Lecture power point of Climate change Adaptation and Mitigation for Department of Natural Resource Management. This short lecture power point is prepared by Mengistu Tilahun
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5. • “Symptoms” of a warming Earth are realized in all
components of the Earth System Climate change
6. Complex processes occur in the atmosphere
and cause variations
•temperature
•humidity
•cloudiness
•precipitation
•pressure
•winds
•storms
7. Critich field: explain the nature of climate, differs from
place to place and related to man’s activities
Austin Miller: the average conditions of weather
Koppen and De Lang: a summary, a composition of
weather conditions over a long period of time
Thornthwaite: the study of the atmosphere & the Earth’s
surface
Climatology
8. The study of weather is meteorology
Someone who studies weather is called
a meteorologist
9. Weather is short-term atmospheric conditions in a specific
place
o Small geographic area
o Can change rapidly
Climate is the long-term averages of these atmospheric
conditions > 30 years
o Large geographic area
oVery slow to change
“climate is what you expect; weather is what you get”
10. Atmosphere
thin layer of mixture gases
surrounding the earth
99% of the atmosphere is
found below 50 km asl
50% below 5.5 km
atmosphere in light blue
11. Air Pressure: weight of air pushing on the surface
of the Earth barometer (bar, mbar)
Temperature: The degree of hotness or coldness
of an object thermometer (C, F, K)
Precipitation: moisture that falls from clouds to the
surface of the earth Raingauge(mm/day)
Elements of Climate and Weather
12. Humidity: The amount of water vapor in the
atmosphere hygrometer (%)
Cloud cover: The amount of cloud in the sky
OKTAS
Wind: The horizontal motion of air (has
speed and direction) Anemometer (m/s,
km/h, mi/h)
13. Historic Weather and Climate
• average temperature - 1.3°C between 1960 and 2006
• precipitation - decline since 1984, with significant
year-to-year volatility
• Major floods have been a common occurrence, leading
to loss of life and property
• Rising sea surface temperatures
• increase variability in the timing and duration of
rainfall seasons
• consequently cause frequent drought
14. Future Climate Change
• Warming in the 21st century greatest over land and at the
highest northern latitudes.
• For the next two decades a warming of about 0.2°C per
decade
• Increases in the amount of precipitation are very likely in
high latitudes
• while decreases are likely in most subtropical
• Drought-affected areas will likely increase in extent
• hot extremes, heat waves and heavy precipitation events
will be frequent
16. • Climate Variability - variations in the mean state and
other statistics (the occurrence of extremes, etc.)
• Extreme weather:- unusual climatic event over specific
region
17. • Disaster:- a serious disruption of the functioning of a
community
• Maladaptation:- Any changes in natural or human
systems-increase vulnerability to climatic stimuli
• an adaptation that does not succeed in reducing
vulnerability but increases it instead.
18. • Resilience:- amount of change a system can undergo
without changing state
• Sensitivity:-the degree to which a system is affected, either
adversely or beneficially by climate-related stimuli
• Catastrophic event:- a climate-related event having sudden
onset and widely distributed and large magnitude impacts
on human or natural systems
20. I) Global Temperature Rise
surface temperature in 19th
century
by increased carbon dioxide
and other human-made
emissions
21. II) Warming Oceans
The oceans have absorbed
much of this increased heat,
with the top 700 meters
(about 2,300 feet)
22. III) Shrinking Ice Sheets
• Greenland lost an average of
286 billion tons of ice per year
between 1993 and 2016
• while Antarctica lost about
127 billion tons of ice per year
during the same time period.
24. V) Decreased Snow Cover
• Satellite observations
reveal that the amount of
spring snow cover in the
Northern Hemisphere has
decreased over the past
five decades and that the
snow is melting earlier
25. VI) Sea Level Rise
• Global sea level rose
about 8 inches in the
last century. The rate
in the last two decades
• however, is nearly
double that of the last
century and is
accelerating slightly
every year
26. VII) Declining Arctic Sea Ice
• Both the extent and
thickness of Arctic sea ice
has declined rapidly over
the last several decades
34. 2.1. Natural Drivers
a)Volcanic eruptions
• short-term cooling
• Volcanic eruptions pump out
clouds of dust and ash- block
out some sunlight
• ash particles are heavy
• sulfur dioxide -combines
with water vapor and dust in
atmosphere form sulfate
aerosols
• reflect sunlight away from
the Earth’s surface
• Volcanic eruptions spew out
lava, carbon dioxide (CO2)
ash and particles
35. b)Ocean currents
• Ocean currents are located at the
ocean surface and in deep water
below 300 meters (984 feet).
• They can move water horizontally
and vertically and occur on both
local and global scales.
• The ocean has an interconnected
with
– current, or circulation,
– system powered by wind, tides,
– the Earth’s rotation (Coriolis
effect),
– the sun (solar energy), and
– water density differences
– The topography and shape of
ocean basins and nearby
landmasses
36. Ocean currents
• Water density is affected by the
temperature, salinity (saltiness),
and depth of the water.
• The colder and saltier the
ocean water, the denser it is.
• The greater the density
differences between different
layers in the water column, the
greater the mixing and
circulation.
• Density differences in ocean
water contribute to a global-
scale circulation system, also
called the global conveyor belt
37. c)Earth orbital changes
• Shifts and wobbles in the
Earth’s orbit can trigger
changes in climate such as the
beginning and end of ice ages.
• But orbital changes are so
gradual they’re only noticeable
over thousands of years not
decades or centuries.
38. d)Internal variability
• Some changes in climate
have no external trigger
instead caused by
interactions within the
climate system itself, often
involving positive feedbacks
• One example is the El
Niño–La Niña cycle, which
can cause temporary
warming and cooling
• El Niño increases global
temperature, La Niña
decreases it
40. a)Burning fossil fuels
• Concentrations are
increasing at a rate of
about 2–3 ppm/year
• Together with rising
emissions of methane
• other greenhouse
gases, and the
associated feedback
effects
41. b)Agriculture
• Irrigation, deforestation, and
agriculture
• Land use may alter the local
albedo (reflectivity of the
Earth’s surface) by reducing
vegetation ground cover
• altering the way sunlight is
absorbed or reflected
43. c)Livestock
• Livestock produce
natural methane gas
emissions
• Livestock is responsible
for 18 % of the world’s
greenhouse gas
emissions
• This percentage
includes deforestation
in order to create
grazing land
45. d)Cement manufacture
• The cement industry
produces around 5 % of
global man-made CO2
emissions
• when calcium carbonate is
heated, producing lime
and carbon dioxide
• CO2 is also produced by
burning the fossil fuels that
provide the heat for the
cement manufacture
process
46. e) Aerosols
• Aerosols directly scatter
and absorb radiation
• The scattering of radiation
causes atmospheric cooling
• absorption can cause
atmospheric warming
• The use of
Chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs) has increased in
refrigeration systems and
use of CFCs
49. Quize-1
1. What is climate change?
2. What are the evidences of the presence of climate change?
3. What is green house gas effect? What are green house gases?
5%
51. Vulnerability: - The degree
to which a system is
susceptible to or unable to
cope with adverse effects of
climate change
Socio-economic vulnerability:
is an aggregate measure of
human welfare that
integrates environmental,
social, economic and political
exposure to a range of
harmful perturbations
3.1. Vulnerability
52. Who are vulnerable?
• Geographical space:
– people who live on arid or
semi-arid lands
– in low-lying coastal areas
– in water limited
– flood-prone areas
– on small islands
• Social space:
– developing countries
– the poorest people (double-
exposure)
53. Developing Countries are the Most Vulnerable to Climate
Change
• Impacts are worse - already more flood and drought prone
• Lower capacity to adapt - lack of financial, institutional and
technological capacity and access to knowledge
• exacerbating inequities in health status and access to
adequate food, clean water and other resources
54. Climate impacts
• Potential Impacts - may occur by a given projected change ,
without considering adaptation
• Residual Impacts - would occur after adaptation
• Aggregate Impacts - total impacts summed up across sectors
and/or regions
• Market Impacts - Impacts that are linked to market
transactions and directly affect GDP
• Non-Market Impacts - Impacts that affect ecosystems or
human welfare
– E.g. an increased risk of premature death
55.
56. a). Impacts on Human Health
• extreme weather events and wildfire, decreased
air quality
• diseases transmitted by insects, food, and water
– Impact on infectious diseases
– Malaria
– Dengue fever
– Tick borne disease
– Coronavirus
– Extreme heat and disease
– Impact on mental health
57. b). Impacts on Infrastructure
• Infrastructure is being damaged
by sea level rise, heavy
downpours
• extreme heat damages projected
to increase with continued
climate change
58. c). Impacts on Water Supply
• Water quality and water supply
reliability are jeopardized
60. e). Impacts on Indigenous People
• poses particular threats treat to
Indigenous Peoples’ health
• well-being, and ways of life
61. f). Impacts on Ecosystems and
Biodiversity
• Ecosystems and the benefits they
provide to society are being
affected.
• fires, floods, and severe storms is
being overwhelmed.
62. 3.3. Coping Mechanisms to Climate Variability
• Changes in cropping and planting practices
• Reduction of consumption levels
• Collection of wild foods
• loans
• Increased petty commodity production
• Temporary and permanent migration
• Grain storage
• Sale of assets such as livestock and agricultural tools
• Mortgaging of land
• Credit from merchants and money lenders
• Use of early warning system
• Food appeal/aid etc..
63. adaptation to climate change
CHAPTER- 4
Adaptive capacity and
adaptation to climate change
64. 4.1. Responses to climate change
– Actions to reduce emissions
– increase carbon uptake
– adapt to a changing climate
– increase resilience to impacts
Mitigation : efforts to reduce future climate changes
Adaptation : efforts to reduce the vulnerability of
society to climate change
65. • Adaptation and mitigation are closely linked; adaptation
efforts will be more difficult, more costly, and less likely to
succeed if significant mitigation actions are not taken.
66. Adaptive capacity is the ability of a system
adjust to climate change (including climate
variability and extremes)
to moderate potential damages, to take
advantage of opportunities, or to cope with
consequences.
4.3. Adaptive capacity
67. Anticipatory Adaptation:
takes place before impacts of
climate change is observed
Also referred to as proactive
adaptation
Autonomous Adaptation:-
does not constitute a conscious
response to climatic stimuli
but is triggered by ecological
changes in natural systems and by
market or welfare changes in
human systems
Also referred to as spontaneous
adaptation.
68. Planned Adaptation:-
the result of a deliberate policy
decision,
based on an awareness that
conditions have changed or are
about to change
action is required to return to,
maintain, or achieve a desired
state
Private Adaptation: -
initiated and implemented by
individuals, households or private
companies
Private adaptation is usually in
the actor's rational self-interest
69. Public Adaptation: -
is initiated and implemented by
governments at all levels.
Public adaptation is usually
directed at collective needs
Reactive Adaptation:
takes place after impacts
of climate change have
been observed
Activities to promote sustainable development can also act to
enhance people's adaptive capacity to climate change
70. These activities can include:
Improving access to resources
Reducing poverty
Lowering inequities of resources and wealth among
groups
Improving education and information
Improving infrastructure
Improving institutional capacity and efficiency
Promoting local indigenous practices, knowledge, and
experiences
71. 4.4. Approaches to adaptation
Short term (0 to 10 years):urgent response measures
Medium term (about 10 to 30 years): Responses to the
medium term
Long term (about 30 to 100 years): long term
responses should be based on risk assessments
72. 1) Risk avoidance: Preventive measures against
the occurrence of estimated impacts.
E.g., disaster prevention facilities
2) Reduction of negative impacts: Measures to
reduce the damage caused by impacts
3) Risk sharing: Measures to suppress the
concentration of impacts by spreading their
burden across a wider population and over time
Adaptation measures are designed based on the
following concepts
73. 4) Risk acceptance: Accepting the potential for adverse
impacts
5) Exploitation of opportunities: Among the impacts of
climate change, new business and other opportunities
may appear from positive impacts, depending on the
sector and region
75. 2) Consideration of relationship with other factors
examples
Disasters: earthquakes or other disasters coinciding
with climate change phenomena
Natural ecosystems: Ecosystems already degraded by
human activities could face further deterioration from
the impacts of climate change
76. 3) Consideration of regional characteristics
geographical features
sectors require urgent responses
77. summary
4.6. Adaptation strategies
aims to increase society's resilience to climate change
It is for managing future climate risk
prioritizing and coordinating action
It offers the potential of reducing future economic,
environmental and social costs
78. Adaptation to climate change:
More secure facility locations and infrastructures
Landscape restoration (natural landscape) and
reforestation
Flexible and diverse cultivation to be prepared for natural
catastrophes
Research and development on possible catastrophes,
temperature behavior, etc.
Preventive and precautionary measures (evacuation plans,
health issues, etc.)
80. • Mitigation is the technological
change and substitution that
reduce resource inputs and
emissions per unit of output
Although several social,
economic and technological
policies would produce an
emission reduction, with
respect to climate change
The purpose of climate change
mitigation is to enact measures
to limit the extent of climate
change
5.1. Climate Change Mitigation
Mitigation measures are those
actions that are taken to reduce and
curb greenhouse gas emissions
81.
82. • Carbon sequestration is the
process involved in carbon
capture and the long-term
storage of atmospheric
carbon dioxide (CO2)
• The process of removing
carbon from the atmosphere
and depositing it in a
reservoir
5.2. Carbon sequestration
83. carbon dioxide removal
of industrially
produced CO2 using
subsurface saline
aquifers, reservoirs,
ocean water & aging oil
fields
84. Carbon dioxide is naturally captured from the atmosphere through
Biological, Chemical, Physical processes
85. There are three ways sequestration
can be carried out
• post-combustion capture
• pre-combustion capture
• oxy-combustion
86. Afforestation: is the establishment of a
forest in an area where there was no
previous tree cover
Reforestation: is the replanting of trees
on marginal crop and pasture lands to
incorporate carbon from atmospheric
CO2 into biomass
a) Afforestation/Reforestation
Planting and protecting them would
offset some 10 years of CO2 emissions
and sequester 160 billion tons of carbon
87. b) Urban forestry
• Its increases the amount of
carbon taken up in cities
by adding new tree sites
• The vegetation can have
indirect effects on carbon
by reducing need for
energy consumption
88. c) Wetland restoration
• Wetland soil is an important carbon sink
• 14.5% of the world's soil carbon is found in wetlands
• 6% of the world's land is composed of wetlands
89. d) Deep soil
• Soils hold four times the
amount of carbon stored in
the atmosphere
• About half of this is found
deep within soils
• About 90% of this deep soil
C is stabilized by mineral-
organic associations
90. e) Enhancing carbon removal
• All crops absorb CO2 during
growth and release it after harvest
• The goal of agricultural carbon
removal is to use the crop
• its relation to the carbon cycle to
permanently sequester carbon
within the soil
91. Example
Methods for accomplishing :
• Use cover crops (grasses and
weeds as temporary cover between
planting seasons
• Concentrate livestock in small
paddocks for days at a time so they
graze lightly but evenly
• This encourages roots to grow
deeper into the soil
Cover bare paddocks with hay
or dead vegetation. This
protects soil from the sun and
allows the soil to hold more
water and be more attractive
to carbon-capturing microbes
Restore degraded land, which
slows carbon release while
returning the land to
agriculture or other use
92. f) Seaweed
• Its grows very fast and can theoretically
be harvested and processed to generate
bio methane, via Anaerobic Digestion to
generate electricity
• via Cogeneration or as a replacement for
natural gas
• Ideal species for such farming and
conversion include Laminaria digitata,
Fucus serratus and Saccharina latissima
93. g) Bio-energy with carbon capture and storage
• Bio-energy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) refers to biomass in
power stations and boilers that use carbon capture and storage
94. h) Geological sequestration
• Once CO2 is captured from a gas or coal-fired power plant, it
would be compressed to ≈100 bar so that it would be a
supercritical fluid.
• In this fluid form, the CO2 would be easy to transport via pipeline
to the place of storage
95. • a form of emissions trading that specifically targets
carbon dioxide (calculated in tones of carbon dioxide
equivalent or CO2)
it currently constitutes the bulk of emissions trading
5.3. Carbon emission trading
96. This form of permit trading is a common method
countries utilize in order to meet their obligations
specified by the Kyoto Protocol;
namely the reduction of carbon emissions in an
attempt to reduce (mitigate) future climate change
97. a) Costs and valuation
b) Ethics and fairness
c) Coase model
d) Equity
f) Taxes versus caps
g) Trading
h) Incentives and
allocation
i) Form of allocation
98. a) Costs and valuation
• costs that emitters do face, e.g., the costs of the fuel
being used, but there are other costs that are not
necessarily included in the price of a good or service.
• These other costs are called external costs
• "external" - costs that the emitter does not carry
99. b) Ethics and fairness
• The manner in which climate change is addressed
involves ethical and other issues related to fairness.
• Typically all the impacts of policy, both the costs and
benefits, are added together (aggregation), with
different impacts on different individual’s assigned
particular "weightings," i.e., relative levels of
importance.
100. There are methods to infer prices for "non-market"
goods and services
These valuations are still in development, e.g., valuations
of human health impacts, or impacts on ecosystems
101. c) Coase model
• It assumes perfectly operating markets and equal
bargaining power among those arguing for property
rights
• For climate change, the property rights are for emissions
(permits or quotas)
• Over time, efficiency can also be promoted by allowing
"banking" of permits. This allows polluters to reduce
emissions at a time when it is most efficient to do so.
102. d) Equity
• One of the advantages of Coase's model is that it
suggests that fairness (equity) can be addressed in the
distribution of property rights, and that regardless of
how these property rights are assigned, the market
will produce the most efficient outcome.
• In reality, according to the held view, markets are not
perfect, and it is therefore possible that a tradeoff will
occur between equity and efficiency.
103. f) Taxes versus caps
• A pure carbon tax fixes the price of carbon, but
allows the amount of carbon emissions to vary; and a
pure carbon cap places a limit on carbon emissions,
letting the market price of tradable carbon
allowances vary.
104. • Most cap and trade programs have a descending cap,
usually a fixed percentage every year, which gives certainty
to the market and guarantees that emissions will decline
over time.
• Providing emission permits (also called allowances) under
emissions trading is preferred in situations where a more
accurate target level of emissions certainty is needed.
105. g) Trading
• permits may be traded by emitters who are liable to hold
a sufficient number of permits in system.
• allowing others to participate in trading, e.g., private
brokerage firms, can allow for better management of
risk in the system
e.g., to variations in permit prices,
• regulation of these other entities may be necessary, as is
done in other financial markets
e.g., to prevent abuses of the system, such as insider trading.
106. h) Incentives and allocation
• An emission trading gives polluters an incentive
to reduce their emissions.
• However, there are possible perverse incentives
that can exist in emissions trading.
Allocating permits on the basis of past emissions ("grandfathering")
can result in firms having an incentive to maintain emissions.
107. i) Form of allocation
• Permits allocated to existing emitters by
'grandfathering' are not 'free'
• The rationale for payments to trade-exposed,
emissions-intensive industries is different and sound
• It is to avoid the economic and environmental costs of
having firms in these industries contracting more
than, and
• failing to expand as much as, they would in a world in
which all countries were applying carbon constraints
involving similar costs to ours
108. 5.4. Alternative Energy Sources
• The most significant solution to put an end to this
disaster is the use of alternative energy sources
– wind,
– solar,
– bio mass,
– geothermal and
– hydro
111. 1. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
– in 1988 jointly by the World Meteorological Organization and
the United Nations Environment Program
– to keep global warming below 2°C, by reducing greenhouse
gases (GHGs) by 2050
– Developed countries will need to reduce more – between
80% and 95% by 2050
e.g. China, India and Brazil will have to limit their emission
growth
112. Fifth Assessment Report
provides a comprehensive assessment of sea level rise
CO2 budget for future emissions to limit warming to less
than 2°C
113. 2. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
– In 1992, “Earth Summit” - a first step in addressing the
climate change problem
– 197 countries that have ratified
– To stabilization of atmospheric GHG concentrations
– distributive fairness sharing the costs of mitigation and
adapting to climate change
– Emissions need to contract dramatically to meet so-called
safe stabilization levels
114. 3. Kyoto Protocol
• By 1995, countries launched
• There are now 192 Parties to the Kyoto Protocol.
Kyoto protocol promotes sustainable development by:-
(i) Enhancement of energy efficiency
(ii) Protection and enhancement of sinks and reservoirs of
greenhouse gases
(iii) Promotion of sustainable forms of agriculture in light of
climate change considerations;
(iv) Research on and promotion, development and increased use
of, new and renewable forms of energy
115. (v) Progressive reduction or phasing out of market
imperfections, fiscal incentives, tax and duty exemptions
(vi) Limitation and/or reduction of methane emissions
through recovery and use in waste management
116. 4. Bali Road Map
• Began in 2007 at the 13th United Nations Climate Change
Conference in Bali
• the final issues and policies to be discussed and decided
upon at the 2009 meeting in Copenhagen
• The Road map includes several parties:
– the Bali Action Plan
– the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative
Action
– the Ad Hoc Working Group on Further Commitments
for Parties under the Kyoto Protocol
117. 5. Cancun Agreements
– Created at the 2010 UNCCC in Cancun, Mexico
– these agreements constituted the largest collective
effort the world has ever seen to reduce emissions
– it also included the most comprehensive package ever
agreed by governments to help developing nations deal
with climate change
118. 6. Doha Climate Gateway
• The UNCCC was held in Doha, Qatar in 2012
• to “adopt a universal climate agreement”
• they also finished the Bali Action Plan’s outline to prepare
for an agreement
• accentuating the need to reduce greenhouse gases and to
help less-able countries adapt to climate change
119. 7. Warsaw Outcomes
• The UNCCC 2013 meeting in Warsaw helped preparing for a
2015 agreement in Paris, France.
• This meeting concluded the monitoring, reporting, and
verification requisites for each nation
• Additionally, the “rulebook for reducing emissions from
deforestation and forest degradation”, or
• The “Warsaw Framework for REDD+” was settled upon.
• A main goal of this meeting was to close the ‘ambition gap’
presents between expectations
120. 8. Paris Agreement
• The 21st Conference of the Parties in Paris in 2015,
• aim is to strengthen the global response to the threat of
climate change
– by keeping the global temperature rise this century well
below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels
– to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase even
further to 1.5 degrees Celsius
121. 9. 2019 Climate Action Summit
The Summit focused on key sectors where action can make the
most difference
– heavy industry,
– nature-based solutions,
– cities,
– energy,
– resilience, and
– climate finance
122. CHAPTER - 7
An overview of climate change
adaptation strategy of Ethiopia
123. • Mean annual rainfall distribution
– ranges from about 2000 mm over some pocket areas in
the Southwest
– to less than 250 mm over the Afar and Ogaden low lands
• Four seasons are known in Ethiopia,
– Bega (dry season) - October-January,
– Belg (short rain season)- February-May
– Kiremt (long rain season)- June-September
– Tseday(sometime very little rain)-September-October
124. Impacts of Current Climate Variability
The major adverse impacts of climate variability in Ethiopia include:-.
– Food insecurity arising from occurrences of droughts and floods
– Outbreak of diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, water borne
diseases (such as cholera, dysentery) associated with floods and
respiratory diseases associated with droughts;
– Land degradation/landslide due to heavy rainfall
– Damage to communication, road and other infrastructure by floods
130. a). Droughts and Floods
• Recurrent drought events in the past have resulted in huge loss of life and
property as well as migration of people
• flash and seasonal river floods
– Areas in the Afar Region along the Awash River,
– in the Somali Region along the Wabi Shebele River
– in the Gambela Region along the Baro-Akobo River,
– in the Southern Region along the Oomo-Gibe River,
– Bahirdar Zuria and Fogera areas along the Abbay River
131. • Major floods which caused loss of life and property
occurred in different parts of the country in 1988, 1993,
1994, 1995, 1996 and 2006
• in the 2006 main rainy season (June September), flood
caused the following disasters:
– More than 250 people died,
– about 250 people were unaccounted for
132. – more than 10,000 people became homeless Due to the Dire
dawa Flood
– More than 364 people died, and more than 6000 people were
displaced due to flooding of about 14 villages in South Omo
– More than 16,000 people were displaced in West Shewa.
– Similar situations also occurred over Afar, Western Tigray,
around Gambella and the low lying areas of Lake Tana
133. The Frequency of Drought in Ethiopia
Year interval Number of
disasters
Average recurrence
Average recurrence 5 Once in 40 years
12AD-787AD 6 Roughly once in 100 years
832AD-968AD 3 Roughly once in 45 years
1006AD-1200AD 4 Roughly once in 48 years
1252-1340 5 Roughly once in 18 years
1400-1789 26 Roughly once in 15 years
1800-1900 10 Roughly once in 10 years
1900-1987 14 Roughly once in 6 years
1988-2002 5 Roughly once in 3 years
134. b).In terms of loss in property and livestock
– It’s estimated about 199,000 critically affected people due to the flood in
the country.
– More than 900 livestock drowned over South Omo.
– 2700 heads of cattle and 760 traditional silos were washed away.
– About 10,000 livestock were encircled by river floods in Afar.
– Over Dire dawa, the loss in property is estimated in the order of tenth of
millions of dollars.
– Other impacts of flood include human health such as spread of Acute
Water Borne Diarrhea (AWD) and malaria outbreak, impacts on the
country’s infrastructure and damages to field crops.
