Translation

What is Translation?
A text that is based on a text in another
Translation
•
language and which
—has the same meaning

and Cloud Computing!!
—conveys the same information
—has the same effect on its readers
—gives the gist of the original
—explains the original
Martin Kay
• It depends what you want
• Generally a mixture of several of these
Stanford University and
The University of the Saarland

Martin Kay Morphology Martin Kay Machine Translation 2

Vauquois Triangle Vauquois Triangle
Interlingua

Reduce dimensions
Semantics Semantics

Abstraction
Syntax Syntax
Transfer
Morphology Morphology

sis

An
aly

aly
An

sis
Phonology / Orthography Phonology / Orthography
Martin Kay Morphology Martin Kay Morphology


Semantics Semantics

Syntax Syntax

Morphology loves = love+pl, love+3sg
Morphology
children = child+pl
tying = Phonology / loved = love + ed
tie+ing Orthography Phonology / Orthography


Brutus killed Ceasar =>
Semantics Semantics
Caesar is dead
The dog chased the cat = the
Syntax Syntax
cat was chased by the dog



Statistical MT Pragmatic MT

Semantics Semantics

s
Syntax si TSyntax
ransfe
ly r
A na

An
aly
sis
Transfer

Pragmatic MT Vauquois Triangle

I left nothing on the train
Semantics Semantics
= I had all my belongings
when I got off the train
Syntax Semantic Processing
Syntax



Semantic Processing Semantic Processing
Replace words and phrases by words and Replace words and phrases by words and
phrases that mean the same phrases that mean the same
Reorder Reorder

• Translation in Language teaching • St. Jerome: Vulgate
• Popular perception of translation • 20th Century
• Machine translation • Translator is anonymous


Versichern Sie Sich daß Sie nichts in Versichern Sie Sich daß Sie nichts in
dem Zug vergeßen haben dem Zug vergeßen haben
Assurez-vous que vous n'avez rien Assurez-vous que vous n'avez rien
oublié dans le train oublié dans le train

Martin Kay Robotics 15 Martin Kay Robotics 16

Make sure that you have forgotten
nothing on the train
I forgot to call you on the train
I forgot my password on the train
Make sure that you have left
nothing on the train
I left the trash on the train
The stuff on the car is still at home, but I left nothing
on the train

Versichern Sie Sich daß Sie nichts in
dem Zug vergeßen haben
Assurez-vous que vous n'avez rien We all know the Lost and Found
oublié dans le train scenario and that this is what they
are talking about
Make sure that you take all your
belongings with you Versichern Sie Sich daß Sie nichts in
I didn't bring all my belongings with me! dem Zug vergeßen haben
I left your brief case, but none of my belongings. Make sure that you take all your belongings
with you
Pragmatic
Semantic Translation

Situated Language
Semantic Processing
Replace words and phrases by words and
phrases that mean the same
Reorder

Pragmatic Processing
Replace words and phrases by words and
phrases that will effect the same changes in
the hearer's head

Martin Kay Robotics 29 Martin Kay Morphology

• Mr President , I respond to an invitation • Mr President , I respond to an invitation
yesterday afternoon by the President of the yesterday afternoon by the President of the
House to speak on behalf of my group on a House to speak on behalf of my group on a
matter referred to in the Minutes . matter referred to in the Minutes .
• Monsieur le Président , je réponds à une • Monsieur le Président , je réponds à une
invitation lancée hier par la Présidente qui m invitation lancée hier par la Présidente qui
' a demandé de prendre la parole au nom de m'a demandé de prendre la parole au nom de
mon groupe sur un sujet mentionné dans le mon groupe sur un sujet mentionné dans le
procès - verbal . procès - verbal .


• Mr President , I respond to an invitation • I refer to item 11 on the order of
yesterday afternoon by the President of the business .
House to speak on behalf of my group on a • Je veux parler du point 11 de l'ordre des
matter referred to in the Minutes . travaux .
• Monsieur le Président , je réponds à une
invitation lancée hier par la Présidente qui
m'a demandé de prendre la parole au nom de
mon groupe sur un sujet mentionné dans le
procès - verbal .


• Je souhaite exprimer ce point de vue ,
même si je désapprouve la proposition du
président du groupe des socialistes , tout
• Je souhaite exprimer ce point de vue ,
en la respectant , et même si j'ai voté
même si je désapprouve la proposition du
contre .
président du groupe des socialistes , tout
en la respectant , et même si j'ai voté • I wish to express that view even if I
contre . respectfully disagreed and voted against
the proposal of the President of the
• I wish to express that view even if I
Socialist Group.
respectfully disagreed and voted against
the proposal of the President of the • I want to express that view, even if I
Socialist Group . disapprove of the proposal of the
president of the socialist group, while I
respect it, and even though I voted
against it

• J 'apprécie fortement cette attitude . • Pragmatic translation often involves addition
or removal of substantive information from
• That is something for which I have a deep
what is explicitly expressed.
appreciation .


You cannot avoid it
Two no trumps, short stop, goal keeper, end run
Happy hour, a hair of the dog
Alimony, juge d'instruction
value-added tax, home owner's policy
nut, hot tea, café/espresso on
I usually go to work in the bus!

n-th floor, n pièces
2-piece, 2-seater, deux roues, 6-pack
Second reading. Do I have a second?

Martin Kay Translation 39
Martin Kay Machine Translation 40

Does this train go to
Perpignan?

No, it stops in Beziers.
Est_ce que ce train va a Perpignan?
Fährt dieser Zug nach
Perpignan?

Nein, er hält in
endet
Béziers

Martin Kay Translation 41 Martin Kay Translation 42

Est-ce que c’est ta cousine? Est-ce que c’est ta cousine?

Non, je n’ai pas de cousine. Non, je n’ai pas de cousine.

female female
Is that your^cousin? Is that your ^cousin?
female female
No. I don’t have a ^cousin. No. I don’t have a ^
cousin.
girl
Is that woman your cousin? Is that woman your cousin?

Martin Kay Machine Translation 43 Martin Kay Machine Translation 44

Facts about translation
… are not all reflected in emergent properties
People, see everything of translations
Does this train go to Endville?
Est-ce que c’est ta cousine?
—in a context Situated I just got back from Texas/Utah. I had forgotten how good
beer tastes.
Ich hatte vergeßen, wie gut[es] Bier schmekt.
—from a point of view Embodied It may be necessary to reduce condenser steam side pressure
pression latérale de la vapeur
pression côté vapeur

Martin Kay Robotics 45 Martin Kay Machine Translation
!

!
Google Shakespeare Google Shakespeare
Coca Cola Coca Cola
Boeing Boeing

The Human Zone
Caterpillar Caterpillar

Source Source
Difficulty Haiti Difficulty Haiti

Weather reports Weather reports
!

!
Target Target
! Quality ! ! Quality !
Martin Kay Machine Translation Martin Kay Machine Translation

!
Google Shakespeare
Coca Cola
Boeing

The
• Literary translators are usually amateurs.
• Legal translators are professionals.

Am
Caterpillar

at
• Scientific, and technical translators of

eu
Source
material to be disseminated are

r
Difficulty Haiti Zone
professionals.
• Scientific, and technical translators of
internal material may be either.

Weather reports
!

Target
! Quality !

The human contribution

• Post-editing
• Pre-editing Fin
• Consulting
• Triangulation and Reflective editing

Martin Kay Machine Translation Martin Kay Morphology

The Prevailing View The Traditional View
Information about language Information about language
—resides in records of it in use—in texts; —resides in people's heads;
—Has something important to do with the frequency of short —Has something important to do with the frequency of short
sequences of words (n-grams); sequences of words (n-grams);
—occurs mostly in very weak dilution. —occurs mostly in very weak dilution.

∴ Learning about language requires ∴ Learning about language requires
—computers, and —computers, and
—vast corpora. —vast corpora.

Translation is all about relations between Translation is all about relations between
words and phrases in two languages. words and phrases in two languages.


The Traditional View The Traditional View
Information about language Information about language
—resides in people's heads; —resides in people's heads;
—Has something important to do with the recursive —Has something important to do with the recursive
grammatical structure of sentences; grammatical structure of sentences;
—occurs mostly in very weak dilution. —occurs mostly in quite strong dilution.

∴ Learning about language requires ∴ Learning about language requires
—computers, and —computers, and
—vast corpora. —vast corpora.

Translation is all about relations between Translation is all about relations between
words and phrases in two languages. words and phrases in two languages.


Dictionary-and-Rearrangement
Dictionary-and-Rearrangement
Translation
Translation
Used exclusively in:
—Translation in foreign-language teaching.
• ' can translate if : ' is in the
—Machine translation.
bilingual dictionary.
Preferred in Because
• ' ' can translate if ' can translate —Religious translation —It's easiest
and 'can translate —Much legal translation —Makes the translator
—Much post-1900 translation anonymous
• ' ' can translate if ' can translate Deprecated in Because
and 'can translate —Scientific and technical translation —What the text refers to is
—Translation of Belles Lettres more important than what
the words mean.
• The right alternative is the one that looks
best. Semantic Translation

Understand and Re-express
Translation
• The ultimate basis of all translation • Je ne veux pas sans cesse remettre sur le tapis les problèmes
de ce bâtiment mais cela constitue un sujet de préoccupation
sérieux .
• I do not want to ever put on the table the issue of this building
but this is a serious concern. (G)
• I do not want to drag up the issue of this building endlessly ,
but this is a serious problem .

Pragmatic Translation

• Toutefois , nous discutons également aujourd ' hui du rapport • Il s ' agit de l ' exigence de modernisation afin d ' assurer l '
sur les aides d ' État et du rapport général sur la politique de avenir de la politique européenne de concurrence .
concurrence pour 1998, ma contribution à cette discussion • It is all about the need for modernisation and the future
commune touchant au dernier rapport .
viability of the European competition policy .
• However , we are also discussing the aid report today and the
general competition report for 1998, and my contribution to this
joint debate relates to the latter . • Nous appelons le Conseil et la Conférence intergouvernementale
à introduire la procédure de codécision en matière de droit de la
• However, we also discussed today the report on state aid and
concurrence .
the general report on competition policy for 1998, my
contribution to this joint debate concerning the final report. • Therefore , I would urge the Council and the Intergovernmental
Conference to introduce the codecision procedure into legislation
in this area


• Les rudiments de l ' économie nous apprennent que
• At the end of the day , one of the fundamental tenets of
economic theory is that


Cloud Computing Cloud Computing
When you need computing resources • Client
—In large amounts. —A way to rent out time on computers you are not using.
—In bursts —A way to get other people to work for you for free
—With simple parallelization—MapReduce • Customer
When you could use people —A way to get huge bursts of computation done.
—irregulary
—of just the right kind


• A core team of about 100 employees has been developing n.Fluent over the past four
years. The software went live for internal IBM use in August 2008. Since then,
about 3,000 employee volunteers have collectively contributed more than 36 million
words to extend and improve it. To encourage further participation and raise
awareness of the project, IBM held its first crowdsourcing event last summer.

• No specific plans have been announced for a commercial product or service. "For right
now, we're focusing on building and perfecting the tool," said Ari Fishkind, an IBM
spokesman.

• Salim Roukos, computer science researcher at IBM's T.J. Watson Labs, believes this
sort of technology could play a big role in localizing global operations. Companies
currently spend about $13 billion a year to translate documentation, which is all done
using human labor. With n.Fluent, companies could automate the first translation and
then let humans focus on correcting any mistakes.
CIA Google


• Philip Resnik, associate professor of • To address this gap, Resnik is working with
computer science at the University of Ben Bederson, associate professor of
Maryland, has been researching computer science at the University of
crowdsourcing machine-translation Maryland, to develop a framework for
techniques. Resnick said statistical human-machine interaction that pairs
techniques made a revolutionary leap by volunteers, one of whom knows only the
turning a labor-intensive, expert-driven source language and the other, only the
development process into a machine-learning target language.
problem.


MapReduce
• It is clear that the needs of machine • Last month, for example, it said it was
translation re- searchers have outgrown the working to combine its translation tool with
capabilities of individual computers. image analysis, allowing a person to, say,
take a cellphone photo of a menu in German
and get an instant English translation.
• The services themselves have long been
referred to as Software as a Service (SaaS)
• Like many other NLP problems, output quality
of statistical machine translation (SMT)
systems in- creases with the amount of
training data.


Translation Models The delphi method
• Classroom model • The name "Delphi" derives from the Oracle
• Find lexical pairs (bilingual dictionary) of Delphi. The authors of the method were
not happy with this name, because it implies
• Do morphology "something oracular, something smacking a
• Reorder little of the occult"
• The opening anecdote relates Francis
• Makes translator anonymous, less accountable Galton's surprise that the crowd at a county
fair accurately guessed the weight of an ox
• Good for when their individual guesses were averaged
—religious translation
(the average was closer to the ox's true
—legal text?
butchered weight than the estimates of most
crowd members, and also closer than any of
Martin Kay Morphology Martin Kay separate estimates made by cattle
the Morphology

experts).

Pragmatic Translation
• Coordination of behavior includes optimizing • Assurez-vous que vous n'avez rien oublié
the utilization of a popular bar and not dans le train
colliding in moving traffic flows. The book is • Versichern Sie Sich daß Sie nichts in dem
replete with examples from experimental Zug vergeßen haben
economics, but this section relies more on
naturally occurring experiments such as
• Make sure you have not forgotten the train.
—Google translate 5/29/10 5.55pm CET.
pedestrians optimizing the pavement flow or
the extent of crowding in popular • English
restaurants. He examines how common —Make sure that you have have not forgotten (left) anything
on the train.
understanding within a culture allows
—Make sure that you take all your belongings with you.
remarkably accurate judgments about
specific reactions of other members of the
culture.

Translation Types
• Outbound
• Inbound
• Indicative
• Informative


The European Union The perception
Danish Linguistics has failed technology
Czech
Dutch
Estonian
English Linguistics is not about communication
Hungarian
Finnish
Lithuanian It focuses on fringe phenomena
French Latvian It is not robust
German Maltese
Greek 11 languages Polish It luxuriates in ambiguities but is not
Italian 2,500 (12.5%) of 20,000 staff Slovene interested in resolving them
1% of the annual budget Slovak
Portuguese
40% of administration costs. It never gets beyond the sentence
Spanish
Swedish


Generative Linguistics In many ways Linguistics has
been a phenomenal success

The generative vein in linguistics has run out Where problems have competing solutions,
because most problems have fringe phenomena can decide the issue
—been solved The strength and flexibility of language comes
—turned out to belong to a wider domain in large measure from its openness to
A new paradigm is required based in acknowledging ambiguity. Resolving ambiguity is not a
that language is about communication linguistic enterprise
Translation is about communication Much of what there is to study about language
is within the sentence
Lexical semantics


Unfortunately we have … Triangulation

Early binding
Zipf’s law
Locality
Emergent Properties
AI
Bleu score


!
Google Shakespeare
Assimilation Dissemination
Indicative Informative

Hard Belles Lettres
Advertising
There is a lot of stuff
Scientiﬁc corner
in this Source
Source Papers Difficulty
Difﬁculty
Manuals

Weather
reports
Easy
Low High Weather reports

!
Target
Quality Target
! Quality !

Translation

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