1. Practical 2 Cell cycle Mitosis

2. Presentation Confocal microscopy

3. Confocal microscope

4. Cell cycle interphase M

5. Cell cycle interphase G1 G2 S M

6. Cell cycle S G 2 G 1 M

7. G 0 - phase

8. Checkpoints of the cell cycle

12. Task 1 – result S 0 number of cells DNA content 1x 2x G1 G2 + M x x

14. Aneuploidy in Barrett's esophagus Barrett ’ s esophagus = precancerosis Aneuploid cells

18. Mouse chromosomes

22. Mitosis in onion root tips

24. A table of cells in various mitotic phases 12 4 6 3 Telophase Anaphase Metaphase Prophase Total number Number Phase

25. Results and conclusions of the task 2 and 3

26. Mouse chromosomes 40 chromosomes – mostly telocentric ones

27. Mouse karyotype - female

28. Importance of mouse chromosomes examination –mutagenicity (genotoxicity) screening

30. Chromosomal changes in two mouse cells after application of genotoxic agent. tetraploidy chromosomal breakage

32. Mitosis in tumor cells Impairment of cell cycle regulation could result in the malignant transformation of normal cell. Tumor cells have usually high mitotic activity that leads to chromosomal defects (mainly changes of chromosome number).

34. Switch off the microscope lamps an d return slides to boxes, please.

35. See you next week! Special staining of mouse chromosomes using such called in situ hybridization method.

37. Prophase back Plant cell Animal cell

38. Metaphase back Plant cell Animal cell

39. Anaphase back Plant cell Animal cell

40. Telophase back Plant cell Animal cell

41. Cytokinesis back cytokinesis of tumor cells