3. 1. Physical Memory-Total memory of the computer. EX: RAM
2. Logical Memory- CPU memory
3. Virtual memory- An imaginary memory area supported by some
operating systems (for example, Windows). It is an extension of logical
memory
4. If the size of the program is
greater than the available
memory size, then the concept
of virtual memory is used
Ever wondered how a 10GB
Game like God OfWar fits into
your 2GB RAM computer?
5. Paging is a memory management technique in which the memory
is divided into fixed size pages.
Paging is used for faster access to data.
It is a logical concept
6. STATEMENT 1
STATEMENT 2
STATEMENT 3
STATEMENT 4
STATEMENT 5
STATEMENT 6
STATEMENT 7
Suppose a program X consists of 7
statements. But the memory can hold only
4 statements, then Paging concept is used.
PROGRAM X
STATEMENT 1
STATEMENT 2
STATEMENT 3
STATEMENT 4
STATEMENT 5
STATEMENT 6
STATEMENT 7
7. Frames are physical concept
It is present in the RAM
We cannot see Pages, but we can see Frames
8. Converting pages(virtual address) into frames (physical address)
Enables program to be executed
It is performed by the Memory Management Unit (M.M.U.)
CPU
(WHERE
PAGESARE
DIVIDED)
MMU
Memory 1 Memory 2Virtual address of
each page
Converts virtual
address to
physical address
If any error error occurs at any
physical address, it is quickly
retrieved from memory and
sent to the CPU
10. LOGICAL ADDRESS
PAGE NUMBER
(WHICH PAGE ISTO BE
SEARCHED INTHE
MEMORY)
PAGE OFFSET
(WHICH BYTE OF DATA ISTO
BE READ FROMTHAT PAGE)
MAXIMUM OF 6 BYTES MAXIMUM OF 10 BYTES
PHYSICAL ADDRESS
FRAME NUMBER FRAME OFFSET
MAXIMUM OF 6 BYTES MAXIMUM OF 10 BYTES
13. The paging process is protected by the concept of
insertion of an additional bit calledVALID/INVALID BIT
Consider a 14 bit address space= 2^14=16383 bytes
Let us set an address limit of 10468
If five process are defined within this address space
(P0-P4), it is considered as aValid bit
Process P5 has started before 10468, so that alone is
considered
The remaining processes are considered as Invalid
In this way the pages are internally fragmented
This is how Paging is protected
14. • No external
Fragmentation
• Simple memory
management
algorithm
• Swapping is easy
(Equal sized Pages
and Page Frames)
• Internal
fragmentation
• Page tables may
consume more
memory.
15. Segmentation is one of the most common ways to achieve memory protection.
Because internal fragmentation of pages takes place, the user’s view of
memory is lost
The user will view the memory as a combination of segments
In this type, memory addresses used are not contiguous
Each memory segment is associated with a specific length and a set of
permissions.
When a process tries to access the memory it is first checked to see whether it
has the required permission to access the particular memory segment and
whether it is within the length specified by that particular memory segment.
17. Segment table - maps two-dimensional user defined address into one-
dimensional physical address
base - starting physical address of the segment
limit - length of segment
Logical Address space
Segment number
Offset
The maximum length of the offset value is 12 bits
19. No internal fragmentation
Segment tables consume less
memory than page
Lends itself to sharing data
among processes.
Lends itself to protection.
Costly memory management
algorithm
As processes are loaded and
removed from memory , the
free memory space is broken
into little pieces ,causing
external fragmentation
20.
21. In a combined
paging/segmentation
system a user’s address
space is broken up into a
number of segments.
Each segment is broken
up into a number of fixed-
sized pages which are
equal in length to a main
memory frame
Segmentation is visible to
the programmer
Paging is transparent to
the programmer