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1. People skills are patterns of behavior and behavior interactions, among people; it is an umbrella term for skills under three related set of abilities: personal effectiveness, interaction skills,
and intercession skills.[1] This is an area of exploration about how a person behaves and how they are perceived irrespective of their thinking and feeling.[2] It is further elaborated as
dynamics between personal ecology (cognitive, affective, physical and spiritual dimensions) and its function with other people's personality styles in numerous environments (life event's,
institution's, life challenges...etc.).[3] British dictionary definition is "the ability to communicate effectively with people in a friendly way, especially in business" or personal effectiveness
skills.[4] In business it is a connection among people in a humane level to achieve productivity.[5]
Portland Business Journal describes people skills as:[6]
 Ability to effectively communicate, understand, and empathize.
 Ability to interact with others respectfully and develop productive working relationship to minimize conflict and maximize rapport.
 Ability to build sincerity and trust; moderate behaviors (less impulsive) and enhance agreeableness.
Good people skills also extend to include problem-solving abilities, empathy for others and a willingness to work together toward the common good.
 Communication. ...
 Empathy. ...
 Conflict Resolution. ...
 Patience. ...
 Tolerance.
Five Data ManagementSkillsthat are importantforsuccessfullymanagingandusinginformation.LookingatandAnalyzing Data.The abilitytouse data effectivelytoimprove yourprograms,including
lookingatlistsandsummaries,lookingforpatterns,analyzingresults,andmakingpresentationstoothers.
Data Management Skills
Five Data Management Skills that are important for successfully managing and using information.
Looking at and Analyzing Data. The ability to use data effectively to improve your programs, including looking at lists and summaries, looking for patterns, analyzing results, and making
presentations to others. Includes familiarity with the data available to you; knowledge of the goals of your program; understanding the needs of your clients/audiences; and willingness to
explore creative approaches to using data.
Navigating Database Software. Knowing how to use database software to find records, sort, review, edit, print, and other functions. Knowing how to use built-in forms and reports in a
database. Exploring the software and learning various functions and features. Writing queries and reports using available tools; copying data into Excel or other formats for further analysis.
Data Integrity. Understanding definitions, program guidelines, and sources of data. Developing clear channels of communication. Reviewing data and working with colleagues to make
sure that data is accurate. Being aware of potential weaknesses in the data when analyzing and using the data.
Managing Accounts and Files. Keeping track of online accounts and helping others to keep track of their accounts, usernames and passwords. Knowing how to organize files and folders
on your computer or network. Knowing how to copy, move, upload or download files and photos; understanding how to use email to send attachments.

2. Database Designand Planning. Understanding database design concepts, including "relational database design" concepts (table structure; one-to-many relationships). Understanding the
benefits and limits of various types of databases, including PC and online databases. Ability to participate in short-term and long-term planning about database projects and to decide how to
efficiently store and analyze various types of data.
Developed by: The Skills Library * Jennifer Leonard * http://www.skillslibrary.com
Interpersonal communicationis an exchange of informationbetweentwoormore people.Itisalsoan area of study.Communicationskillsare developedandmaybe enhancedorimprovedwith
increasedknowledgeandpractice.Duringinterpersonal communication,thereis message sendingandmessage receiving.Thiscanbe conductedusingbothdirectandindirectmethods.Successful
interpersonalcommunicationiswhenthe messagesendersandthe message receiversunderstandthe message.Encompasses:speech communication,nonverbal communication.(RovicCañabano)
Interpersonal communicationis the processbywhichpeople exchangeinformation,feelings,andmeaningthroughverbal andnon-verbalmessages:itisface-to-face communication.
crit·i·cal think·ing
noun
noun: critical thinking
1. the objective analysis and evaluation of an issue in order to form a judgment.
"professors often find it difficult to encourage critical thinking amongst their students"
 "disciplinedthinkingthatisclear,rational,open-minded,andinformedbyevidence"[7]
Examples of Critical Thinking at Work
 A triage nurse would use critical thinking skills to analyze the cases at hand and decide the order in which the patients should be treated.
 A plumber would use critical thinking skills to evaluate which materials would best suit a particular job.
 An attorney would review the evidence and use critical thinking to help devise a strategy to win a case or to decide whether to settle out of court.
 A job seeker would use critical thinking to analyze a vacancy and decide whether to apply for a job. Then they would evaluate which of their assets as a candidate should be
emphasized in an interview for that job.
What is Personal Development?
See also:Practical Stepsto Personal Development
Personal development is a lifelong process. It is a way for people to assess their skills and qualities, consider their aims in life and set goals in order to realise and maximise their potential.
This page helps you to identify the skills you need to set life goals which can enhance your employability prospects, raise your confidence, and lead to a more fulfilling, higher quality
life. Plan to make relevant, positive and effective life choices and decisions for your future to enable personal empowerment.
Although early life development and early formative experiences within the family, at school, etc. can help to shape us as adults, personal development should not stop later in life.
This page contains information and advice that is designed to help you to think about your personal development and ways in which you can work towards goals and your full potential.

3. ‘Personal Development’ and ‘Personal Empowerment’ are two areas that overlap and interweave, so it is recommended that you read this page in conjunction with our page on Personal
Empowerment.
Why is Personal Development Important?
There are many ideas surrounding personal development, one of which is Abraham Maslow's process of self-actualisation.
Self-Actualisation
Maslow (1970) suggests that all individuals have an in-built need for personal development which occurs through a process called self-actualisation.
The extent to which people are able to develop depends on certain needs being met and these needs form a hierarchy. Only when one level of need is satisfied can a higher one be
developed. As change occurs throughout life, however, the level of need motivating someone’s behaviour at any one time will also change.

4.  At the bottomof the hierarchyare the basic physiological needsforfood,drink,sex andsleep,i.e.,the basicsforsurvival.
 Secondare the needsforsafetyand security inboththe physical andeconomicsense.
 Thirdly,progressioncanbe made tosatisfyingthe needfor love andbelonging.
 The fourthlevel referstomeetingthe needforself-esteemandself-worth.Thisisthe level mostcloselyrelatedto‘self-empowerment’.
 The fifthlevel relatestothe needtounderstand. Thislevel includesmore abstractideassuchascuriosityandthe searchfor meaningorpurpose anda deeperunderstanding.
 The sixthrelatestoaestheticneedsof beauty,symmetryandorder.
 Finally,atthe topof Maslow’shierarchyisthe needfor self-actualisation.
Maslow (1970, p.383) says that all individuals have the need to see themselves as competent and autonomous, also that every person has limitless room for growth.

5. Self-actualisation refers to the desire that everybody has ‘to become everything that they are capable of becoming’. In other words, it refers to self-fulfilment and the need to reach full
potential as a unique human being.
For Maslow, the path to self-actualisation involves being in touch with your feelings, experiencing life fully and with total concentration.
Maslow, A. H. (1970), Motivation and Personality, (2nd Edition), Harper & Row, New York.
For more on motivation, see our pages: Self-Motivation and Motivating Others.
Managing Your Personal Development
There are a number of steps to take in managing your personal development.
1. Developing a Personal Vision
Personal development can simply be for fun. Most of us, however, find it easier to motivate ourselves to learn and improve if we have a purpose in doing so. Developing your personal
vision - a clear idea of where you want to be in a few months or years, and why - is a crucial part of developing this purpose.
There ismore aboutthisinour pageson Developinga Personal Vision,RefiningandNarrowing Your Vision,andSettingPersonal Goals.
2. Planning Your Personal Development
Once you are clear about where you want to be, you can start planning how to get there. Drawing up a personal development plan is not essential, but it does make the planning process
more realistic.
For more about this part of the process, take a look at our page on Planning Your Personal Development.
If you are struggling to identify which areas to target for development and improvement, you may find it helpful to read our pages on Personal SWOT Analysis and Identifying Areas for
Improvement.
3. Starting the Improvement Process
There are a number of different ways in which you can learn and develop.
Our page on Improving Performance – Some Specific Techniques explains some ways of learning, including a technique called expertise transfer.
Our page on Learning Preferences suggests how different types of learning process may be more effective for certain people. You may also find our page on Learning Styles helpful in
understanding how you like to learn.

6. 4. Recording Your Personal Development
It is often a good idea to keep a record of your personal development. By writing down key developments in your learning and development as and when they occur, you will be able to
reflect on your successes at a later date.
There is more about this on our page, Recording Your Personal Development.
This reflection may well help to motivate you to learn more skills in the future. Try keeping a learning log or journal as you develop your skills and knowledge.
See our page on Reflective Practice for some ideas of how to do this.
5. Reviewing and Revising Personal Development Plans
Our page on Learning Styles uses Kolb’s Experiential Learning Cycle to show that learning is a cycle. For more effective learning, it is important to reflect on your experience, and
consider what you have learnt from it. Regularreview of your personal development plans, and your development activities, will ensure that you learn from what you have done. It will also
ensure that your activities continue to move you towards your goals, and that your goals or vision remain relevant to you.
Communication Skills
Also See: What is Communication?
Being able to communicate effectively is the most important of all life skills.
Communication is simply the act of transferring information from one place to another. It may be vocally (using voice), written (using printed or digital media such as books, magazines,
websites or emails), visually (using logos, maps, charts or graphs) or non-verbally (using body language, gestures and the tone and pitch of voice).
How well this information can be transmitted and received is a measure of how good our communication skills are.
The Importance of Good Communication Skills
Developing your communication skills can help all aspects of your life, from your professional life to social gatherings and everything in between.
The ability to communicate information accurately, clearly and as intended, is a vital life skill and something that should not be overlooked. It’s never too late to work on your
communication skills and by doing so improve your quality of life.
Professionally, if you are applying for jobs or looking for a promotion with your current employer, you will almost certainly need to demonstrate good communication skills.
Communication skills are needed to speak appropriately with a wide variety of people whilst maintaining good eye contact, demonstrate a varied vocabulary and tailor your language to
your audience, listen effectively, present your ideas appropriately, write clearly and concisely, and work well in a group. Many of these are essential skills that employers seek.
Verbal communication skills are ranked first among a job candidate’s ‘must have’ skills and qualities.

7. According to a 2016 survey by the National Association of Colleges and Employers (NACE).
As your career progresses, the importance of communication skills increases; the ability to speak, listen, question and write with clarity and conciseness are essential for most managers and
leaders.
Here at SkillsYouNeed you’ll find lots of articles designed to help you understand and improve your communication skills.
You’ll find sections on:
Interpersonal Communication Skills
Interpersonal skills are the skills we use when engaged in face-to-face communication with one or more other people.
For a good general introduction to the topic of interpersonal communication skills, you may like to read our pages on Interpersonal Communication Skills, What is Communication?
and Principles of Communication.
Our pages on Barriers to Communication and The Ladder of Inference, and Improving Communication give you some ideas about what may be going wrong in your personal
communication processes, and how to address those issues. There may, in particular, be issues relating to Intercultural communication.
Our more specific pages on interpersonal communication skills are divided broadly into Verbal Communication, Non-Verbal Communication and Listening.
Verbal communication
Verbal communication is all about what we say, which is an important way of getting our message across.
The words that we choose can make a big difference to whether other people understand us. Consider for example, communicating with a young child, or with someone who does not speak
our own language very well. You need to use simple language, short sentences, and check understanding regularly. It is quite different from a conversation with an old friend whom you
have known for years, and with whom you may not even need to finish your sentences.
See our pages on Verbal Communication and Effective Speaking.
Reflection and clarification are both common techniques used in verbal communication to ensure that what you have heard and understood is what was intended - you can find out more
on our pages on Reflection and Clarification.
Questioning skills are one very important area of verbal communication, often used in clarification, but also to extract more information, and as a way to maintain a conversation. Find out
more in our pages on Questioning Skills and Types of Questions.

8. Finally, two specific areas where you will need verbal communication skills are making a speech, and in conversation.
Non-verbal communication
Using our voice is only the tip of the iceberg. We actually communicate far more information using Non-verbal Communication. This includes non-verbal signals, gestures, facial
expression, body language, tone of voice, and even our appearance.
You can find more about this on our pages on Body Language, Face and Voice, Personal Presentation and Personal Appearance.
Listening
Listening is a vital interpersonal communication skill.
When we communicate we spend 45% of our time listening. Most people take listening for granted, but it is not the same as hearing and should be thought of as a skill.
Our Listening Skills page acts as an introduction to the subject and you may also be interested in the Ten Principles of Listening.
Active Listening provides a lot more information about how to listen effectively and can help you to avoid misunderstandings, while Types of Listening explains more about the theory of
listening.
We also have a page on Ineffective Listening, and Listening Misconceptions. You may find that you recognise some of the bad habits you or other people have picked up when listening.
Using Communication Skills
Interpersonal communication skills are important in a wide range of circumstances and environments: probably, in fact, anywhere where we may meet and interact with other people.
They are essential for starting to build relationships, both professionally and at home. You may find our page on Building Rapport helpful, and also advice on being interviewed
(Interview Skills) and interviewing others (Interviewing Skills). Good communication skills can also help you to provide feedback effectively, and in a way that will not cause offence: a
vital skill throughout life.
Good interpersonal communication skills enable us to work more effectively in groups and teams, which may be either formal or informal. Our pages on Groups and Teams explain
more about working in groups, and the skills required.
Other Communication Skills
Communication skills encompass far more than simple verbal and non-verbal communication, even in a wide range of circumstances.
Other instances of communication include:

9. Presentation Skills
Although, for many of us, presentation skills are used infrequently, there will probably be times in your life when you need to present information to a group of people, either in a formal or
informal setting.
Start your journey on our Presentation Skills main page.
Writing Skills
Communication skills are not limited to direct interaction with other people and the spoken word.
The ability to be able to write clearly and effectively is key to communication, and this set of skills should not be limited to journalists or professional authors. Poor written communication
can be frustrating for the reader and potentially damaging for the author – would you buy a product from a website peppered with spelling mistakes?
Browse our pages on Writing Skills to help you to understand and overcome common mistakes, and improve how you communicate using the written word.
You may also be interested in our pages on Study Skills. Not just for students, these are the skills you need to enable you to learn, communicate your ideas and understand the ideas of
others more effectively.
Personal Skills
Personal Skills are the skills that we use to maintain a healthy body and mind. But they can also enhance communication.
For example, Improving Your Self-Esteem and Building Your Confidence can help you to feel more positive about yourself and your abilities - including your ability to communicate.
And feeling positive is the first step to acting more positively, and effectively.
By having a deeper understanding of yourself and a more relaxed and positive outlook on life you are more likely to be charismatic - a trait that can further aid the communication process.
Our page What is Charisma? explains this in more detail. Good communication is also linked to assertiveness - that is, standing up for what you believe. Our section on Assertiveness
explains more.
During times of stress, or when we are angry, we may communicate less effectively. Learn more about these emotions and how to control, reduce and manage them in our pages What is
Stress? and What is Anger? You may also be interested in Avoiding Stress and Tips for Dealing with Stress as well as Anger Management.
We even have pages to help you deal with more difficult situations such as Dealing with Aggression and Communicating in Difficult Situations.
Presentation Skills
Essential Life Skills
Presenting information clearly and effectively is a key skill to get your message or opinion across and, today, presentation skills are required in almost every field.

10. Whether you are a student, administrator or executive, if you wish to start up your own business, apply for a grant or stand for an elected position, you may very well be asked to make a
presentation. This can be a very daunting prospect. Our guide is designed to help.
If, in this position, the first thing you do is open up PowerPoint, then you should probably first spend some time developing your presentation skills. Delivering an inspirational or
captivating presentation requires a lot of preparation and work, and you may not even need PowerPoint at all!
Many people feel terrified when asked to make their first public talk, but these initial fears can be reduced by good preparation which will also lay the groundwork for making an effective
presentation.
Quick Guide to Effective Presentations
If you really need to learn quickly, then a really good place to start is with our Top Tips for Effective Presentations.
This will give you some ‘quick wins’ that will help you improve your presentations, and if you’re already an experienced presenter, hopefully take them from good to great.
Our tips include general ideas about connecting with your audience, through information about the importance of voice and body language, to detailed tips about preparing slide-shows.
But the most important tip of all?
It's all about your audience.
Keep that in mind, and your presentation skills will almost instantly improve.
If you have more time to develop your presentation skills…
…then the Presentation Skills section of SkillsYouNeed is designed to help.
Our Presentation Skills section is split into two parts.
The first gives you a step-by-step guide to making a professional and effective presentation.
The second provides more detailed information about presenting and communicating in particular circumstances.
Our step-by-step guide includes the following areas:

11. What is a Presentation?
A presentation is a means of communication which can be adapted to various speaking situations, such as talking to a group, addressing a meeting or briefing a team. To be effective, step-
by-step preparation and the method and means of presenting the information should be carefully considered.
See What is a Presentation?
Preparing a Presentation
Preparation is the most important part of making a successful presentation. This is the crucial foundation and there should be no short-cuts.
See Preparing A Presentation.
Organising the Presentation Material
Irrespective of whether the occasion is formal or informal, you should always aim to give a clear, well-structured delivery.
You should know exactly what you want to say and the order in which you want to say it. Clarity of ideas and good organisation should result in a lively, logical and compelling message.
See Organising the Material.
Writing Your Presentation
This page offers advice on how to write an effective presentation. Before you write your presentation, you should already have started to prepare by developing your ideas and selecting the
main points to include.
See Writing your Presentation.
Deciding the Presentation Method
Once you have decided on your key messages, and thought about organising your material, you next need to think about how you will present. Presentations range from the formal to the
informal, and your choice of presentation method will depend on many factors, including the audience, the venue, the facilities, and your own preferences.
For more to help you decide, see our page on Deciding the Presentation Method.
Managing your Presentation Notes
Few people are able to give a presentation without notes. You will need to know your own abilities and decide how best to make the presentation. You might manage your talk by using full
text, notes on cue cards, keywords on cue cards, or mind maps.
See Managing your Presentation Notes.

12. Working with Visual Aids
Most visual aids will need advance preparation and should be operated with efficiency.
Only use visual aids if they are necessary to maintain interest and assist comprehension: do not use them just to demonstrate your technological prowess. If visual aids are used well, they
will enhance a presentation by adding impact and strengthening audience involvement, but if not, they can ruin a presentation.
See Working with Visual Aids to avoid falling into the trap of the dreaded ‘Death by Powerpoint’.
Presenting Data
There are times when using data in a presentation can really help you to tell the story better. But it’s important not to blind your audience with statistics, and also to remember that many
people find numbers difficult to understand.
Our page on Presenting Data gives some hints and tips about using data effectively in a presentation situation.
Managing the Event
The practicalities of how you manage your presentation can make a significant difference to its success, and to your nerves! Learn how to cope, and also about managing sound systems,
audio-visual equipment and lecterns.
See Managing the Presentation Event.
Coping with Presentation Nerves
It is entirely natural to feel nervous before making a presentation.
Fortunately, there are some tried and tested strategies and techniques to manage your nerves so that you can concentrate on delivering an effective and engaging presentation.
See Coping with Presentation Nerves for some ideas that will help.
Dealing with Questions
Decide in advance how and when you wish to handle questions. Some speakers prefer questions to be raised as they arise during the presentation whilst others prefer to deal with questions
at the end. At the start of your presentation, you should make clear your preferences to the audience.
See Dealing with Questions for more ideas.
Self-Presentation in Presentations
Finally, how you present yourself can affect how your audience responds to your presentation.

13. You need to fit with your audience's expectations if they are not going to spend quite a large chunk of your presentation dealing with the differences between expectations and reality.
For more about aspects of self-presentation, see our page on Self-Presentation in Presentations.
Presenting Under Particular Circumstances
You may find that you need to give a presentation under certain circumstances, where your previous experience is less helpful.
We have lots of pages to help you prepare for specific presentation types.
Circumstances that may be new to you include:
 PresentationsinInterviews
 Presentingto Large Groupsand Conferences
 GivingLecturesand Seminars
 Givinga Speech
One particular special case is attending public consultation meetings.
Our pages on Attending Public Consultation Meetings, and Managing Public Consultation Meetings provide information to help whether you are a concerned member of the public, or
responsible for organising a public meeting.
You may also find yourself required to organise or manage a press conference.
Although this may not strictly be what you would describe as a ‘presentation’, it is nonetheless an event at which you are required to present your organisation in a particular light.
Our page on Managing a Press Conference gives some ideas about how best to do that.
Finally, should you be unlucky enough to be involved in a serious crisis or disaster that affects your organisation, our page on Crisis Communications gives some ideas about how to
manage press and public relations on these occasions.
What is a Leader?
Many people struggle to define leadership, and particularly to identify the difference between leadership and management.
Leadership may be both formal and informal. When we think of a ‘leader’, we often mean someone who holds a formal leadership position, which is recognised in their job title, or in how
others regard them. But it is also possible to be a leader because of how you behave, or because of the position into which you are pushed by circumstances. Our page What is a Leader?
explores some of these issues.

14. The other difficult issue for many people is to identify the difference between leadership and management. One distinction is that leaders use vision, while managers plan. Another is in the
difference between innovators and administrators. Our page Leadership is not the Same as Management discusses this issue further.
No leader can exist without followers. In other words, by definition, a leader needs followers in order to lead. This means that skills in leading and managing people are absolutely crucial
for effective leaders.
This section of SkillsYouNeed therefore examines some of those skills, explaining the art of successful delegation, how to create a motivational environment and motivate others, and how
to facilitate processes.
The section also covers the skills required of entrepreneurs and for innovation, and explains what defines an entrepreneur.
A Leader’s Job is to Lead
Without followers, a leader is nothing.
Even entrepreneurs need followers—those who are persuaded about their idea, and join them—even if they start alone. It follows, therefore, that managing and motivating people are key
leadership skills.
Without being able to take others with them, leaders will fail to achieve.
A picture, so they say, will tell a thousand words. But what about a graph or chart?
A good graph or chart can show as much as several paragraphs of words. But how do you choose which style of graph to use?
This page sets out some of the basics behind drawing and creating good graphs and charts. By ‘good’, we mean ones that show what you want them to show, and don’t mislead the reader.
Types of Charts
There are several different types of charts and graphs. The four most common are probably line graphs, bar graphs and histograms, pie charts, and Cartesian graphs. They are generally used
for, and best for, quite different things.
You would use:
 Bar graphs to show numbers that are independent of each other. Example data might include things like the number of people who preferred each of Chinese takeaways, Indian
takeaways and fish and chips.
 Pie charts to show you how a whole is divided into different parts. You might, for example, want to show how a budget had been spent on different items in a particular year.
 Line graphs show you how numbers have changed over time. They are used when you have data that are connected, and to show trends, for example, average night time
temperature in each month of the year.

15.  Cartesian graphs have numbers on both axes, which therefore allow you to show how changes in one thing affect another. These are widely used in mathematics, and particularly
in Algebra.
Axes
Graphs have two axes, the lines that run across the bottom and up the side. The line along the bottom is called the horizontal or x-axis, and the line up the side is called the vertical or y-
axis.
 The x-axis may contain categories or numbers. You read it from the bottom left of the graph.
 The y-axis usually contains numbers, again starting from the bottom left of the graph.
The numbers on the y-axis generally, but not always, start at 0 in the bottom left of the graph, and move upwards. Usually the axes of a graph are labelled to indicate the type of data they
show.
Beware of graphs where the y-axis doesn't start at 0, as they may be trying to fool you about the data shown (and there is more about this in our page on Everyday Mathematics).
Bar Graphs and Histograms
Bar graphs generally have categories on the x-axis, and numbers on the y-axis. This means that you can compare numbers between different categories. The categories need to be
independent, that is changes in one of them do not affect the others.
Here is a summary of 'some data' in a data table:
Read more at: https://www.skillsyouneed.com/num/graphs-charts.html
A Graph is Worth…
Whatever way you choose to draw your graphs, once you have the knack of reading them, you will almost certainly find that the old saying is right: a picture really can tell a thousand
words.
Whether a graph is worth a thousand numbers is a moot point, but it is certainly an effective way of showing several numbers together, and demonstrating the relationships or differences
between them.
Read more at: https://www.skillsyouneed.com/num/graphs-charts.html

16. Numeracy Skills Count
Improved numeracy skills lead to better paid jobs, greater well-being and a less stressful life.
Numeracy skills are not just for scientists, accountants and the tax man, many professions require at least a basic level of understanding when it comes to numeracy and mathematics. Take
some time to develop your numeracy skills - it's never too late to learn.
Read more at: https://www.skillsyouneed.com/numeracy-skills.html
At SkillsYouNeed we believe that everybody has the ability to master basic numeracy.
We also believe that understanding basic numeracy and mathematics will make a huge difference in all aspects of your life: make you more employable, help you achieve a greater
understanding of the world around you, save you time and money and may even improve your well-being and reduce stress.
Readmore at: https://www.skillsyouneed.com/numeracy-skills.html