My lecture at UCU@Computer science

1. Introduction to Computation History
Michael Kramarenko, PhD, CSO

2. Agenda
❏ Science & Technological drivers
❏ Hardware & Peripherals
❏ Software
❏ Domestic computing
❏ Remarkable people & Inventions

3. Hardware

4. Classification
Digital Analog Hybrid
Information
representation
Mechanical Electro
Mechanical
ElectronicTechnology
Purpose General
Purpose
Special
Purpose

5. Computation History Periods
Before
Mechanical
Mechanical
Electro
Mechanical
Electronical
before 30 000
BC - V cent.
BC
end XIX - 40
of XX cent.
40 of XX cent.
- nowadays
V cent. BC -
end of XIX
cent. AD

6. “When computers were people”
"I haue read the truest computer of
Times, and the best Arithmetician that
euer breathed, and he reduceth thy
dayes into a short number." The Yong
Mans Gleanings. Richard Brathwait. 1613
1588–1673Information InformationHardware

7. Prehistory
When computers were people ...
Before
Mechanical
Аrithmetic
Primitive
tools

8. Prehistory
-By fingers
-By stones,
conches,
etc
-Věstonice
bone 30 000
BC
Quipu:
level, form,color

9. Ancient history
When computers were people and more
Mechanical
Period
Math
Tools
Mechanics

10. Ancient history
Abacus: Mesopotamian,
Greek, Egyptian, Persian,
Chinese, Roman, Indian,
Japanese, Korean (V cent.
BC)
Antikythera mechanism:
calculates astronomical
positions and eclipses for
calendricaland astrological
purposes (150–100 BC)
Digital
Analog
Special purpose

11. Middle Ages history
When computers were people and more
Mechanical
Period
Math
Mechanics
Navigation
Physics
Astronomy

12. Middle Ages
The Banu Musa’s automatic
flute player:
● programmable machine
● pins on a rotating drum
● The drum is driven by a water
wheel
● 9th century AD
Digital

13. Leonardo da Vinchi
● Proposition of 13-digit summing
device (1492)
● Reconstituted by IBM (1969)
1452–1519

14. John Napier
● Natural logarithms
● Multiplication and division to
addition & subtraction
● Constant e
● Exponential notation
● Decimal point notation
● Napier's bones
1550–1617

15. Napier’s Bones
+ +
1 (6+4) (0+7) 2
20728

16. William Oughtred
● Logarithmic ruler - 1622
● “X” - multiplication
symbol
● “/” - division symbol
● “||” -symbol of parallelism
● Abbreviations sin, cos
1574-1660

17. Logarithmic ruler
● Addition
● Subtraction
● Division
● MultiplicationAnalog

18. Modern history
When computers were people and more
Mechanical
Period
Math
Textile
Industry
Probability
Theory
I Industrial
Revolution
Discrete
Math

19. Pascaline. Model 1642
The first calculator (addition &
subtraction) which:
● is gearwheels based
● has a controlled carry mechanism
● can used in an office
● was commercialized (20 exemplars)
● was patented (Royal patent, 1649)
● was describedin an Encyclopaedia
1623-1662

20. Stepped Reckoner by Gottfried Leibniz
● "Explanation of the Binary Arithmetic, which
uses only the characters 1 and 0, with some
remarks on its usefulness, and on the light it
throws on the ancient Chinese figures of Fu Xi"
(Leibniz 1703)
● "The history of the modern computing machine
goes back to Leibniz and Pascal. Indeed, the
general idea of a computing machine is
nothing but a mechanization of Leibniz's
calculus ratiocinator. (Wiener 1948)" 1646-1716

21. Instrumentum Arithmeticum
S- stepped drum
M- four-side axis
E- gearwheel
D- input disk
F- 10-teeth disk
R- digital disk
P- output
window
Functions:
● add or subtract an 8 digit
number to / from a 16 digit
number
● multiply two 8 digit numbers
to get a 16 digit result
● divide a 16 digit number by an
8 digit divisor

22. Jacquard Loom
● Punch cards for
programmable loom
● Programmable textile
design
● Invented 1800-1804
Joseph Marie
Jacquard
1752-1834

23. The Division of Intellectual Labor
Conveyer for producing logarithmic and
trigonometric tables for the French
Cadastre. 1791-1801
Gaspard Clair
François Marie Riche
de Prony
1755-1839
Math Programmers Computers

24. Finite Difference Method
N-degree polynomial
function has constant
n difference
n N=n^4 Dif.1 Dif.2 Dif.3 Dif.4
1 1 15 50 60 24
2 16 65 110 84 24
3 81 175 194 108 24
4 256 369 302 132 24
5 625 571 434 156 24
6 1296 1105 590 180
7 2401 1695 770
8 4096 2465
9 656
1642-1726
Sir Isaac Newton

25. Charles Babbage's Engines
1791 –1871
Differential Engine 1
● 2-degree polynomial
● 96 gearwheels
● Control unit with bell
● Printing on a copper
plate
Digital
Special
Purpose

26. Analytical Engine
Control unit
Store
Mill
Output
Input
Digital
General
Purpose
● 1,000 numbers of 40 decimal digits
● Arithmetical operation & square root, internal operations
● Loops, conditional branches

27. Analytical Engine Programme (a*b+c)d
Card types:
● Number
● Variable
● Operation
● Combinatorial

28. Differential Engines
● Idea - 1819
● 1820 - 1822 Engine 1
● 1823 - Gold Medal Royal
Astronomical Society
● 1823 - first budget 1500 £
● 1833 - Engine 2
● 1834 - Analytical Engine
● 1842 - stop of budgeting (17000£)
● 1854 - Swedish engine. Per Georg
Scheutz

29. George Boolean Algebra
● The Mathematical Analysis of Logic
(1847)
● An Investigation of the Laws of Thought
(1854)
1815–1864

30. New History
When computers were mechanic and more
Electro
Mechanical
Period
Statistics
Electrical
Engineering
Telecommu
nication
II Industrial
Revolution
Electromag
netism

31. ON-OFF device
or Electromechanical Relay
● Invented by US scientist Joseph
Henry in 1835-1837
● Was included in the original 1840
telegraph patent of Samuel Morse
1797–1878

32. Charles Sanders Pierce’s Arrow
● Logical operations could be carried out
by electrical switching circuits (1886)
● NOR operator ↓is completely
expressible
1839–1914

33. Herman Hollerith Tabulating Machine
1889: U.S. Patent 395,782
1896: The Tabulating Machine Company
1911: consolidated into the Computing-
Tabulating-Recording Company
1924: renamed to International Business
Machines Corporation (IBM) 1860–1929
● Personal citizen punch card 12x24
● Keypunch
● Calculation device:
○ 10 rows of 4 or 12 relay based
counters (capacity 10000)
○ Press: needles and cups of
mercury

34. Z(V) series from Konrad Zuse
1910–1995
Z3 specification:
● Binary system
● Arithmetic unit: Binary floating point, 22 bit,
add, subtract, multiply, divide, square root
● Data memory: 64 words with a length of 22
bits
● Program memory: Punched celluloid tape
● Input: Decimal floating point numbers
● Output: Decimal floating point numbers
● Elements: Around 2,000 relays
Z1 - floating point binary mechanical calculator with limited
programmability , Germany, 1938

35. Alan Turing Bombe
1912 –1954
Enigma decryptor - 18
March,Letchworth,UK, 1940

36. Mark I from Howard Hathaway Aiken
● The IBM Automatic Sequence
Controlled Calculator (ASCC), 1944
● Parallel synchronous calculator with
a word length of 24
● 72 registers called accumulators
● accumulator - complete addition and
subtraction machine (and functions
as a storage or memory device)
● Multiplication (division) = multiple
addition (subtraction)
● 2200 counter wheels
● 3300-3500 relay. Punched tape
● 8 feet high, 51 feet long and three
feet deep. It weighed 5 tons
1900 –1973

37. The Newest History
When computers have become computers
Electronical
Period
Information
Theory
Theory of
Algorithms
Coding
Theory
Electronics

38. Fleming Valve
● The first practical application of thermionic
emission, discovered in 1873 by Frederick
Guthrie
● was invented in 1904 by John Ambrose
Fleming
● The first thermionic diode
1849 –1945

39. Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) 1939
● The first automatic
electronic digital
computer
● Not Turing complete
● Key ideas:
○ Binary digits
○ Electronical calculation
components
○ Separation computation &
memory

40. John von Neumann Architecture
● Separation memory
and control
● Instruction set
● A program as a set
of instructions
● Memory-stored
program
● Self-modifying code
● Codegeneration
1903 –1957

41. Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC)
● The first Turing-complete
electronic computer of John
Mauchly and John Eckert
(1943-1946)
● complex set of instructions,
including loops, branches,
and subroutines
● 17,468 vacuum tubes, 1500
relays, 70,000 resistors,
10,000 capacitors

42. The First Fault-Tolerant Computer
SAPO (short for Samočinný počítač),
Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, 1950
- 1956, led by Antonin Svoboda
1907 –1980
● triple redundancy
● voting
● electromechanical design:
○ 7,000 relays
○ 400 vacuum tubes
○ magnetic drum (1024
32-bit words)

43. Early computers summary
Name Programming Memory
Difference Engine Not programmable; initial numerical
constants of polynomial differences set
physically
Physical state of wheels in
axes
Analytical Engine Program-controlled by punch card Physical state of wheels in
axes
Zuse Z series Program-controlled by punch tape Relays
Atanasoff–Berry
Computer
Not programmable; linear system
coefficients input using punched cards
Regenerative capacitor
memory
Harvard Mark I Program-controlled by punch tape Relays
ENIAC Program-controlled by patch cables and
switches
Vacuum tube triode

44. Transistor
1925 - first patent by Julius Edgar
Lilienfeld
23 December 1947- the birth date
of the transistor
1956 - Nobel Prize in Physics -
John Bardeen, Walter Houser
Brattain, William Bradford Shockley

45. Harwell CADET
● The first fully transistorized
computer in Europe
● Built at the Atomic Energy
Research Laboratory, Harwell,
Oxfordshire from about 1953
The first commercial - Philco Transac models: S-
1000 scientific computer, 1950s
S-2000 data processing computer, 1957

46. Integrated Circuit (IC)
1952 - The basis of idea of the
integrated circuit by Geoffrey W.A.
Dummer (1909–2002), a radar
scientist, Royal Radar Establishment
1958 - Jack Kilby’s the first working
example, Texas Instrument. Nobel
Prize in Physics 2000
1923 –2005

47. Usage of IC
The Apollo Guidance Computer
(AGC) - one of the first integrated
circuit-based computers (end of
1960s)
PDP-8 - the first commercial
minicomputer, DEC (1965)
Intel 4004 - the first commercial
microprocessor (1971)

48. Peripherals

49. Keyboard
● Machine for Transcribing Letters - patent for
Henry Mill, England, 1714
● First commercial typewriter by Danish pastor
Rasmus Malling-Hansen, 1865. Electromagnetic
“Writing Ball”
● ENIAC console, 1946
1683–1771

50. Monitor
● Braun Tube - Karl Ferdinand Braun CRT,
German Nobel Laureate, 1897
● Kinescope-Vladimir Zworykin, 1929
● Williams-Kilburn tube, 1946, 128 40-bits
words, Manchester Mark I computer
● US military SAGE computer, 1950s
● PDP-1 commercial computer, 1959
1850 –1918

51. Touch Screen
● Eric Arthur Johnson-Touch screen
technology for air traffic control, US
patent 3482241, 1969
● Bent Stumpe - Proposal (CERN) to
build a touch screen with a fixed
number of programmable buttons,
1972

52. Mouse
● First trackball by Ralph Benjamin for radar plotting Comprehensive
Display System (CDS), Royal Navy, 1941
● Trackball for DATAR, battlefield information system, Royal Canadian
Navy
● The first mouse by Douglas Engelbart, 1963
1939

53. Magnetic Tape
Telegraphone - the first practical apparatus for
magnetic sound recording and reproduction
by Valdemar Poulsen, Denmark, 1898
1869 –1942
● Germany patent
1928
● Magnetophone
based on Dr.
Fritz Pfleumer
principles, 1935,
Germany, AEG

54. Magnetic Drum
● Gustav Tauschek
patent, Austria,
1932
● Prototype 62.5 KB
● widely used in the
1950s-1960s
● Unix /dev/drum
device 1899 –1945

55. Magnetic Domains

56. Hard Disk
● 1953 - "Proposal – Random
Access File," A. J. Critchlow, IBM
● 1954 - Patent US3503060, A,
William A Goddard, John J
Lynott
● 1956 - IBM 305 RAMAC Disk
File, Reynold B. Johnson, IBM
West Coast Laboratory, San
Jose, California,
5 MB Hard disk (1956) at
$10,000 a megabyte

57. Software

58. Ancient Roots & Origins
● Sieve of Eratosthenes
● Euclidean algorithm

59. Sieve of Eratosthenes
276 BC –
195/194 BC
Algorithm for finding
all prime numbers
Input: an integer n > 1
Let A be an array of Boolean values, indexed by integers 2 to n,
initially all set to true.
for i = 2, 3, 4, ..., not exceeding √n:
if A[i] is true:
for j = i2
, i2
+i, i2
+2i, i2
+3i, ..., not exceeding n :
A[j] := false
Output: all i such that A[i] is true.

60. Euclidean algorithm
Mid-4rd century -
Mid-3rd century BC
function gcd(a, b)
while b ≠ 0
t := b;
b := a mod b;
a := t;
return a;
Greatest common divisor

61. Middle Ages
● Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi
● Gerbert of Aurillac (Pope Sylvester II)

62. Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi
● Algebra - solving
quadratic equations
● Algorithm - Latin
form of his name
780 – 850 AD

63. Pope Sylvester II
“Я — специалист по черной магии. …Тут в государственной
библиотеке обнаружены подлинные рукописи чернокнижника
Герберта Аврилакского, десятого века. Так вот требуется,
чтобы я их разобрал.“ Михаил Булгаков. Мастер и Маргарита
946 – 1003
● Abacus
calculation rules
● 9-digit numeral
system

64. Ada, Countess of Lovelace
● Daughter of Byron
● Charles Babbage supporter:
“the Enchantress of Numbers”
● Method for calculating a
sequence of Bernoulli
numbers with the Engine
● The romantic image of the
first programmer 1815 – 1852

65. “Plan Calculus” from Konrad Zuse
Plankalkül - the first high-level
programming language to be designed
for engineering purposes 1943-1945
It includes:
assignment statements, subroutines,
conditional statements, iteration,
floating point arithmetic, arrays,
hierarchical record structures,
assertions, exception handling,
P1 max3 (V0[:8.0],V1[:8.0],V2[:
8.0]) → R0[:8.0]
max(V0[:8.0],V1[:8.0]) → Z1[:8.0]
max(Z1[:8.0],V2[:8.0]) → R0[:8.0]
END
P2 max (V0[:8.0],V1[:8.0]) → R0[:
8.0]
V0[:8.0] → Z1[:8.0]
(Z1[:8.0] < V1[:8.0]) → V1[:8.0] →
Z1[:8.0]
Z1[:8.0] → R0[:8.0]
END

66. Rear Admiral Dr. Grace Murray Hopper
One of the primary programmers for the Mark I
by Harvard University
● Popularisation the term
“computer bug”
● idea of machine-independent
programming languages
● A-0 - predecessor of COBOL
compiler for UNIVAC, 1952
● U.S. Navy destroyer USS
Hopper (DDG-70)
● Supercomputer Cray XE6
“Hopper” 1906 – 1992

67. Programming Languages
Generations
1-st
1950’s
nowadays
2-d
3-d
4-h
5-h
1950’s 1980’s 1990’s1950’s
AI?
Machine
Assembler
Enterprize
Application
High
Level
1957 FORTRAN
1959 COBOL
1964 BASIC
1972 C
1979 C++
1991 Java
2001 Scala

68. The first Assemblers
● 1949 - assembler for
Electronic Delay Storage
Automatic Calculator (EDSAC)
● 1954 - assembler for IBM 701
by Nathaniel Rochester
● 1955 - SOAP (Symbolic
Optimal Assembly Program)
IBM 650 by Stan Poley.

69. Operating systems
1956, GM-NAA I/O: Job control for IBM 704 mainframe by Robert L. Patrick of
General Motors.
1961, MCP (Master Control Program): Burroughs Corporations for their B5000
mainframe.
1966, DOS/360: IBM as the driver seat for both the hardware and OS industries.
1969, Unix: Developed by AT&T Bell Labs programmers Ken Thompson, Dennis
Ritchie, Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna, written in C
1973, CP/M (Control Program/Monitor (later re-purposed as “Control Program for
Microcomputers”): Developed by Greg Kildall as a side project for his company
Digital Research.
1981, MS-DOS: Developed by Microsoft for the IBM PC’s.
1984, Mac OS: Developed by Apple Computer, Inc for their new product, the
Macintosh home PC.
1985,Windows: Developed by Microsoft, as GUI for MS-DOS
1991, Linux: Developed by Linus Torvalds as a free Unix variant.

70. Domestic Computers

71. Dnepr (1961) by Victor Glushkov
● Instruction set 88 - instructions
● Word - 26 bits
● Memory - 1 - 8 blocks of 512 words
● Fully transistorized
1923 –1982
1975- Apollo–Soyuz Test
Project

72. MIR-1 (1968)
● Machine for Engineering Calculations
● High-level programming language ALMIR/ANALITIC for
symbolic manipulations with fractions, polynomials,
derivatives and integrals
● Monitor & light pen (MIR-2, 1969)

73. IC Generations
Name Signification Year Transistors number Logic gates number
SSI small-scale integration 1964 1 to 10 1 to 12
MSI medium-scale integration 1968 10 to 500 13 to 99
LSI large-scale integration 1971 500 to 20,000 100 to 9,999
VLSI very large-scale integration 1980 20,000 to 1,000,000 10,000 to 99,999
ULSI ultra-large-scale
integration
1984 1,000,000 and more 100,000 and more

74. Integrated circuit (1962)

75. Cloning Period
1968 - EC-1020
1972 - DOS ES operating system
1973 - OS ES operating system
1974 - SM-1, SM-2
1978 - SM-3
1979 - SM-4
Bulgaria as Soviet “Silicon Value”

76. Beyond the History

77. Virtual museums & Useful Links
1. http://history-computer.com
2. http://www.computerhope.com
3. http://explorepahistory.com
4. http://www.computerhistory.org
5. http://inventors.about.com
6. http://www.thocp.net
7. http://www.randomhistory.com
8. http://theinventors.org
9. http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/
10. http://www.icfcst.kiev.ua/MUSEUM/museum-map_r.html

78. Thank you!
Q&A