The document discusses different types of parks and their definitions. It begins by defining a park as a planned environment for public recreation that can include natural or man-made elements. It then describes different hierarchies of parks from national parks catering to entire populations down to pocket parks serving small neighborhoods. Each type of park is defined based on size, location, and facilities. Design principles for parks emphasize recreation, accessibility, and usability.

1. constructed landscape
parks:
Lecture03:
miss iffa nayan
anatomy of a park

2. contents:
introduction
1
definition of park
2
public recreation
3
park hierarchy
4
design principles for park planning
5

3. Degradation
Modernization
Urbanization
High rise development
Environmental problem
Chaotic planet
Tight schedule
“people nowadays….”
Chasing after time
Unhealthy lifestyle
High rate of mortality
1
“world nowadays….”

4. what is park?
2
a planned environment that typically correlates with open space, allocated or reserved fully or partially, for the purpose of public recreation.
could be comprises of natural elements; or man- made elements; or combination of both.
why is park important?
act as “green lung” for the city and a focal point that breaks up the monotony of concrete jungle.
promote healthy lifestyle that can influence the increase of quality of life.
to counterbalance the harsh reality of a hectic urban life.

5. 3
passive
• sight-seeing
• walking
• relaxing
• picnicking
• gathering
• meeting
• jogging
active
• hiking
• playing outdoor games
• trekking
• camping
• running
• cycling
• mountain biking
• swimming
• bird watching
• snorkeling
• etc.
public recreation

6. park hierarchy
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national park
regional park
national park
regional park
urban park
local park
community park
neighborhood park
pocket park
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

7. theme park
linear park
national park
regional park
urban park
local park
community park
neighborhood park
pocket park
metropolitan park
state park
city park
** categorized by size and location of the area, type of activity & facility standards ** size of the area may varies depends on population ratio and park acreages
** based on concept & design ideas
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8. 4
general guidelines :
Recreational parks should located far from site sewage, waste disposal and electrical substations
The form of parks is acclaimed to be square
Should have good irrigation and drainage system, not a flood prone area
Water resources and catchment area should be maintained
Softscape elements should occupied a minimum 60% of overall parks
All recreational parks should follow design guidelines from local authorities

9. 4
1
national park
definition:
natural area of land and/or sea
designated to;
a)protect the ecological integrity of one or more ecosystems for present and future generations
b)exclude exploitation or occupation inimical (harmful) to the purposes of designation of the area
c)provide foundation for spiritual, educational, recreational and visitor opportunities
all (a+b+c) of which must be environmentally and culturally compatible
able to accommodate overall population of the country
size of the area is unlimited
*sources: World Conservation Union (ICUN) Department of Town & County Planning Malaysia

10. 4
1
national park
general attributes/features:
Gazetted under protected areas
No alteration of existing topography
Serve the purpose of protecting wildlife and vegetation species and other natural features
Provide environmental friendly or suitable recreational activities, e.g ecotourism activities etc.
Distance limit for accessibility is unlimited

11. 4
2
regional park
definition:
a large site located at prominent locations in a region, i.e at urban areas or at urban fringe areas or in proximity to major transport interchanges
a centre point for all urban, rural and other territorial population for recreational activities
has unique features of natural environment
provide facilities with a greater scope than the core activities and serve the wider recreational needs
acceptable distance is within1 hour drive from residential areas
minimum size of the area is 100 hec and above
minimum population size to cater is the whole region/territorial population
*sources: Department of Town & County Planning Malaysia

12. 4
2
regional park
general attributes/features: metropolitan park
Located at the heart of a city
Must be accessible and feasible
Provide adequate facilities to cater large number of visitor, e.g elementary play area, preschool play area, sport fields/courts, picnic area, open area for events, landscaped area, car parking etc.

13. 4
2
regional park
general attributes/features: state park
Has unique characteristics of natural environment, e.g rare species of wildlife or vegetation, million years of rock cliffs etc.
Offer adventure/active/passive recreations with maximum protection and safeguarded by qualified personnel
Should be accessible by any mode of transportation
Provide adequate facilities and amenities

14. 4
3
urban park
definition:
a medium-size site located in urban areas and close to major transport interchanges
an active activity centre for urban residents
acceptable distance between 5.0 km to 10.0 km from residential areas
size of the area approximately within 40 hec to 100 hec
able to cater population size of 50,000 and above
*sources: Department of Town & County Planning Malaysia

15. 4
3
urban park
general attributes/features:
A well developed park, i.e natural area that consists of softscape elements is more than 60%
Provide sufficient facilities, e.g sports centre/ field sports, play area, paved courts, car parking, picnic area etc.

16. 4
4
local park
definition:
A small to medium-size site, located in or within service centre (city/town)
Also categorized as city or town park
Can be perceived as larger than a community park
Accessible from anywhere within city/suburb areas
Acceptable distance at 3.0 km from residential areas
Size of the area is typically within 8 hec to 40 hec
Able to cater population size of 12,000 to 50,000 people
*sources: Department of Town & County Planning Malaysia

17. 4
4
local park
general attributes/features:
A public recreational park with basic recreational activities
Comprising of an area for passive and partially active activities, e.g sports activities, walking, fishing, day camping, picnic area etc.

18. 4
5
community park
definition:
Publicly owned lands, provided for full public access
Aim at providing recreation opportunities beyond those supplied by neighborhood parks (larger in scale).
Comprising of areas for physical, social and cultural activities
Acceptable distance at 1.5km from residential areas
Size of the area is typically within 2 hec to 8 hec
Able to cater population size of 3,000 to 12,000 people
*sources: Department of Town & County Planning Malaysia

19. 4
5
community park
general attributes/features:
A mix of passive of active recreation areas
Usually feature basic amenities, e.g sport fields, courts, lawn areas, picnic area, parking area etc.

20. 4
6
neighborhood park
definition:
A park that serve the recreation needs of people living within a residential area
Typically accessed by pedestrians and bicyclists, and are generally located on streets with sidewalks
Acceptable distance at 1.0 km from residential areas
Size of the area is typically within 0.6 hec to 2.0 hec
Able to cater population size of 1,000 to 3,000 people
*sources: Department of Town & County Planning Malaysia

21. 4
6
neighborhood park
general attributes/features:
Designed for diverse passive recreational activities
Serve as a neighborhood’s social focus
Feature basic facilities such as playground, seating area, open lawn, pathways, etc.

22. 4
7
pocket park
definition:
A mini-size site for a park, may located in between building blocks or built-up areas
Formerly are unused lands converted into green spaces
Acceptable distance is 0.5km from built-up areas
Typically within 0.2 hec to 0.6 hec
Can cater a population of 300 to less than 1,000 people
*sources: Department of Town & County Planning Malaysia
general attributes/features:
Designed for local population within its boundary or for specific group of users (e.g young children or senior citizens)
Typical facilities such as small open area, bench, picnic table, walkway, planting boxes/pots etc.

23. 4
7
pocket park

24. 4
8
theme park
definition:
A park that design based on specific theme or concept
It is designed, controlled and managed for several purposes, i.e enjoyment, amusement, entertainment and education
It should be accessible and motivate large number of people to travel some distance from their home, usually leisure time, to visit them for a short/limited period of time
*sources: Department of Town & County Planning Malaysia Raluca, D.C & Gina, S., Faculty or Domestic and International Tourism Economy, Romanian-American University

25. 4
8
theme park
Theme
Main Activities
Proposed Location
Example of Sites
Recreational water
Provide active recreational activities particularly water- based
Area where possible with natural or man- made water bodies
Water theme park
Entertainment
Provide activities related to entertainment/amusement for societies
Area where possible adjacent to major transport interchange
e.g: Sunway Lagoon, Genting Highland etc.
Art and culture
Activities based on art and culture of different races for education purposes
Area where possible has historical background of art and culture
e.g: cultural village, cowboy town etc.
Safari
Provide experience to animal life, especially native and threatened species
Area where is far from massive development and reachable
e.g: zoo, nigh safari, bird sanctuary etc.

26. 4
8
theme park
Theme
Main Activities
Proposed Location
Example of Sites
Adventure
Extreme and adventure related activities, e.g wall and rock climbing, atv adventure etc.
Area that have good access
Extreme park, adventure park
Underwater
Activities related to expose the under water ecological life for education and learning purposes
Indoor area or enclosed
e.g: underwater park
*sources: Department of Town & County Planning Malaysia (Olahan Kajian Semula Taman Tema, 2011)

27. 4
8
theme park
water based

28. 4
8
theme park
entertainment

29. 4
8
theme park
art and culture

30. 4
8
theme park
safari

31. 4
8
theme park
adventure

32. 4
8
theme park
underwater

33. 4
9
linear park
definition:
A park that design based on specific design concept or idea
Commonly designed to respect the existing landforms and natural site conditions
This park creates spaces between developments and represent as transition space between built-up areas
Located in urban and sub-urban areas
Usually found along riverbanks, road reserves or beach-fronts, or inter-connecting pedestrian walkways to the frontage of rivers/water features
*sources: Department of Town & County Planning Malaysia Malaysian Agriculture Research and Development Institute (MARDI)

34. 4
9
linear park

35. 5
rules of thumb for park planning
Design a park so that it;
-protects and enhances the environmental, cultural and heritage values of an area
-assists with place-making by building on the special attributes of an area
-is pleasant and welcoming
-is well maintained and actively managed
-is safe and perceived to be safe
Ensure accessibility with park that is;
-distributed throughout an area providing equitable access to all residents
-easy access via public transport where appropriate, walking and cycling networks
-connected where practicable with a broader open space
Usability is ensured by open space that is;
-is of a sufficient size and shape to cater for its intended purposes
-is adaptable, catering for multiple users and types of activities
-for children and disable, has access to facilities which are associated with moderate to vigorous physical activity
-is shared by a number of user groups

36. Thank you!