Integrity of Authorship in the Age of Colloborative Research Presentation to MedicReS 5th World Congress on October 19,25,2015 in New York by Adil E. Shamoo

1. Integrity of Authorship in the Age of
Collaborative Research
Presentation to:
5th
World Congress on Good Medical Research
October 19-25, 2015
By
Adil E. Shamoo, Ph.D., CIP
University of Maryland School of Medicine
108 N. Greene Street
Baltimore, MD 21201
Tel# 410-706-3327
Cell# 301-538-2599
E-mail: ashamoo@som.umaryland.edu
10/27/15

2. Case Study
Authorship/Plagiari
sm
10/27/15 Adil E. Shamoo, Ph.D. 2

3. From: Fisher and Martin, 2014, The Challenges for
scientists in Avoiding Plagiarism, Accountability in Research, 21(6), 353-365.
Original Text: What is indicated here is
an opposition that is fundamental in
biography texts: that there is an inside
and an outside to a person, that these
are separate, but that one may be
understood to have a crucial influence
on the other. The opening to Biography
concentrates almost obsessively on
Beyonce’s clothes because it is her
clothes that allow us insight into
hercharacter. Adams, Mary: Knowles, Biography, 2nd
ed. New York Press. 2008 10/27/15

4. FrFrom: Fisher and Martin, 2014, The Challenges for scientists in Avoiding Plagiarism, Accountability in Research, 21(6), 353-365.
Original Text:. The opening to Biography concentrates almost
obsessively on Beyonce’s clothes because it is her clothes that
allow us insight into her character.
Version # 1
•One can see the opening to Biography
concentrates almost obsessively on Beyoncé’s
clothes because it is her clothes that allow us
insight into her character.
•References
•B. Knowles, Biography, 2nd ed. New York Press.
2008

5. FrFrom: Fisher and Martin, 2014, The Challenges for scientists in Avoiding Plagiarism, Accountability in Research, 21(6), 353-365.
Original Text:. The opening to Biography concentrates almost
obsessively on Beyonce’s clothes because it is her clothes that
allow us insight into her character.
Version # 1
•One can see the opening to Biography
concentrates almost obsessively on Beyoncé’s
clothes because it is her clothes that allow us
insight into her character.
•References
•B. Knowles, Biography, 2nd ed. New York Press.
2008

6. FrFrom: Fisher and Martin, 2014, The Challenges for scientists in Avoiding Plagiarism, Accountability in Research, 21(6), 353-365.
Original Text:. The opening to Biography concentrates almost
obsessively on Beyonce’s clothes because it is her clothes that
allow us insight into her character.
• Version # 2:
• Biography texts give us insight into
characters through their appearance. The
opening paragraph of Biography, for
example, concentrates on the clothes worn
by Beyoncé (1).
•
• References
• 1. B. Knowles, Biography, 2nd ed. New York Press. 2008

7. FrFrom: Fisher and Martin, 2014, The Challenges for scientists in Avoiding Plagiarism, Accountability in Research, 21(6), 353-365.
Original Text:. The opening to Biography concentrates almost
obsessively on Beyonce’s clothes because it is her clothes that
allow us insight into her character.
• Version # 2:
• Biography texts give us insight into
characters through their appearance. The
opening paragraph of Biography, for
example, concentrates on the clothes worn
by Beyoncé (1).
•
• References
• 1. B. Knowles, Biography, 2nd ed. New York Press. 2008

8. FrFrom: Fisher and Martin, 2014, The Challenges for scientists in Avoiding Plagiarism, Accountability in Research, 21(6), 353-365.
Original Text:. The opening to Biography concentrates almost
obsessively on Beyonce’s clothes because it is her clothes that
allow us insight into her character.
Version # 3
Biographies depend on an opposition
between the interior and exterior person, as
we can see by glancing at the first
paragraph of a biography.

9. FrFrom: Fisher and Martin, 2014, The Challenges for scientists in Avoiding Plagiarism, Accountability in Research, 21(6), 353-365.
Original Text:. The opening to Biography concentrates almost
obsessively on Beyonce’s clothes because it is her clothes that
allow us insight into her character.
Version # 3
Biographies depend on an opposition
between the interior and exterior person, as
we can see by glancing at the first
paragraph of a biography.

10. FrFrom: Fisher and Martin, 2014, The Challenges for scientists in Avoiding Plagiarism, Accountability in Research, 21(6), 353-365.
Original Text:. The opening to Biography concentrates almost
obsessively on Beyonce’s clothes because it is her clothes that
allow us insight into her character.
Version # 4
Knowles argues that biography depends on an
opposition between the interior and exterior
person, and she demonstrates that point in
Biography (1).
References
1. B. Knowles, Biography, 2nd ed. New York Press.
2008

11. FrFrom: Fisher and Martin, 2014, The Challenges for scientists in Avoiding Plagiarism, Accountability in Research, 21(6), 353-365.
Original Text:. The opening to Biography concentrates almost
obsessively on Beyonce’s clothes because it is her clothes that
allow us insight into her character.
Version # 4
Knowles argues that biography depends on an
opposition between the interior and exterior
person, and she demonstrates that point in
Biography (1).
References
1. B. Knowles, Biography, 2nd ed. New York Press.
2008

12. Plagiarism in China
 In 1997, two cases of wholesale plagiarism
 NSFC investigated 542 allegations of misconduct
and found:
40 %falsification
34%plagiarism
7%data fabrication or theft
19 %other misconducts
(Zeng and Resnik, 2010, Developing World Bioethics, 10:1471-8847 online)
10/27/15 Adil E. Shamoo, Ph.D. 12

13. Misconduct in Germany
• German defense minister resigns in PhD
plagiarism March 1, 2011,
• German Education minister Annette
Schavan quits over 'plagiarism‘
Feb 9, 2013
• Both Stripped of their doctorate and their
jobs.
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/01/german-defence-minister-resigns-plagiarism
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-21395102
10/27/15 Adil E. Shamoo, Ph.D. 13

14. Plagiarism Allegations for Romanian
Minister (May 16, 2012) andPrime Minister (June 20,
2012)
• Ion Mang – Research Minister
• Prime Minister Victor Ponta –
Doctoral thesis
• Mang is a Computer scientist at the
University of Oradea in Romania.
• One paper is nearly identical copy
of a manuscript by Eli Biham.
• http://www.nature.com/news/plagiarism-charge-for-romanian-minister-1.10646
• http://www.nature.com/news/romanian-prime-minister-accused-of-plagiarism-1.10845
10/27/15 Adil E. Shamoo, Ph.D. 14

15. International Students in
US and Plagiarism (Bamford and
Sergiou, 2005, Investigations in university teaching and learning, 2(2):17-
22)
In a survey of 35 students from 17
countries:
 51% intentional plagiarism (18/35)
 45.7% tempted to plagiarize (16/35)
 87.5% West Africans copied from books
(7/8)
 43% copied from books but majority
heard of plagiarism before (3/7)
10/27/15 Adil E. Shamoo, Ph.D. 15

16. • A Professor’s campaign
against plagiarism
• ( Brien, K. M., 2014. The Baltimore Sun, May 4, p. 25.
Washington College in Chestertown, Md.)
10/27/15

17. Status of Authorship
____________________________
• Confusion
• University vs. Industry
• Role of Principle Investigator (PI)
Adil E. Shamoo, Ph.D.10/27/15

18. Contributions to Authorship
____________________________
• Spectrum of Contributions
• Authenticity of Contribution
Adil E. Shamoo, Ph.D.
10/27/15

19. Types of Misconduct in
Authorship
• Plagiarism
• Ghost writing/authorship
• Honorary authorship
• Guest authorship
10/27/15

20. Accountability and Authorship
• How much coupling
• Multiple authorship and accountability
(How to determine who is responsible to what)
• Dilution and vagueness
• Transparency
10/27/15

21. Current Models:
Order of Authorship
• Relative importance and contribution
• Alphabetical order (in math, computer science,
economic and management)
• Last author
• Contribution model
10/27/15

22. Contributor Model
• Transparency
• Challenges intellectual
honesty
• Complex
10/27/15

23. The Patent Model
• Discrepancy in authorship versus
inventorship.
• “Each person named on a patent must have
contributed to the conception step in the
invention (as defined by the claims) (Lissoni et al,
2013, p. 52).
• Dishonest inclusion or exclusion of a
contributor or any false statement could
jeopardize the patent.
10/27/15

24. Giving Credit to others
• Academic chemists-given a scenario on
collaboration with students
• Survey 600 respondent/3990 (14%)
• Obtained Ph.D. in 1940s – 1960s nearly
all will give credit to students
• Obtained Ph.D. in 1980s, overwhelming
majority will give only an
acknowledgment (Seeman and House, 2010,
Accountability in Research, 17:146-169)
10/27/15

25. 10/27/15
Student-Preceptor Authorship
_______________________
•Sensitive relationship
•Power balance
•APA Code of Ethics
•In Nursing, faculty may not be a
co-author
•Preceptor desired to be a co-
author
Adil E. Shamoo, Ph.D.

26. 10/27/15
Guidelines on
Authorship____________________
“All persons designated as authors
should qualify for authorship. The
order of authorship should be a
joint decision of the co-authors.
Each author should have
participated sufficiently in the
work to take public responsibility
for the content.”
The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE)
published “Uniform Requirements for Manuscript’s submitted to
Biomedical Journals” published in major journals such as the New
England Journal of Medicine and British Medical Journal (ICMJE,
1962; Uniform Requirement…….., Revised (1991).
Adil E. Shamoo, Ph.D.

27. (International Committee of Medical Journal
Editors 2013, Authorship Criteria).
 Substantial contributions to the conception or
design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or
interpretation of data for the work; AND
Drafting the work or revising it critically for
important intellectual content; AND
Final approval of the version to be published;
AND
Agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the
work in ensuring that questions related to the
accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are
appropriately investigated and resolved. [???]

28. 10/27/15
Adequacy of the ICMJE Guidelines
__________________________________
•Logic of contribution
•Too broad
•No mechanism of enforcement
•Best system – open discussion
prior-----.

29. Guidelines for First Author (Shamoo & Resnik,
2003)
_____________________________________
• Accept accountability
• First author must participate in:
a. Conception or design or
analysis and interpretation; b.
Intellectual content; and Final
approval of the published version
10/27/15

30. Co-author must participate in two or
more:
(Shamoo & Resnik, 2003)
a. Conception or design, or
analysis and interpretation;
b. Drafting or editing portion(s)
or revision of the article; and
c. Intellectual input to the
proposal for funding.
10/27/15

31. Additional Guidelines
for Authorship(Shamoo & Resnik, 2003)
• Order of authorship
commensurate to contributions
• Graduate student’s thesis should
have the student’s name as first
author
• State clearly each contribution (if
possible)
10/27/15

32. Outsourcing Writings
• Ghost-authorship?
• Hiring a professional writer for:
– Editing
– Re-writing
– Grammar
– Foreign-born
10/27/15

33. Transparency in Using
professional writers
• Can be included as authors if the
authorship criteria is modified.
• Contributor model.
• Reduce poor written papers.
• Reduces plagiarism.
• Can be supportive of ethical behavior
(Hamilton et al, 2015, Accountability in Research)
10/27/15

34. Factors Undermining Collaboration
and authorship__
• Selfishness
• Incompetence
• Negligence
• Unfairness
• Conflict of Interest
Adil E. Shamoo, Ph.D.
10/27/15

35. Conclusions
• Plagiarism is prevalent.
• Lack of specificity and clarity of
guidelines.
• Help in writing prevalent in industry.
• Patent model – difficult to do.
• Contributor model can help – just be
honest.
And……

36. The End
Questions?

37. German defence minister resigns in
PhD plagiarism March 1, 2011
• “The University of Bayreuth
stripped [Karl-Theodor zu]
Guttenberg of his doctorate
after he admitted substantially
copying (inadvertently, he said)
from other sources.”
(
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/01/german-defence
)
10/27/15 Adil E. Shamoo, Ph.D. 37

38. German Education minister Annette
Schavan
quits over 'plagiarism‘
Feb 9, 2013
German Education Minister Annette
Schavan has resigned after a university
stripped her of her doctorate for
plagiarism.
Duesseldorf's Heinrich Heine University
voted last Tuesday to remove her
doctorate following a review.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-21395102
10/27/15 Adil E. Shamoo, Ph.D. 38

39. German defence minister resigns in
PhD plagiarism March 1, 2011
• “The University of Bayreuth
stripped [Karl-Theodor zu]
Guttenberg of his doctorate
after he admitted substantially
copying (inadvertently, he said)
from other sources.”
(
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/01/german-defence
)
10/27/15 Adil E. Shamoo, Ph.D. 39

40. German Education minister Annette
Schavan
quits over 'plagiarism‘
Feb 9, 2013
German Education Minister Annette
Schavan has resigned after a university
stripped her of her doctorate for
plagiarism.
Duesseldorf's Heinrich Heine University
voted last Tuesday to remove her
doctorate following a review.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-21395102
10/27/15 Adil E. Shamoo, Ph.D. 40

41. Ways of Collaboration
_______________________
• Sharing Data
• Sharing Databases
• Ideas
• Equipment
• Computers
• Methods
• Reagents
• Cell lines
• Research Space
• Personnel
10/27/15

42. Types of Plagiarism
(LaFollette, 1992)
_____________________________
• Rephrasing of an original idea as one’s
own original idea without attribution
• Lack of acknowledgement of previous
work, Garfield, “citation amnesia”
• Honorary and undeserved authorship is a
form of plagiarism
• Inflating publication lists, dates, and type
of publications
• Using privileged information
Adil E. Shamoo, Ph.D.
10/27/15

43. 10/27/15
Multiple Authorship
From 1 author to hundreds and
from multiple countries
Adil E. Shamoo, Ph.D.

44. Collaboration Requires
_______________________
• Cooperation
• Trust
• Collegiality (Respect for Person)
• Fairness
• Accountability
Adil E. Shamoo, Ph.D.
10/27/15

45. A Professor’s campaign against
plagiarism
( Brien, K. M., 2014. The Baltimore Sun, May 4, p. 25.
Washington College in Chestertown, Md.)
23 student papers.
Discovered 2 blatant plagiarism.
Ultimatum to student to come
forward or else.
12 students came forward.
5 were blatant plagiarism + 2
technically plagiarism.
10/27/15