vascular tissue in plants:
 Xylem is the type of tissue in vascular plants that
provides support and conducts water and nutrients from
the roots.
 Phloem is the tissue that conducts food in vascular
plants.

31. Roots..
 Supply plants with water and dissolved minerals.
 Hold plants securely in the soil.
 Store surplus food made during photosynthesis.

32. Structure of a Root
 The layers of cells that cover the surface of the roots is
called the epidermis.
 After water and minerals are absorbed by the
epidermis, they diffuse into the center of the root where the
vascular tissue is located.
 A root cap can be found at the end of the root. The root
cap protects the tip and helps the root continue to grow.

34. Root Systems
• There are two kinds of root systems— taproot systems and
fibrous root systems.
• Taproot systems have a main root, or tap root, that grows
downward. Dicots and gymnosperms usually have tap root
systems.
• Fibrous systems have several roots that spread out from
the base of the stem. Monocots usually have fibrous root
systems.

35. Stem Functions
 A stem connects a plant’s roots to its leaves and flowers. A
stem also has the following functions:
 Stems support the plant body.
 Stems transport materials between the root system and
the shoot system.
 Some stems store materials.

36. Herbaceous Stems
 Many plants have stems that are soft, thin, and flexible.
These stems are called herbaceous stems.

37. Leaves
 The main function of leaves is to make food for the plant.
 The structure of leaves, shown on the next slide, is related
to their main function— photosynthesis.

39. Leaf Adaptations
 Some leaves have functions other than photosynthesis.
 The leaves of many cactuses are modified as spines.
These spines keep animals from eating the cactuses.
 The leaves of sundews are modified to catch
insects, which the sundew digests.

40. Flowers
 Flowers are adaptations for sexual reproduction.
 The modified leaves that make up the outermost ring of
flower parts and protect the bud are called sepals. They
are often green like the other leaves.
 Petals are broad, flat, thin leaflike parts of a flower. Petals
attract animals and insects to the flower.

41.  The male reproductive structure of a flower is called a
stamen.
 A pistil is the female reproductive structure of a flower.

43. Importance of Flowers
 Flowers help plants reproduce.
 Humans use flowers for arrangement. Flowers are also
used to make spices, perfumes, and lotions.
 Broccoli, cauliflower, and artichokes are flowers that
people eat. Chamomile and hibiscus flowers are used to
make tea.

44. Think/Pair/Share
 Compare xylem and phloem.
 What are the two types of roots?
 What are the different parts of a flower?

45. Works Cited
 All images and content were taken from
Holt, Rinehart, and Winston materials.