This presentation by David Sylvester of the Mircom Group of Companies discusses CSA-B44 and NFPA 101 - the Canadian and American elevator recall codes. Learn how they relate to life safety and fire protection.
2. B-44 Top Ten
1-History of Elevator use during fire scenarios and evacuation techniques
2- Demystifying CSA-B44, NFPA 101 & National Building Code
3-Detector locations and recall requirements
4-Intelligent building application for occupant safety in elevators
5-Leveraging elevator smoke management technology
3. B-44 Top Ten
6-AHJ’s perspective towards elevator evacuations
7-Mobility impaired evacuation and the use of elevators
8-Real life examples of elevators for evacuation
9-Video of exterior emergency elevator
10-Summary & Questions
4. 1-History of elevator use during fire scenarios and evacuation techniques
1993-2001
1904
Initiate discussion in
The Great
regards to “Elevators
Toronto Fire
For Safe Evacuation”
that initiated in
& Defend-in-place
elevator shaft
1854
Elisha Graves 1973
Otis Code - Not to
Eliminated use elevator’s
THE
one of the for evacuation
due to deaths 2001
major limits
in elevator WORLD TRADE
to building
CENTER
height shafts
ATTACT
5. 2- Demystifying CSA-B44, NFPA 101 & National Building Code
NFPA 101 Life Safety Code
USA APPLICATIONS
Part 9
9.4.3 Fire Emergency Operations
9.4.3.1 All new elevators shall conform to thenot
9.6.3.2.1 Initiated Elevator detection does Fire
Fighters’ Emergency Operations requirements of
have to trigger building evacuation if constantly
ASME A 17.1/CSA B44, Safety code for Elevators
monitored
and Escalators
9.6.3.2.1 Elevator lobby, hoistway, and associated
machine room smoke detectors used solely for
elevator recall, and heat detectors used solely for
elevator power shutdown shall not be required to
activate the building evacuation alarm if the power
supply and installation wiring to such detectors are
monitored by the building fire alarm system, and if
the activation of such detectors initiates a
supervisory signal at a constantly attended location
5
6. ASME A17.1/CSA-B44 USA application
ASME A17.1/CSA-B44
USA APPLICATIONS
Fire alarm initiating devices are to be provided in
2.27.3.2.1
(a) at each floor served by the elevator
(LOBBY SMOKE DETECTOR)
(b) in the associated elevator machine room, control
space, or control room
(MACHINE RM. SMOKE DETECTOR)
(c) in the elevator hoistway, when sprinklers are
located in those hoistway
(PIT HEAT AND TOP OF SHAFT SMOKE DETECTORS)
6
7. ASME A17.1/CSA-B44 Canadian application
National Building Code of Canada
CANADIAN APPLICATIONS
Part 3
3.2.4.15 Elevator Emergency Return
1) Except as permitted by Sentence (3), in a
building having elevators that serve a storey and
that are equipped with an automatic emergency
recall feature, smoke detectors shall be installed in
the elevator lobbies on the recall level so that when
these smoke detectors are actuated, the elevators
will automatically return directly to an alternate
floor level.
7
8. ASME A17.1/CSA-B44 Canadian application
ASME A17.1/CSA-B44
CANADIAN APPLICATIONS
Fire alarm initiating devices are to be provided in
2.27.3.2.2
In jurisdictions enforcing the NBCC, smoke detectors, or, if
applicable, the building fire alarm system (fire alarm initiating
devices), used to initiate Phase I Emergency Recall Operation, shall
be installed in conformance with the requirements of the NBCC, and
shall be located in:
(a)Elevator lobby
(LOBBY SMOKE DETECTOR)
(b) Machine room
(MACHINE ROOM SMOKE DETECTOR)
2.27.3.2.3
(c) In the hoist way
(PIT HEAT & TOP OF SHAFT SMOKE DETECTOR)
8
9. ASME A17.1/CSA-B44 Ontario Amendment
CANADAIAN
JURISDICTIONAL
AMMENDMENTS TO
B44
DESPITE (PRESCRIPTION NBCC DIV. B 3.2.4.11 – NO FIRE DETECTORS REQUIRED
IF AREA IS SPRINKLERED ) B44 STATES THAT DETECTORS ARE REQUIRED EVEN IF
THE AREA IS SPRINKLERED SPECIFICALLY AT ELEVATOR LOBBIES FOR PHASE I
RECALL
11. 3-Detector locations and recall requirements
PHASE I- EMERGENCY RECALL OPERATION
NORMAL ELEVATOR OPERATION
Fire Begins Smoke travels beyond Smoke reaches elevator lobby
room of origin alarm
Phase I operation initiates
General alarm Elevators recalled to lobby level
12. Simplified hydraulic elevator system
Heat Detector
Smoke Detector
Sprinkler
2
Detector Operation
ASME A17.1-2007/CSA B44-07 2.27.3.2.4
2
1 Recall to Alternate Level
Alternate
2 2 Recall to Designated Level
Level 4 1
3 Recall to Designated Level (Warning)
3
Designated
1 4 Power Disconnect (Shunt Trip)
Level
13. Devices that are required to initiate elevator recall
Devices that are
required to initiate
Heat Detector
Smoke Detector
elevator recall
Sprinkler
ASME A17.1-2007/CSA B44-07 2.27.3.2
Smoke detector in
mechanical room(s) and/or
A. Smoke detector in each
elevator lobbies and/or
B. Smoke or heat detector in
the hoistway or pit and or
C. Water flow switch on
sprinkler in A,B, location
14. Devices that are not permitted to initiate elevator recall
Devices that are not
permitted to initiate
elevator recall
CSA B-44 Amendments 2.27.3.2.2
A. Manual station not permitted
to initiate recall
B. Sprinkler flow in other areas
such as underground parking
space
C. Smoke/Heat detector in other
areas
15. Elevator recall annunciation & zoning
Smoke Detector Initiated in elevator machine room
Smoke Detector Initiated at Top of Elevator Shaft
Fire Detector Initiated at Elevator Pit
Elevator Recalled to Designated Level from elevator lobby or building FA system
Elevator Recalled to Alternate Level via smoke detector only
16. Elevator recall annunciation & zoning
A red fire hat symbol on the main floor level entrance door jamb identifies an
Elevator for Use by Firefighters
Flashing fire hat- Steady illumination - firefighters in operation
“Shunt Trip”- fire hat- illuminate intermittently
17. Pre-action sprinkler and shunt trip
Pre-Action sprinkler and shunt trip
“shunt trip”- ASME 17.1require the heat detectors used for shunt trip to initiate phases I and delay the
removal of power and the release of water to allow the completion of recall.
If the elevator is in phase II, the recall operation will not occur but shutdown and water release will still be
delayed
Heat
Phase I Removal of Solenoid Sprinkler Water Flow
Detected
Elevator power to Activates
in elevator
Recalls elevator
shaft initiated
18. Elevators & Sprinklers
Sprinkler Clarification Shaft Detector Clarification
• No Code requirement to • No specific NFPA 101 code
sprinkler an elevator shaft requirement for smoke
unless the shaft or the detection in a shaft unless it
elevator car fails to meet has sprinklers at the top.
the non-combustibility • This detector is needed to
requirements recall and safely park the
• NFPA 13 exception elevator.
re- combustible hydraulic
fluid
19. Elevators & Sprinklers
Machine Room Clarification Machine Room Heat Detector
or Flow Switch
• Where the machine room is • Where the machine room is
sprinklered, smoke sprinklered a flow switch
detection or heat detection without any time delay to
is required (NFPA 101). shunt power is required.
• This detector is needed to • Instantly shut off the power
recall and safely park the to the elevator before water
elevator. is discharged.
20. ASME A17.1/CSA-B44 detector placement & recall sequences
ELEVATOR RECALL
ASME A17.1-2007/CSA B44-07 Section 1.3
Phase I: Emergency Recall Operation: the operation of an
elevator where it is automatically or manually recalled to
the recall level and removed from normal service because
of activation of firefighters' emergency operation.
21. ASME A17.1/CSA-B44 detector placement & recall sequences
ELEVATOR RECALL
ASME A17.1-2007/CSA B44-07
Section 1.3
Phase II: Emergency In-Car Operation:
the operation of an elevator by
firefighters where the elevator is
under their control.
22. 4 - Intelligent building applications for occupant safety in elevators
23. Air sampling detection of elevator machine room
VESDA 88
LaserPLUS
Inside machine room
Provide very early warning, constant real-time detection of elevator Equipment
Learn the environmental changes
and adjust to compensate for the pressure changes
Pre-alarms can integrate with pre-action sprinkler or equipment protection
24. Air sampling detection of elevator hoist way
VESDA 88
LaserPLUS
Inside shaft
Provide very early warning, constant real-time detection of elevator shaft
Learn the environmental changes
and adjust to compensate for the pressure changes
Adjustable sensitivity, can be used in dirty applications such as elevator pits
25. Air sampling detection of elevator lobby
VESDA 88
LaserPLUS
At Elevator Entrance
Provide very early warning, constant real-time detection of each floor’s lobby area
Combined with shaft detection and smoke management to enable safe evacuation
26. TYPICALLY ALL THIS INFORMATION
DISPARATE BUILDING SYSTEMS &
IS BOTTLED UP IN THE BUILDING
PROCESSLEVERAGED FOR EMERGENCY RESPONDERS
NOT AND STORE A LARGE AMOUNT OF DATA
THAT IS POTENTIALLY USEFUL TO EMERGENCY RESPONDERS
BY INTEGRATING ALL OF THESE SYSTEMS WE CAN
IMPROVE BUILDING VISUALIZATION ENABLING
ELEVATORS FOR MOBILITY IMPAIRED EVACUATION
27. 5 - Leveraging elevator smoke management technology
Unprotected elevators can provide a
significant path for vertical smoke
movement from fire through building
Pressurize
Pressurize Exhausting Tight-Fitting
28. Smoke management for “Safe Elevator Lobbies”
D7 Closed
D2 & D3 Closed
D1 Open D4 Closed
31. 6 - AHJ’s perspective towards elevator evacuations
A fire safety plan shall include the procedures for use of elevators
Combustible materials, other than those for which the location, room or space is
designed, shall not be permitted to accumulate in any part of an elevator shaft,
ventilation shaft, means of egress, service room or service space.
Flammable liquids or combustible liquids shall not be stored in or adjacent to
exits, including outdoors, elevators or principal routes that provide access to exits.
32. A Fire Code maintenance of fire emergency systems
The keys required to recall elevators and to
permit independent operation of each
elevator shall be kept in the location
required by the Building Code
The required firefighters’ elevator symbol shall
be maintained in identifiable condition
36. Summary & Questions
History of Elevator use during fire scenarios and evacuation techniques
Demystifying CSA-B44 NFPA 101 & National Building Code
Detector Locations and Recall Requirements
Intelligent building application for occupant safety in elevators
Leveraging elevator smoke management technology
37. Summary & Questions
A Fire Code perspective towards elevator evacuations
Mobility impaired evacuation and the use of elevators
Real life examples of elevators for evacuation
Video example of exterior emergency elevator
Slide 30Section 18 – Hazardous locationsLet’s drill down on Section 18 of the CEC:It is important that we understand the language of the codeSo lets look at 18-002 Special terminology In this Section, the following definitions apply:Explosive gas atmosphere – a mixture with air, under atmospheric conditions, of flammable substances in the form of gas, vapour, or mist in which, after ignition, combustion spreads throughout the unconsumed mixture..
Slide 30Section 18 – Hazardous locationsLet’s drill down on Section 18 of the CEC:It is important that we understand the language of the codeSo lets look at 18-002 Special terminology In this Section, the following definitions apply:Explosive gas atmosphere – a mixture with air, under atmospheric conditions, of flammable substances in the form of gas, vapour, or mist in which, after ignition, combustion spreads throughout the unconsumed mixture..
Slide 30Section 18 – Hazardous locationsLet’s drill down on Section 18 of the CEC:It is important that we understand the language of the codeSo lets look at 18-002 Special terminology In this Section, the following definitions apply:Explosive gas atmosphere – a mixture with air, under atmospheric conditions, of flammable substances in the form of gas, vapour, or mist in which, after ignition, combustion spreads throughout the unconsumed mixture..
Slide 30Section 18 – Hazardous locationsLet’s drill down on Section 18 of the CEC:It is important that we understand the language of the codeSo lets look at 18-002 Special terminology In this Section, the following definitions apply:Explosive gas atmosphere – a mixture with air, under atmospheric conditions, of flammable substances in the form of gas, vapour, or mist in which, after ignition, combustion spreads throughout the unconsumed mixture..
Many fire departments would manually initiate recall of the elevator on their arrival to control access and to ensure that there were no trapped occupantsPhase I- Initiation of elevator recall to ground floor unless smoke detected on round floor elevator will recall to alternative floors. Once recalled the doors open, and the elecvator are locked out of service the detection of smoke or heat causes the elevators to be recalled to the ground floor,unless this is where smoke was detected. The doors open, and the elevators are locked out ofservice. in what is called Phase-II operation.Phase I- Initiation of elevator recall to ground floor unless smoke detected on round floor elevator will recall to alternative floors. Once recalled the doors open, and the elecvator are locked out of service the detection of smoke or heat causes the elevators to be recalled to the ground floor,unless this is where smoke was detected. The doors open, and the elevators are locked out ofservice. in what is called Phase-II operation.
Many fire departments would manually initiate recall of the elevator on their arrival to control access and to ensure that there were no trapped occupantsPhase I- Initiation of elevator recall to ground floor unless smoke detected on round floor elevator will recall to alternative floors. Once recalled the doors open, and the elecvator are locked out of service the detection of smoke or heat causes the elevators to be recalled to the ground floor,unless this is where smoke was detected. The doors open, and the elevators are locked out ofservice. in what is called Phase-II operation.Phase I- Initiation of elevator recall to ground floor unless smoke detected on round floor elevator will recall to alternative floors. Once recalled the doors open, and the elecvator are locked out of service the detection of smoke or heat causes the elevators to be recalled to the ground floor,unless this is where smoke was detected. The doors open, and the elevators are locked out ofservice. in what is called Phase-II operation.
Many fire departments would manually initiate recall of the elevator on their arrival to control access and to ensure that there were no trapped occupantsPhase I- Initiation of elevator recall to ground floor unless smoke detected on round floor elevator will recall to alternative floors. Once recalled the doors open, and the elecvator are locked out of service the detection of smoke or heat causes the elevators to be recalled to the ground floor,unless this is where smoke was detected. The doors open, and the elevators are locked out ofservice. in what is called Phase-II operation.Phase I- Initiation of elevator recall to ground floor unless smoke detected on round floor elevator will recall to alternative floors. Once recalled the doors open, and the elecvator are locked out of service the detection of smoke or heat causes the elevators to be recalled to the ground floor,unless this is where smoke was detected. The doors open, and the elevators are locked out ofservice. in what is called Phase-II operation.
Many fire departments would manually initiate recall of the elevator on their arrival to control access and to ensure that there were no trapped occupantsPhase I- Initiation of elevator recall to ground floor unless smoke detected on round floor elevator will recall to alternative floors. Once recalled the doors open, and the elecvator are locked out of service the detection of smoke or heat causes the elevators to be recalled to the ground floor,unless this is where smoke was detected. The doors open, and the elevators are locked out ofservice. in what is called Phase-II operation.Phase I- Initiation of elevator recall to ground floor unless smoke detected on round floor elevator will recall to alternative floors. Once recalled the doors open, and the elecvator are locked out of service the detection of smoke or heat causes the elevators to be recalled to the ground floor,unless this is where smoke was detected. The doors open, and the elevators are locked out ofservice. in what is called Phase-II operation.
Many large buildings have building automation systems that manage environmental systems ,security systems, fire protection systems, energy management systems, elevator systems, etc.These systems process and store a large amount of data that is potentially useful to emergency responders. Such data would include floor plans of the building, sensor data from smoke andheat detectors, gas detectors, motion detectors, etc. Other information may include data from heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, door and elevator access, roomoccupancy, lights, and cameras. Yet, for the most part, all this information is bottled up in the building even while it could provide tremendous situational awareness to those outside thebuilding.
Provide early, constant real-time monitoring of many open areas, interstitial spaces or individual rooms.Adjustable sensitivity, can be used in a dirty applications such as elevator pitsLearn the environmental changes and adjust to compensate for the pressure changes
Provide early, constant real-time monitoring of many open areas, interstitial spaces or individual rooms.Adjustable sensitivity, can be used in a dirty applications such as elevator pitsLearn the environmental changes and adjust to compensate for the pressure changes
Provide early, constant real-time monitoring of many open areas, interstitial spaces or individual rooms.Adjustable sensitivity, can be used in a dirty applications such as elevator pitsLearn the environmental changes and adjust to compensate for the pressure changes
Many large buildings have building automation systems that manage environmental systems ,security systems, fire protection systems, energy management systems, elevator systems, etc.These systems process and store a large amount of data that is potentially useful to emergency responders. Such data would include floor plans of the building, sensor data from smoke andheat detectors, gas detectors, motion detectors, etc. Other information may include data from heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, door and elevator access, roomoccupancy, lights, and cameras. Yet, for the most part, all this information is bottled up in the building even while it could provide tremendous situational awareness to those outside thebuilding.
Unprotected elevators can provide a significant path for vertical smoke movement from fire through buildingPressurize the elevator hoistwayPressurize the elevator lobbyExhausting the floor, which creates a positive pressure in the elevator hostway relative to the fire floorElevator doors are typically not tight-fitting and tend to be a major source of leakage in the shaft, it must be accounted for in the designVery early detection, initiates early investigation, early notification to the fire servicesEnhanced detection of smoke signatures like over heated wires or combustibles that emit low smoke mobilityAdditional time to investigate the source of the fire to prevent a catastrophic loss
National fire code- elevators can technically still operate during the very early stage of a fire. Will not recall until a fire alarm initiating device senses fire or smoke …potentially be used to evacuate people with disabilities within a specific stage of occupant evacuationEvacuation protocol- proceed from the highest floor downward. People on the lower floors would be told length of wait for an elevator and they might choose to start downPrevent a passengaer from opening the elevator car or hoistway doors more than 4 inches when the elevator car is outside the “unlocking zone”- ASME definiation: “a zone extending from the landing floor level to a point not less than 75 millimeters or more than 450 millimeter above or below the landing”CSA B44-04 hoistway opening space below the platform guard is limited to not more than 250 milimeters between the floor and the bottom of the platform guard, regardless of the location of the elevator car when it stopped….by saying that in a typical building there is a significant potential of being locked in the elevator should be there a loss of power
National fire code- elevators can technically still operate during the very early stage of a fire. Will not recall until a fire alarm initiating device senses fire or smoke …potentially be used to evacuate people with disabilities within a specific stage of occupant evacuationEvacuation protocol- proceed from the highest floor downward. People on the lower floors would be told length of wait for an elevator and they might choose to start downPrevent a passengaer from opening the elevator car or hoistway doors more than 4 inches when the elevator car is outside the “unlocking zone”- ASME definiation: “a zone extending from the landing floor level to a point not less than 75 millimeters or more than 450 millimeter above or below the landing”CSA B44-04 hoistway opening space below the platform guard is limited to not more than 250 milimeters between the floor and the bottom of the platform guard, regardless of the location of the elevator car when it stopped….by saying that in a typical building there is a significant potential of being locked in the elevator should be there a loss of power
Stratosphere Tower in Las Vagas, Nevada. 800-foot 11-story building know as the PodEmergency staircases that is considered impractical for use in emergency conditions4 double-deck elevator are designed for emergency use runs between ground level and the bottom two floors of the pod. One elevator reserved for the fire departmentOther used by manual control in case of emergencyOccupant load is limited by the number that can be evacuated by the elevator in on hour