Functional DDD

Functional
Domain Driven Design
disclaimer: is still a “work in progress”

Focus on the domain and
domain logic rather than
technology
(Eric Evans)

Why not with a functional approach?

A monad is a triple (T, η, μ) where T is an
endofunctor T: X->X and η: I->T and μ: T x T-
>T are 2 natural transformations satisfying these
laws:
• Identity law: μ(η(T)) = T = μ(T(η))
• Associative law: μ(μ(T × T) × T)) = μ(T ×
μ(T × T))
A monad in X is just a monoid in the
category of endofunctors of X, with product
× replaced by composition of endofunctors
and unit set by the identity endofunctor
What is a monad?

software developer @ codiceplastico
@amelchiori
alessandro@codiceplastico.com
About me

let myString = "original value"
let myString = "new value”
Immutability: values, not variables!
Duplicate definition of value ‘myString’

let add x y = x + y
add 2 2
x:int -> y:int -> int
Type inference

void ProcessItems(Item[] items, Action<Item> action)
{
for(int i = 0; i < items.Length; i++)
{
var item = items[i];
action(item);
}
}
Recursion

let rec processItems action = function
| [] -> ()
| head :: tail ->
action head;
processItems tail
Recursion

let add x y = x + y
Partial function application
let add5 x = add 5
x:int -> int
let value = add5 10
(value = 15)

let f x = x * x
x:int -> int
let g x = -x/2 + 5
x:int -> int
Functions composition
let (<<) f g x = f (g x)
('b -> 'c) -> ('a -> 'b) -> 'a -> ’c
let h x = f << g
x:int -> int

let square x = x * x
let add x y = x + y
let toString x = x.ToString()
let complexFunction x = toString (add 5 (square x))
Pipeline operator
let (|>) x f = f x
let complexFunction x = x |> square |> add 5 |> toString

let div x y = x / y
div 10 5 // 2
div 10 0 // System.DivideByZeroException
Option type
let safeDiv x y =
if y = 0 then None
else Some(x/y)
x:int -> y:int -> int option

let safeDiv x y =
match y with
| 0 -> None
| _ -> Some(x/y)
Pattern matching
let safeDiv x y =
match y with
| 0 -> None
| 1 -> Some(x/y)
Incomplete pattern matches on this expression.
For example, the value '2' may indicate a case not covered
by the pattern(s)

type State =
| On
| Off
let x = On
let y = Off
Discriminated unions

let div (x, y) = …
(int * int) - > int
Tuples
let div (x, y) =
match (x, y) with
| (_, 0) -> None
| (_, _) -> Some(x/ y)

type site = { Title : string; Url : string }
Records
let homepage =
{ Title = "Google"; Url = "http://www.google.com" }
let next = { homepage with Title = "NextPage" }

public class Company
{
public String BusinessName { get; set; }
public String TaxCode { get; set; }
public String VatNumber { get; set; }
public String AssignedBank { get; set; }
public Boolean IsBankAuthorized { get; set; }
}

Value object
An immutable object, like money or a date
range, whose equality isn't based on identity
(in general equality is based on all fields
equality)
Martin Fowler

public class CompanyProfile
{
public String BusinessName { get; private set; }
public String TaxCode { get; private set; }
public String VatNumber { get; private set; }
public CompanyProfile(String businessName, String taxCode,
String vatNumber=null)
{
// check if parameters are valid
BusinessName = businessName;
TaxCode = taxCode;
VatNumber = vatNumber;
}
}
Value object

public class CompanyProfile
{
// same as before…
public override Boolean Equals(Object other)
{
var target = other as CompanyProfile;
return target == null ? false :
target.BusinessName == this.BusinessName
&& target.TaxCode == this.TaxCode
&& target.VatCode == this.VatCode;
}
public override Int32 GetHashCode()
{
// ...
}
}
Value object’s equality

type CompanyProfile = {
BusinessName : string;
TaxCode : string;
VatNumber : string
}
Value object in F#
option;
let profile = {
BusinessName = “CodicePlastico”;
TaxNumber = “1234567890”;
}

Ubiquitous Language is the concept of
defining a language (spoken and written)
that is equally used across developers and
domain experts
Ubiquitous language

public class Company
{
...
public String AssignedBank { get; set; }
public Boolean IsBankAuthorized { get; set; }
}
Ubiquitous language

Rule 1:
A company must have a bank to work with
Rule 2:
A company can be authorized to work with its
assigned bank
Rule 3:
A company can be not authorized to work with
its assigned bank
Business logic

Make illegal states unrepresentable
Ubiquitous language

type Bank = Bank of string
type UnauthorizedBank = UnauthorizedBank of Bank
type AuthorizedBank = AuthorizedBank of Bank
type AssignedBank =
| Unauthorized of UnauthorizedBank
| Authorized of AuthorizedBank
Business logic in F#

type CompanyProfile = {
BusinessName: string,
TaxCode: string,
VatCode: string option
}
type Bank = Bank of string
type UnauthorizedBank =
UnauthorizedBank of Bank
type AuthorizedBank =
AuthorizedBank of Bank
type AssignedBank =
| Unauthorized of UnauthorizedBank
| Authorized of AuthorizedBank
type Company = {
Profile: CompanyProfile,
Bank: AssignedBank
}
Ubiquitous language to the rescue

The central idea of specification is to
separate the statement of how to match
a candidate, from the candidate object
that it is matched against
Specification

type SpecificationResult =
| Success
| Failure of string
type Spec<'a> = 'a -> SpecificationResult
Specification

type Category =
| Default
| Premium
| Gold
type Customer = {
Name: string;
Category: Category;
}
Specification: our (simple) domain
type Item = {
Code: string;
Quantity: int;
}
type Order = {
Number: string;
Customer: Customer;
Items: Item list;
}

let isOrderFullFilled : Spec<Order> =
let p order =
match Seq.isEmpty order.Items with
| true -> Failure("Items' list empty")
| false -> Success
in p
let isGoldCustomer : Spec<Customer> =
let p customer =
match customer.Category with
| Gold -> Success
| _ -> Failure("No-gold customer")
in p
Specification

let And (left: Spec<'a>) (right: Spec<'a>) : Spec<'a> =
let p entity =
match left entity with
| Success -> right entity
| _ -> Failure("And specification is not satisfied")
in p
Specification

A single model cannot be appropriate
for reporting, searching and
transactional behavior
Greg Young
CQRS

State transition are an important part of our
problem space and should be modeled
within our domain
Greg Young
Event Sourcing

public void AddItemToCart(Item item)
{
// validation
if (item == null)
throw new ArgumentNullException();
// execution
_items.Add(item.Id);
}
Commands, events and…fold (step 1)

{
if (item == null)
var domainEvent = new ItemAddedToCart
{ CartId = this.Id, ItemId = item.Id };
Apply(domainEvent)
}
private void Apply(ItemAddedToCart domainEvent)
{
_items.Add(domainEvent.ItemId);
}

{
if (item == null)
var domainEvent = new ItemAddedToCart
{ CartId = this.Id, ItemId = item.Id };
Apply(this, domainEvent)
}
private void Apply(Cart target, ItemAddedToCart domainEvent)
{
target._items.Add(domainEvent.ItemId);
}

public static Cart Apply(Cart target, CartCreated domainEvent)
{
return new Cart { Id = domainEvent.CartId, _items = new String[0] };
}
public static Cart Apply(Cart target, ItemAddedToCart domainEvent)
{
var items = target._items.ToList();
items.Add(domainEvent.ItemId);
return new Cart { Id = domainEvent.CartId, _items = items };
}
public static Cart Apply(Cart target, ItemRemovedFromCart domainEvent)
{
var items = target._items.ToList();
items.Remove(domainEvent.ItemId);
return new Cart { Id = domainEvent.CartId, _items = items };
}

Cart.Apply(null, new CartCreated { CartId=1 })

Cart.Apply(
Cart.Apply(null, new CartCreated { CartId=1}),
new ItemAddedToCart { CartId = 1, ItemId = "A"
}
)

Cart.Apply(
Cart.Apply(
}
),
new ItemAddedToCart { CartId = 1, ItemId = "B" }
)

Cart.Apply(
Cart.Apply(
Cart.Apply(
}
),
new ItemAddedToCart { CartId = 1, ItemId = "B" }
),
new ItemRemovedFromCart { CartId = 1, ItemId = "A" }
)

Executing a command:
type Exec =
( CartState * Command ) -> DomainEvent
Applying an event:
type Apply =
( CartState * DomainEvent ) -> CartState

type CartState = {
Name: string;
Items: List<int>;
Active: bool;
}
let apply state = function
| Created x -> { Cart.empty with Name = x }
| ItemAdded x -> { state with Items = List.append state.Items [x] }
| ItemRemoved x ->
{ state with Items = List.filter (fun i -> i <> x ) state.Items }
| Removed _ -> { state with Items = List.empty }
| Checkedout _ -> { state with Active = false }

let domainEvents = [
Created("cart1");
ItemAdded(1);
ItemAdded(2);
Removed;
ItemAdded(3);
Checkedout;
]
let state = List.fold apply Cart.empty domainEvents

Tackling Complexity in the
Heart of Software
Eric Evans
…but, when DDD?

Functional DDD

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