Lighting Control Solutions for Daylit Spaces

Watt Stopper/Legrand 11/27/2007
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11-28-2007 1© Watt Stopper/Legrand 2007
Welcome to
Watt Stopper/Legrand’s
Lighting Control Solutions for Daylit Spaces
Webinar!
Today’s presenter is Dorene Maniccia, LC, LEED AP
www.wattstopper.com
Lighting Control Solutions for
Daylit Spaces
1.5 LU AIA CES/HSW
1.5 LEU’s (NCQLP)

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This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing
professional education. As such, it does not include
content that may be deemed or construed to be an
approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of
construction or any method or manner of handling, using,
distributing, or dealing in any material or product.
Questions related to specific materials, methods, and
services will be addressed at the conclusion of this
presentation.
Thank you!
Watt Stopper/Legrand is a Registered Provider with The
American Institute of Architects Continuing Education
Systems. Credit earned on completion of this program will
be reported to CES Records for AIA members. Certificates
of Completion for non-AIA members are available on
request.
Learning Objectives
How architectural daylighting design decisions can
help or inhibit daylight penetration and occupant
comfort in buildings
How to circuit electric lighting systems that work
with daylit buildings
How to design daylight-responsive lighting control
systems that save energy and can be commissioned
without disturbing occupants
How to integrate these three components to
optimize occupant comfort and energy benefits

3
Part I.
Daylight Benefits
Daylight Benefits
Vision
Health
Productivity
Energy

4
Daylight Benefits Vision
UV (100-400 nm) Light (400-760 nm) IR (>760 nm)
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Graphic: GE Lighting
80% of our neural fibers transmit
signals to the visual cortex for vision
Daylight Benefits Health
Cyclical light/dark exposure
• Circadian rhythms
• Improves sleep quality
• Can mitigate Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
• Improves night time alertness
• Stimulates immune system function
• Hormone production/Thyroid regulation
UVB Exposure
• Vitamin D production
• Regulates amt of calcium and phosphorus in the blood
Daylight: The free homeopathic med
20% of the neural fibers
send their signals to the
brain and other areas of
the body

5
Daylight Benefits Productivity
Classrooms with maximum
daylight compared to norm
produced 26% increase in
reading scores, 20%
increase in math
Well-designed skylights
produced highest
improvement
Poorly-designed skylights
actually reduced reading
test performance!
Photo: SunOptics
Salida Middle School, CA
Heschong Mahone Group (www.h-m-g.com)
Daylight Benefits Energy
Control electric lighting in response to daylight
Availability coincides with peak electric demand
OSI Two F32 T8
Lighting Energy Use Reductions
Neptune School - 10% reduction
NRG Systems - 40% reduction

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Part II. Linking architectural daylighting
design with electric lighting systems
Daylight-responsive Control Systems
What Do I Need to Consider?
Daylight Illuminance – How much and when?
Electric Lighting Design and Circuiting to
Enable Effective Control
Control Strategy
Photosensor Performance Characteristics
Occupant Control Needs
Code Compliance
Installation, Set-up, and Commissioning

7
Architectural design strategies
Sidelighting
View window
Clerestories
Light Shelves
Toplighting
Centralized
Patterned
Wall washing
Side lighting
Big Influencers on Daylight Illuminance
Window area
Orientation
Glass Transmittance
Glass Color
Overhangs/louvers

8
Window
Geometry
Effect
2 Punch windows
Continuous windows
VS.
2 Punch Windows – Facing North
• June 20
• Overcast
• Noon
• Τvis ~0.70
50 fcN

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What a difference a window makes
June 20
Overcast
Noon
Τvis ~0.70
50 fc
N
On a Clear Day…..
June 20
Clear
Noon
Τvis ~0.70
50 fcN

10
Electric lighting design principles
Independent
ambient lighting
Lighting on the
teaching wall(s)
Enable simple,
effective control
Enable circuiting
that’s not labor
intensive
Control Strategies
Do I switch or dim?

11
Control Strategy Overview
•Offices
•Classrooms
•Other task
critical spaces
•Cost
•Additional control
wiring (0-10 VDC)
•Smooth light level
transition
•Flicker-free dimming
•100% - 10% -
fluorescent
•Added energy savings
Dimming
•Lobbies
•Corridors
•Cafeteria
•Gymnasiums
•Outdoor
lighting
•Abrupt light level
changes
•Color shift in metal
halide
•Low cost
•Simple wiring
•Added energy savings
Step
Switching
•Outdoor
lighting
•Abrupt light level
changes
•Low cost
•Simple wiring
On/Off
ApplicationsLimitationsBenefitsStrategy
Photosensors
What do I need to know?

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Photosensor Anatomy 101
Low-voltage
control signal
wiring to ballast
or controller
PhotocellHousing
Lens
What dictates system performance?
Influencers
The Lens - spatial acceptance
The Photodiode
• Photocell type
• Spectral sensitivity
The circuitry
• Control signal match with ballast
P
Photosensors detect illuminance at the
photosensor, not at the desk!

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The Lens - Spatial Acceptance
“Field of view” - Closed Loop
Sensitive to reflectance changes
Reflectance changes less impact
More sensitive to light at higher angles
0°
90°
Courtesy of NLPIP, RPI Lighting Research Center
Source: Specifier Reports: Photosensors, October 2007
Spatial Sensitivity Examples

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The Photodiode
Photocell Type
Is the photocell photodiode or photoconductive?
FairGood – Typically
filtered
Spectral
response
Response not linear
with light level
Linear response over
wide range of light
levels
Light level
response
Not stable over
time/exposure
Stable over time and
temperature variations
Performance
consistency
Photoconductive
(Cadmium Sulfide)
Photodiode
(Silicon)
Adapted from: Specifier Reports: Photosensors, October 2007
RPI Lighting Research Center
The Photodiode
Spectral Response

15
CdS Sensivity Over Time
Ballast A
Ballast B
Ballast C
Dimming Ballast Performance
Photosensor input to ballast

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Pulling it all together
How do I design the system?
Main principles
Determine daylight
illuminance
Electric lighting
design laid out to
supplement
daylight
Dim or switch?
Determine zoning
Daylight
Manual control
Circuit accordingly
Manual overrides
Comply with code
Daylit Zone 1 Daylit Zone 2
a
a
SbSc
b
c
SDa

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Sidelighting – View Window
“Get what I can”
Vertical glazing at eye level that provides
view to exterior
Typically single zone dimming control
d
1.5 d
1212’’ to 15to 15’’ for 8for 8’’ andand
1010’’ heightsheights
Classroom – Single Zone Control
Dim row adjacent
to window
Bi-level switching
for manual
override
Occupancy sensor
for automatic-offa,b
c,d
a,b
a,b
a,b
a,b
a,b
a,b
a,b
c,d
c,d
c,d
Sb,dSa,c
Teacher’s
Desk
J
PP
Photosensor
Daylit Zone

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Continuous Dimming
Interior Closed Loop
Circuit
Breaker
Photosensor looks
into Space
Luminaires with 0-10V
Dimming Ballasts
Luminaires not
dimmed
Photocell
Looks Into
Space
Changes
Light Level
in Space
Since Light Level has changed,
Photocell sends new command
31 2
Wiring Diagram
Continuous Dimming

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Sidelighting – Light Shelves
Improve daylight
penetration and
distribution
Block direct sun
Typically enable
multi-zone dimming
control
Open Office – Lightshelf
Winter
Summer

20
Continuous Dimming
Interior Open Loop
Circuit
Breaker
Photosensor
looks out
window
or skylight
Luminaires with 0-10V
dimming ballast
Luminaires
not dimmed
Photocell
Looks Out
Window
Changes Light
Level in Space
1 2
Open Office
Lightshelf

21
NRG Systems – LEED-NC Gold
Project Info
Location: Hinesburg, VT
Building type(s): Commercial office/Indust/NC
46,500 sq. feet , 3-story building, Rural setting
Completed August 2004
Rating: U.S. Green Building Council LEED-NC,
v.2/v.2.1--Level: Gold (44 points)
Project Goals
Minimize energy use
Maximize use of renewables
NRG Systems – Lighting Control Strategies
Strategies
Daylight-responsive controls in office areas
and warehouses
Multi-zone dimming
Occupancy sensors for auto-off (interior and
exterior)
Manual-on control

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NRG – Warehouse Photos
NRG – Estim Annual Energy Costs
Results
0.77 W/sq. ft - lighting
~44% less than 90.1-2001
40% reduction in daytime lighting energy use
72% of energy used from renewables
Solar, wind, wood pellets
Costs
$7.83 Million project
8.21% premium ($643,000)
72% - renewables
28% - LEED cost premium ($3.93/sq. ft)
Estim $4-8 Million saving over the 30-40 yr life span of
bldg

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Top lighting – Patterned
Zones can be large as
long as there is
consistent:
Ceiling height
Type of skylight
Spacing of skylight
Interior finishes
Interior use
Buildings Shadowing
Roof
Top Lighting Example
Warehouse Bulk Storage Area

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Daylight Illuminance at Floor
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
4:00 AM 6:00 AM 8:00 AM 10:00 AM 12:00 PM 2:00 PM 4:00 PM 6:00 PM 8:00 PM
Time of the day
Averageilluminance(fc)
Graph 1 - Average daylight and target illuminance over time
Grey area indicates times when the design
illuminance level is met or exceeded
June 21 - Clear
Dec. 22 - Clear
June 21 - Overcast
Dec. 22 - Overcast
30 fc target electric
lighting level
Transmittance = 65%
3.8% roof area
Daylight + 1 lamp ON
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
4:00 AM 6:00 AM 8:00 AM 10:00 AM 12:00 PM 2:00 PM 4:00 PM 6:00 PM 8:00 PM
Time of the day
Averageilluminance(fc)
Graph 4 - Average daylight illuminance plus 1 lamp ON (2 lamps off)
Grey area indicates times when the design
illuminance level is met or exceeded June 21 - Clear
Dec. 22 - Clear
June 21 - Overcast
Dec. 22 - Overcast
30 fc target
electric lighting
level
Transmittance = 65%
3.8% roof area

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Daylighting
Controller
Wiring Diagram
Switching individual ballasts On/Off
N
2 level step – Individual Ballasts
*based upon 1- and 2-lamp T8, 277v
Ballast
Ballast
PP
Photosensor
time
%LightOutput
100%
66%
33%
50 fc
15 fc
89 W
30 W
Ballast

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Top lighting example - Gymnasium
Roof Monitors provide ample
daylight illuminance
Hi-bay lighting
Step-switch if CFL or T5HO
Hi/lo if HID
Can control large lighting zones
Be sure to sub zone if partitioned
space
Durant Middle School, NC
Innovative Design - Architects
Light monitors
provide diffuse light
Hi/Lo Control of Metal Halide
2 level step (step-switching)
time
%LightOutput
100%
40%
50 fc
20 fc
100%
~60%
Power
Hi/Lo
Module
May go as
low as 30%
May go as
low as 15%

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Top lighting example – Gymnasium
Single Zone – Metal Halide Hi/Lo
Control Zone
Low voltage control wiring from
photosensor to Hi/Lo control modules
Branch
circuit
wiring
Skylight
Top lighting example – Gymnasium
Two Zones – Metal Halide Hi/Lo
Control Zone 1
Low voltage control wiring from
photosensor to Hi/Lo control modules
Branch
circuit
wiring
Skylight
Control
Module
Control Zone 2

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Top lighting – Centralized
High light levels
Block direct sun
Balanced daylight
penetration
Uniform distribution
BafflesBaffles
Light monitorLight monitor
Top lighting – Centralized example
Smith Middle School
Architect – Corley Redfoot Zack, Inc.
Daylighting Design – Innovative Design
Consulting Engineer – Reece, Noland & McElrath
Case Study – Lighting Research Center, Daylight Dividends Program
Photo: Lighting Research Center, Smith School Case Study

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Smith School Classroom
Architectural Daylighting Features
Light
Shelf
http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/daylighting/index.asp
Interior View

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Electric Lighting Control System
Monitor
Lighting
Front
Parabolics
Perimeter
Parabolics
Smith School – Results
ROI = 4 years
~20%Heating load increase (DOE-2)
$1.23/ft2Additional cost
(Incl structure, glazing, light shelves, finishes and ltg controls)
~26%Total electricity reduction(DOE-2)
(lighting and HVAC)
~19%Peak cooling load reduction (DOE-2)
~60%Cloudy & partly cloudy days
~85%Sunny days
Measured ltg energy reduction confirmation
~ 64%Lighting energy reduction (DOE-2)

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Smith School Daylight Benefits
Teacher Satisfaction
“When I came to work at this school, I thought I
had died and gone to heaven.”
“a natural upper” for the students
Administrative benefits
Happy teachers
Improved building energy performance
Recruitment
Getting it to work…

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Design and Specify with
Commissioning in Mind
Well-documented construction and as-built
documents
Device locations
Locations for measuring target illuminance
Calibration settings for each room/system
Include time-of-day and dates
Calibration and set up should be from a
convenient location (not the ceiling), or using a
hand-held remote
Include a Pre-Startup Meeting
Identify Commissioning Process, site access needs and
players
Confirm photosensor locations
Review system design intent and intended operation
Review manufacturers instructions
Confirm daylight illuminance levels
First pass at identifying the “sweet spot”
Gauge the size of the daylighting system…
A single photocell system in a gym? or
Multiple daylight dimming sensors in classrooms
around the perimeter of a school building?…
Confirm sensor calibration steps (day and night?)
Confirm that all furnishings are installed and lighting
system is installed and operating

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Remember: The “sweet spot” is not
typically beneath the photosensor
Successful operation depends upon
commissioning to set up a relationship between
“what the photosensor sees” and illuminance at a
“target” location
Plan View
Target
Target
Slam dunk control solutions
Side lighting
Classroom/Office
Dim row adjacent to window if view window
Consider 2 or 3 zone dimming for spaces
designed to optimize daylight penetration
Hallway/Corridor
On/Off or Hi/Lo control

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Slam dunk control solutions
Top lighting
Gymnasium/Multipurpose/
Warehouses
Hi/Lo for HID lighting
On/Off or step-dim for
clustered fluorescent lamps
Classroom
Multizone dimming
• Provide separate zone for
teaching walls
• Individually zone ambient
lighting
Key Questions for Success
1. Is the building designed for maximizing daylight
penetration, or are we “getting what we can?”
2. Do I have adequate daylight illuminance to warrant
lighting control?
3. Are the light fixtures circuited to facilitate control?
4. Have I provided separate control zones for
teaching areas and/or display walls?
5. Have I provided the necessary manual override
controls? (lighting and windows)
6. Am I controlling the system in a manner that will
not disturb occupants?
7. Have I complied with energy codes?
8. Have I considered start up and commissioning?

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Resources
California Energy Commission PIER Program
http://www.energy.ca.gov/pier/index.html
Collaborative for High Performance Schools
www.chps.net
Daylighting Collaborative
http://www.daylighting.org/
National Lighting Product Information Program (NLPIP)
http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/NLPIP/index.asp
Lighting Research Center
www.lrc.rpi.edu
Illuminating Engineering Society of North America
www.iesna.org
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
http://www.lbl.gov/ and http://windows.lbl.gov/
Lighting calculation software
AGI – www.lightinganalysts.com
Lumen Designer - www.lighting-technologies.com
Naomi Miller Lighting Design
www.nmlightingdesign.com
This concludes the American Institute of Architects
Continuing Education Systems Program
Questions?
Thank you for your time!
Dorene Maniccia, LC, LEED AP
dorene.maniccia@wattstopper.com
For additional information:
www.wattstopper.com
1-800-879-8585

Lighting Control Solutions for Daylit Spaces

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