4. Saint Domingue
• First Latin American
territory to free itself from
European rule
• French Colony
• Started
Revolution, lead by
Toussaint L’Overture to end slavery
5. Boukman
• African Priest
• Raised call for
revolution in Saint
Domingue to free
itself from France
–Within a few
days, 100,000
slaves rose in revolt
6. Toussaint L’Overture
• Ex-slave
• Untrained in the military and in diplomacy
• Got name O’verture (opening in French) because he
was so good at finding openings in the enemy lines
• 1801-moved into Spanish Santo Domingo, took
control, & freed the slaves
• Agreed to halt the revolution if the french would end
slavery
– Despite agreement, the French accused him of planning
another revolution and sent him to prison in the French
Alps, where he died in April 1803
7. Jean-Jacques Dessalines
• Toussaint’s general
• Took up the fight for
freedom where Toussaint
left off
• January 1, 1804, declared
Saint Domingo an
independent country
– First black colony to free its
from European control
– Renamed country “Haiti”,
• “mountainous land” in the
language of the native Arawak
inhabitants of the island
8. Haiti
• Re-named Haiti after
Jean-Jacques
Dessalines declared
it independent from
Spain
• Means mountainous
land in the native
Arawak inhabitants
of the island
• First black colony to
free itself from
European control
9.
10. Peninsulares
• Top of Spanish American
society
• Men who had been born in
spain
• Only ones who could hold
high office on colonial
government
– Spain could keep loyalty of its
colonial leaders
• Together with the Creoles they
controlled the wealth and
power in the Spanish colonies
11. Creoles
• Spaniards born in Latin America
• Ranked after the peninsulares
• Couldn’t hold high-level
political office
• Could rise as officers in the
Spanish colonial army
• Together with the peninsulares
they controlled the wealth and
power in the Spanish colonies
13. Mulattos
• Below the
peninsulares, creoles, an
d the mestizos
• Persons of mixed
European and African
ancestry
• Africans
• Economic value to the
Spaniards
14.
15. Antonio Nariño
• Colombian patriot
• Published
translation of the
French Declaration
of the Rights of
Men
• Sentenced to exile
in AfricaDrawing of Antonio Nariño
16. Joseph Bonaparte
• Napoleon Bonaparte’s brother
• Made king of Spain by
Napoleon
– “puppet heir”
– Spanish colonists felt no loyalty
to him & rebelled
• Even after the return of
Ferdinand, the rebellion
continued
• creoles had begun their drive
for independence and
wouldn’t stop until victory
Drawing of Joeseph Bonaparte
17. Simón Bolívar
• Wealthy Venezuelan Creole
• Called Libertador (liberator)
• Brilliant general, whose leadership largely achieved victory for the
rebels
• Romantic and practical, a writer, and a fighter
• First helped free Venezuela
• Had to go into exile twice
• Led over 2,000 men through the Andes into what is now Columbia,
taking the Spanish army be surprise, and winning a decisive battle
• Liberated Bolivia , Venezuela , Colombia , Ecuador , Panama, and
Peru
• Took control of San Martin’s army
• Defeated the Spanish at the Battle of Ayachucho
18. José de San Martín
• Brilliant general, whose leadership largely achieved victory for the rebels
• Simple modest man
• Displayed great courage in battle
• Born in Argentina, but spent most of his youth in Spain, as a military
officer
• Believed in strict discipline for his troops
– Showed concern for well being of troops
• Met up with Bolivar and helped free Ecuador
• Led his army on a grueling march across the Andes to Chile where he, with
the help of O’Higgins, freed Chile
• 1821, took his army north by sea to Lima, Peru, planning to force the
Spanish out
– Needed larger army
• What caused Bolivar and San Martin to merge their armies and work together
• Left his army for Bolivar to command
• After giving army to Bolivar he sailed to Europe where he died, almost
forgotten, on French soil in 1822
19. Battle of Ayacucho
• Bolivar’s army
went to defeat the
Spanish
• December 9, 1824
• Last major battle
of the war for
independence
before the Spanish
colonies won their
freedom
Portrait of Battle of Ayaucho
20. Padre Miguel Hidalgo
• Priest in small village of Dolores
• Took the first step for independence
• Poor but well educated man
• Firmly believed in enlightenment ideals
• September 16, 1810 “Grito de Dolores”
– Rang bells of church
– When peasants gathered at the church, he issued a
call for rebellion against the Spanish
• next day, army of 60,000 Indians and mestizo began a march
towards Mexico City
21. Grito de Dolores
• Padre Miguel Hidalgo
bells of church
• When peasants
gathered at the
church, he issued a call
for rebellion against the
Spanish
– next day, army of 60,000
Indians and mestizo
began a march towards
Mexico City
Painting of Grito de Dolores
22. José María Morelos
• Led the revolution for four years
• In 1815, defeated by creole officer Augstin de
Iturbine
• Called a Mexican congress to set up a
democratic government
• Stayed behind when the Spanish caught up with
the congress, while rebels fled
– Captured and shot
– Napoleon said, “Give me three generals like him, and
I can conquer the world
23. Agustín de Iturbide
• Defeated Jose Maria
Morelos in 1815
• Creole officer
• Made peace with the
last rebel ruler
– Proclaimed
independence in 1821
Drawing of Agustín de Iturbide
24. King John & VI Prince John
• As French troops approached Libson, Portugal
where King John VI and Prince Henry were
staying, they boarded ships in order to escape and
sailed to Brazil
– Also took the royal treasury and court
• When royal family returned to Brazil after 14
years the Brazilians were upset
– Brazilians had developed their own uniqueness
– Many couldn’t imagine their colony becoming a colony
25. Dom Pedro
• King Johns son
• On September 7, 1822
officially declared
Brazil’s independence
– Bloodless revolution
Drawing of Dom Pedro
28. Conservatives
• Usually wealthy property owners and nobility
• Argued for the protecting of traditional
monarchies of Europe
• In certain cases, as in France, approved of
constitutional monarchies
29. Liberals
• Mostly middle class business leaders and
merchants
• Wanted to give more power to elected
Parliament
– Only to Parliament in which the educated and
landowners could vote
30. Radicals
• Favored drastic change to extend democracy
as a whole
• Believed that government should practice
ideals of the French Revolution
– Still radical idea, even 30 years after the
Revolution
31. Nationalism
Belief that one’s greatest loyalty
should be-not to the king or
empire-but instead to a nation of
people who share a common
culture and history
33. Balkans
• Controlled (mostly) by the Ottomans
• Region contains all or part of present-day
1. Greece
2. Yugoslavia
3. Bulgaria
4. Albania
5. Romania
6. Turkey
• (GaY BART)
35. Greek Nationalists
• First people to win a self-ruling government
• Part of the Balkans, controlled by the Ottoman
Empire
• Kept alive the memory of their ancient history
and culture
• Spurred on the nationalist spirit, Greeks
demanded that their country takes place among
the nation-states of Europe
– Because of this movement a major Greek revolt broke
out against the Ottoman Turks in 1821
• Ottomans, the most powerful government of the time
opposed the revolution
36. Greece gets help
• The cause of Greek independence was popular with
people around the world
– Russians felt connection to Greek Orthodox
Christians, who were ruled by the Muslim Ottomans
– Educated Europeans and Americans loved and respected
the Greek culture
– Lord Byron personally gave the Greek army $4,000 and
volunteered as a soldier
– Eventually, with growing sympathy for Greece, the
powerful nations of Europe took the side of the Greeks
• In 1827, a combined British, French, and Russian fleet destroyed
the Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Navarino
• By 1830, Britain, France, and Russia signed a treaty recognizing the
full independence of Greece
37. Lord Byron
• British romantic poet
• In 1823, he gave a large personal gift of $4,000
to the Greek fleet
• Went to Greece and volunteered as a soldier
• In February of 1824, a cold Greek rain
drenched him and gave him a fever
– Died from illness in April 1824
• Never got to see the victory of the cause he was
fighting for
38. Battle of Navarino
• A combined force of the
British, French, and
Russian fleet destroyed
the Ottoman fleet
• Final battle, of the Greek
revolution, winning the
Greeks their
independence Portrait of a scene from the Battle of Navarino
39. Dutch Revolution
• Nationalist riots broke
out against Dutch rule
in the Belgian city of
Brussels
• November 1830, the
Belgians finally
declared their
independence from
Dutch control
Portrait of a scene from the Dutch revolution
40. Italy’s Previous Rulers
• Nationalist worked together to unite the
separate states on the Italian peninsula
– Some were independent
– Others ruled by Austria
– Others ruled by the pope
41. Minister Metternich
• Prime Minister of Austria
• Sent Austrian troops to restore order in Italy
• The uprising in Vienna combined with
others, forced Metternich to resign and set off
liberal uprisings throughout the German state
42. Polish Uprising
• Poles living under
Russian rule stages a
revolt in Warsaw in
late 1830
• Russian armies took a
whole year to crush
the uprisingSymbol of Polish uprising
43. Budapest
• City in Hungary
• Nationalist leader Louis Kossuth called for
parliament and self-government for Hungary
• This uprising combined with others, forced
Metternich to resign and set off liberal
uprisings throughout the German state
44. Louis Kossuth
Called for parliament
and self-government
for Hungary during the
Budapest uprising
Photograph of Louis Kossuth
45. Prague Uprising
• Czechs demanded Bohemian independence
• This uprising combined with others, forced
Metternich to resign and set off liberal
uprisings throughout the German state
46. Uprising in Vienna
• An unruly mob in Vienna itself clashed with
the police
• This uprising combined with others, forced
Metternich to resign and set off liberal
uprisings throughout the German state
47. See-saw Government
• Many liberal gains like the ones in Budapest,
Vienna, and Prague, were lost to conservatives
within a year
• In one country after another, the revolutions
failed to unite themselves or their nations
• Conservatives regained their nerve and their
power
• By 1849, Europe had practically returned to the
conversatism that controlled the government
before 1848
48. King Charles X
• King of France in 1830s
• Tried to restage an return to absolute
monarchy, after the goal of the French
revolution was to get a democratic
government
– Attempt sparked revolts that forced Charles to
flee to great Britain
49. Louis Phillipe
• Replaced Charles X
• Long supported Liberal reforms in France
• By 1848, Louis-Phillipe began to fall from
popular favor
• The Paris mob overturned a monarchy and
established a republic
– Alphonsoe de Lamartino was the new leader
50. Alphonsoe de Lamartino
• One of France’s leading poets
• Led France’s temporary republic, after
overthrowing Louis-Phillipe
• Began to develop own faction in the
republic, causing the government to fall apart
51. Louis Blanc
• Created
faction, opposing that
of Alphonso de
Lamartine, with in
France’s new republic
Drawing of Louis Blanc
52. Louis Blanc vs. Alphonso de Lamartino
Louis Blanc
• Wanted political reform
• Wanted social and
economic reform
Alphonso de Lamartino
• Wanted only political
reform
•Differences set off bloody battles in the streets of Paris
•The violence turned French citizens away from the
Radicals
o As a result, a moderate constitution was drawn up
later, calling for a parliament and strong president to
be elected by the leader
53. Louis Napoleon
• Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte
• Won presidential election, becoming leader of
France
• Took title of Emperor Napoleon III
– Surprisingly accepted by large majority of France’s
population
• Built railroads, encouraged industrialization and
promoted an ambitious program of public works
– Unemployment decreased in France and the country
experienced real prosperity
54. Reform in Russia
• Had yet to make a lead into the modern
industrialized world in the 1800s
• Serfs being bond to the land prevented the
empire from advancing economically
– Many czars were reluctant to free the serfs
because it would anger the landowners, whose
support the czars needed
55. Czar Nicholas I
• Eventually Russia lack
of development
became obvious to
Russia and the rest of
the world
• Threatened to take
over part of the
ottoman empire in
the Crimean War
Portrait of Czar Nicholas I
56. Crimean War
• Czar Nicolas I threatened to take over part of
the Ottoman Empire
• Russia’s industries and transportation systems
failed to provide adequate supplies for the
countries troops
– As a result, in 1856, Russia lost the war against a
combined force of France, Great
Britain, Sardinia, and the Ottoman Empire
• Humiliating defeat for the czars
57. Alexander II
• Nicolas III’s son
• Decided to move Russia towards
modernization and social change
– Through his reforms he believed that Russia would
compete with Western Europe for world power
• His first and boldest reform was freeing the
serfs in 1861
• Assassinated in 1881 by terrorists
58. Edict of Emancipation
• Alexander II’s first and boldest reform was
freeing the serfs on March 3, 1861
– Peasant communities received half of the nobles
land, paid for by the government, and had 49
years to pay the government back
• When serfs were still legally “free” they were still tied
to the land
59. Alexander III
• Alexander II’s successor
• Tightened czarist control on the country
• Encouraged industrial development to expand
Russia’s power
• Nationalism was a main force behind Russia’s
drive towards industrial expansion
61. Nationalism
• When citizens were loyal to the people they
shared a common bond with, not their king
• These bonds might include
– Common history
– Language
– Culture
– World-view
• Nationalism helped to form nation states
62.
63. Nationalism Unity or Disunity?
Unity
• Could create new, unified
nation states
• Could unify masses of
people
• Nationalist spirit inspired
the French citizens armies
to conquer the armies of
the European powers
• Gave rise to the nation-
state that is basic to our
world today
Disunity
• Capable of tearing apart
long established empires
• Conservatives reasoned
that if a each ethnic group
wanted its own
state, empires would split
and crumble
64. Austro-Hungarian Empire
• Brought together the
o Hungarians
o Italians
o Slovaks
o Germans
o Czechs
o Serbs
o ‘Poles
o Croats
o Slavs
H I S Good Choice Stopped People from Committing Suicide
65. North German Federation
• Land gained
by Prussia
after
defeating the
Austrians in
the Austro-
Prussian War Map of the North German Confederation
66. Francis Joseph
• Emperor of Prussia
• Pressure by the Hungarians, he split his
empire in two after gaining the North German
Federation in the Austro-Prussian War
– Austria and Hungary became two separate states,
both ruled by Francis Joseph
67. Russian Empire Crumbles
• Nationalism helped break apart the 400 year old empire of the czars in Russia
• The Russian czars ruled over, each having their own culture
– Jews
– Russian
– Ukrainians
– Armenians
– Estonians
– Georgians
– Turks
– Finns
– Romanians
Justin Reminded Us About Every Good Thing Finn Ruined
68. Russification
• Imposing Russian culture on all ethnic groups
of an empire
– Strengthened nationalist feelings
• Helped disunity Russia
• The disunited and weakened empire couldn’t
with hand the double shock of WWI and the
communist revolution and the last of the
Romanov czar fell in 1917
70. Ottomans Weaken
• Ottomans controlled the
– Greeks
– Slavs
– Arabs
– Bulgarians
– Armenians
– Turks
• In 1856, under pressure from the British and French, the
Ottomans issued reforms to grant equal citizenship to all
the people under their rule
– Angered conservative Turks who wanted no change in the
situation and created tensions in the empire
• In response to the nationalism in Amenians, the Ottomans carried out
massacres and deportations of the Armenians
• Like Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire soon broke apart
after WWI
72. Formation of Italy
Italy was one of the
countries to form
from the territory of
crumbling empire
Map of the formation of Italy from separate states
73. Austrian Rule in Italy
• After the Congress of Vienna
in 1815, Austria ruled the
Italian provinces of Venetia
and Lombardy and several
small states in the north
• Between 1815 and 1848, an
increasing number of Italians
were no longer content to live
under foreign rulers
Venetia (top) and
Lombardia (bottom)
74. Spanish Rule in Italy
• The Spanish Bourbon
family ruled the Kingdom
of Two Sicilies
• Between 1815 and
1848, an increasing
number of Italians were
no longer content to live
under foreign rulers
Kingdom of Two Sicilies in green
75. Giuseppe Mazzini
• Idealistic Italian
• Organized a nationalist group called “Young
Italy”
• During the violent years of 1848, revolt broke out
in eight states on the Italian peninsula and
Mazzini briefly headed a republic government at
Rome
• Believed that nation-state were the best hope for
social justice, democracy, and peace in Europe
• Rebellions in Italy failed in 1848 and Mazzini and
other nationalist rulers were driven into exile
76. Young Italy
• Nationalist group
• Created by Giuseppe
Mazzini
• Only men under 40
were allowed to
enter
Portrait of Young Italy fighting in battle
77. Piedomnt-Sardinia
• After 1848, Italians looked to Piedmont-
Sardina for leadership
• Largest and most powerful of the Italian states
• Adopted a liberal constitution, so to the Italian
middle class, unification under the Piedmont
Sardina seemed a sensible alternative to
Mazzini’s democratic idealism
78. King Victor Emmanuel II
• Sardinia's king in 1852
• Named Count Camillo
di Cavour as his prime
minister
• Controlled all of Italy
after Garibaldi gives
him that land he
conquered in the
south Drawing of Victor Emmanuel II
79. Camillo di Cavour
• Named prime minister of Sardinia under King
Victor Emmanuel II
• Wealthy, middle-aged aristocrat
• Worked tirelessly to expand Piedmont-Sardina’s
power
– With careful diplomacy and well chosen alliances, he
achieved that goal
• Also, almost as a coincidence, he achieved unification of Italy
• Distrusted by Mazzini, who believed correctly
that Cavour wanted to strengthen Sardinia's
power, not unite Italy
80. Cavour gets help from France
• At first, Cavour’s major goal was to get control of
northern Italy for Sardinia
• Cavour realized that greatest roadblock to conquering
Sardinia was Austria
• To help him expel the Austrians from the north Cavour
found an ally in France
– Napoleon III agreed to help drive Austria out of the
northern provinces of Lombardy and Venetia
• Cavour soon provoked war with Austria
– A combined French-Sardinian won two quick victories
against Austria
• Sardinia then succeeded in controlling all of northern Italy, except
for Venetia, from the Austrians
81. Napoleon III
• French emperor
• Agreed to help Cavour
help drive the
Austrians out of
Lombardy and Venetia
– Gave Sardinia control of
all of Italy except
Venetia
Portrait of Napoleon III
82. Cavour helps unite the south
• As Cavour was uniting
the northern part of
Italy, he began to
consider controlling the
south
• Cavour secretly started
helping nationalist rebels
in southern Italy
Photograph of Camillo di Cavour
83. Garibaldi Conquers Sicily
• Bold and romantic
soldier, Giuseppe
Garibalidi that led a small
army of Italian nationalists
who captured Sicily for Italy
• Garibaldi, or “the red one”
always wore red shirts
– Became known as “Red
Shirts”
Portrait of Giuseppe Garibaldi
84. Red Shirts
• Garibaldi’s army
• Known as Red
Shirts because
they always
wore red shirts
in battle “Red Shirts” fighting in a battle
85. Garibaldi gives power to Emmanuel II
• From Sicily, Garibaldi crossed to the Italian
mainland and marched north, where volunteers
flocked to his banner
• In an election voters gave Garibaldi permission to
unite the southern areas he conquered with the
kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia
• Cavour arranged for King Victor Emmanuel II to
meet Garibaldi in Naples
– Garibaldi agreed to step aside and let King Victor
Emmanuel rule
86. Venetia
• In 1866, the
Austrian
province of
Venetia, which
included the city
of Venice,
became part of
Italy after the
Seven Weeks
War
The city of Venice, part of Venetia
87. Papal States
• In 1870, Italian forces took over the last part
of territory known as the Papal States
– With this victory, the city of Rome came under
Italian control, and soon after Rome became the
capital of the united Kingdom of Italy
• The Papal States had been governed by the
Roman Catholic Popes as both its spiritual and
earthly rulers
– The pope would remain to rule over a section of
Rome known as the Vatican City
88. Challenges after unification
• Centuries of separation had bred fierce rivalries among the
different Italian provinces
– The greatest tension arose between the industrialized north and the
agricultural south
• Had two different ways of life
• Couldn’t understand the others way of speaking Italian
– In Italian parliament, disorganized parties, with vague policies often
squabbled
• As a result, prime ministers and cabinets were changed frequently
• Also faced severe economic problems
– Bloody revolts broke out in the south
– At the same time, strikes and riots troubled the northern cities
– Meanwhile, the Italian government couldn’t deal with the countries
economics
• As a result, Italy entered the 20th century as a poor country
91. German Confederation
• Made up of 39, loosely grouped, German states
• The two largest states, Austria-Hungary and
Prussia dominated the confederation
• Prussia enjoyed several advantages that would
eventually help it forge a strong German state
– Unlike Austria-Hungary, Prussia had a mainly German
population
• As a result nationalism unified Prussia, while ethnic groups in
Austria-Hungary tore it apart
– Prussia’s army was by far, the most powerful in central
Europe
– Prussia industrialized more quickly than other German
states
92. Fredrich Wilhelm IV
• Like many other European powers, Prussia
experienced the disorder of revolution
• Berlin rioters forced the frightened and
unstable Prussian King, Friedrich Wilhelm IV
to call a constitutional convention
– The convention then drew up a liberal constitution
for the kingdom
93. Conservative Wilhelm I
• Wilhelm I succeeded Friedrich Wilhelm IV
• First reformed the army and doubled the already
powerful Prussian military
– Liberal parliament refused him the money for his reforms
– Wilhelm saw the Parliaments refusal as a challenge to his
authority
• Supported in his views by the Junkers
• Wilhelm drew all his ministers and army officers from
the Junker class
• Named conservative Otto von Bismarck prime minister
94. Junkers
• Members of Prussia’s
wealthy landowning class
• Supported the views of
Wilhelm I
• Strongly conservative and
opposed liberal ideas
– For that reason, Wilhelm
drew all his minister and
army officials from the
Junker class
Photograph of a typical Junker
95. Otto van Bismarck
• Was master of realpolitik
• Unable to command parliament to grant
Wilhelm’s desires, Bismarck, with the kings
approval, declared that he would rule without
the consent of parliament and without a legal
budget
– Actions were in direct violation of the constitution
96. realpolitik
• German term
meaning, “the
politics of reality”
• Described tough
power politics with
no room for
idealism Otto von Bismarck, one of the
most famous users of realpolitik
97. Ambitious Bismarck
• Bismarck was devoted to his king and
country, but was also ambitious
– “man who was striving after supreme
power, including military power”
• By working to expand Prussia, Bismarck could
satisfy his patroitism and his desire for power
98. Prussian-Austrian Alliance
• Bismarck’s first step towards molding an empire
was forming an alliance between Prussia and
Austria
• Bismarck then went to war with Austria, against
Demark, in order to win two border provinces:
Schleswig and Holstein
– Victory increased national pride among the Prussians
– Also won Prussia respect from other Germans and lent
support for Prussia as the head of a unified Germany
– After victory, Prussia governed Schleswig and Austria
controlled Holstein
• Bismarck suspected that this arrangement would lead to
friction between the two powers
99. Seven Weeks War
• To disable his powerful rival, Bismarck purposely
stirred up border conflict with Austria over
Schleswig and Holstein
– Tensions provoked Austria into declaring war on
Prussia in 1866
• This conflict became known as the Seven Weeks War
• Prussians used their superior training and
equipment to win a smashing victory
– Prussia humiliated Austria
– Austrians lost Venetia, which was given to Italy
100. North German Confederation
• With its victory in the Seven Weeks War,
Prussia took control of northern Germany
• For the first time, the eastern and western
parts of the Prussian kingdom were joined
• In 1867, the remaining states of the north
joined a North German Confederation, which
Prussia dominated completely
101. Catholic South
• By 1867, a few southern German states
remained independent of Prussia
– The majority of southern Russia was Catholics
• Many of in the regoin resisted Protestant Prussia
• Bismarck believed he could win the support of
the outsiders if they faced a outside threat
– Reasoned that war with France would rally the
south
• Bismarck insulted the French and they declared war on
Prussia on July 19, 1870
102. Franco Prussian War
• Prussian army poured into Northern France
and the Germans took 80,000 prisoners, one
of which was Napoleon III
– French could only with stand 4 months of German
siege, until hunger forced them to surrender
• Franco-Prussian War was final step in German
unification, as the catholic southerners got
caught up in German nationalism and
accepted Prussian leadership
103. Kaiser
• German Emperor
• From the Roman title
Ceasar
• King Wilhelm I was first
to be given the title
Kaiser
Wilhelm I, the first kaiser
104. Second Reich
• Title for the
German Empire
• Holy Roman
Empire was the
First Reich
Flag of the Second Reich
105.
106. Shift in Balance of Power
• Congress of Vienna established the five great
powers in Europe:
Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, and Russia; all
nearly equal in strength
• By 1817, Germany and Britain were clearly
stronger, militarily and economically
• Austria, Russia, and Italy lagged far behind
• France struggled in the middle
109. Lord Byron
• One of the leading
romantic poets of his
time
• Fighter for freedom in
Greece
• Died at the age of 36
110. Ideals of Romanticism
1. Emphasized inner feelings, emotions, and imagination
2. Focused on the mysterious and the supernatural; also
on the odd, exotic, and grotesque or horrifying
3. Loved the beauties of untamed nature
4. Idealized the past as simpler and nobler time
5. Glorified heroes and heroic actions
6. Cherished folk traditions, music, and stories
7. Valued the common people and the individual
8. Promoted radical change and democracy
111. Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm
• Concentrated on the history and the sense of
national pride that romanticism fostered
• Collected German fairy tales
• Created a dictionary and grammar of the
German language
– Both the tales and the dictionary of the Grimm
brothers celebrated the spirit of being German
• Celebrated long before Germany united as one country
112. Amandine Aurore Duplin
• “George Sand”
• French novelist
• Described the
French
countryside and
country life
Photograph of “George Sand”
113. Emily Bronte
• Set her powerful
romantic
novel, Wuthering
Heights in the
windswept
moors of England
Book cover to Emily Bronte’s
Wuthering Heights
114. Wuthering Heights
• Written by Emily Bronte
• Set in the windswept
moors of northern
England
Book cover to Emily Bronte’s
Wuthering Heights
Moors of England where
Wuthering Heights takes place
115. William Blake
• British poet
• Believed he could, “see
a World of in a Grain of
Sand/And a Heaven in a
Wild Flower”
116. Joseph Turner
• English romantic artist
• Captured the raging of
the sea in one of his
paintings
118. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
• German author
• One of the greatest and
earliest writers
• Published The Sorrows
of Young Werther
119. Sorrows of Young Werther
• Told of the sensitive young
man whose hopeless love for a
virtuous man who drives him
to commit suicide
120. Victor Hugo
• Led the French romantics
• Huge output of poems, plays, and novels
expressed romanticism’s revolutionary spirit
• Works reflected the romantic fascination with
history and support for the individual
• Novels The Hunchback of Notre Dame and Les
Miserables showed the struggles of the
individuals against a hostile society
122. Hunchback of Notre Dame
• Showed the struggles
of the individuals
against a hostile
society
123. William Wordsworth
• British romantic poet
• Honored nature as a true
source of beauty
• Believed that nature was
richly alive
124. Samuel Taylor Coleridge
• British romantic poet
• Honored nature as a true
source of beauty
• Put an accent of horror
and supernatural in
nature
• Wrote poem “The Rime
of the Ancient Mariner”
125. The Rim of
Ancient Mariner
• Poem written by
Samuel Taylor
Coleridge
• Put accent of
horror in
supernatural in
nature
126. Gothic Novel
• Often took place in
medieval gothic
castles
• Filled with
fearful, violent, some
times supernatural
events
127. Mary Shelley
• Wife of poet Percy
Shelley
• Wrote one of the first
and most successful
Gothic horror
novels, Frankenstein
• Died at the age of 29
128. Frankenstein
• One of the earliest
and most successful
gothic novels
• Told the story of a
monster created from
the body parts of
dead human beings
134. The Human Comedy
• Written by Honore de Balzack
• Series of almost one hundred novels
• Detail the lives of over 2,000 people from all
levels of French society following the
revolution
• Describe the brutal struggle for wealth and
power among France’s buisness calss
135. Emilie Zola
• Realistic French author
• Exposed the miseries of the French workers in
small shops, factories, and coal mines in his
works
– Shocked readers
– Spurred reforms of labor laws and working
conditions in France
136. Charles Dickens
• Most famous realist author
“The houses on either side were high and large, but very old; and tenanted
by people of the poorest class. [...] A great many of the tenements […]
which had become insecure from age and decay, were prevented from
falling into the street by huge beams of wood which were reared against
the tottering walls, and firmly planted in the road; but even these crazy
dens seemed to have been selected as the nightly haunts of some
houseless wretches, for many of the rough boards which supplied the place
of door and window, were wrenched from their positions to afford an
aperture wide enough for the passage of a human body. The kennel was
stagnant and filthy; the very rats that here and there lay putrefying in its
rottenness, were hideous with famine.”
137. Daguerreotypes
• The first practical
photographs
• Named after their French
inventor, Louis Daguerre
• “startlingly real” and won
Daguerre worldwide fame
• Made on metal
138. Louis Daguerre
• Created the Daguerreotype
• Artist who created scenery for theaters
– To improve the realism his scenert, he developed
the daguerreotype
• Gained worldwide fame after invention of
daguerreotype
139. William Talbot
• British inventor
• Invented light-sensitive paper that he used to
produce photographic negatives
– Many prints could be made out of one negative
– Allowed photographs to be reproduced in books
and newspapers
• Gained wide audience for the realism of photography
140. Impressionism
Instead of showing life “as it
really is” it showed the
impression of a subject at
that moment of time, catch a
moment at a glance
141. Impressionist artists
• Edouard Manet
• Claude Monet
• Edgar Degas
• Pierre-Auguste Renoir
• Showed the more positive views of new urban
society
– Instead of abused workers, they showed shop
keepers
– Glorified life in the middle class
