The document defines sports as physical activities involving skill and competition governed by rules. It notes that sports can be viewed as a type of play, which is characterized as free, uncertain, governed by rules, and separate from ordinary life. Sports are considered a type of game, and while not all games are sports, all sports are considered games. The document outlines different types of sports and examines concepts like leisure, competition, aesthetics, ethics, and the importance of sports.
2. WHAT IS SPORT(S)
An activity involving physical exertion and skill in which an individual or team
competes against another or others for entertainment.
An occasion on which people compete in various athletic activities.
an individual or group activity pursued for exercise or pleasure, often involving
the testing of physical capabilities and taking the form of a competitive game
an athletic activity requiring skill or physical prowess and often of
a competitive nature
An activity involving physical exertion and skill that is governed by a set of rules o
r customs and often undertaken competitively.
a game, competition, or activity needing physical effort and skill that is played or
done according to rules, for enjoyment and/or as a job
all types of physical activity that people do to keep healthy or for enjoyment
3. SPORTS AS A RELIGION
Novak (1976) describes sport as a natural
religion based on qualities and
characteristics fundamental to the
experience
How is sport a religion?
Rituals, i.e., coin toss
Costumes
Sense of power outside of one’s control
People who enforce rules
Teaches principles, i.e., courage
4. WHAT IS LEISURE?
Can be viewed as an attitude of freedom
Often distinguished from work activities
Viewed also as discretionary time left-over after work
5. WHAT IS PLAY?
Sport is a manifestation of play
Characteristics of play represent a
continuum such as:
Free
Uncertain
Governed by rules
Separate
Economically unproductive
Governed by make-believe
Play is not trivial, but rich with psychological,
sociological, and historical meaning
6. CAILLOIS: 6 CHARACTERISTICS OF
PLAY
it is free, or not obligatory
it is separate from the routine of life, occupying its own time
and space
it is uncertain, so that the results of play cannot be pre-
determined and the player's initiative is involved
it is unproductive in that it creates no wealth, and ends as it
begins economically speaking
it is governed by rules that suspend ordinary laws and
behaviors and that must be followed by players
it involves imagined realities that may be set against 'real life'.
7. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
CHILD’S PLAY VS. ADULT PLAY
Play is the most basic behavior in young children
Children’s continuum includes: turbulence, gaiety,
spontaneity, diversion
Adults’ continuum includes: calculation, subordination
to rules, contrivance and ritual
One is not better than the other, however, as
children grow and develop, their continuum
goes toward the adult side
8. TYPES OF SPORTS
INDIVIDUAL
DUAL
TEAM
BOARD
INDOOR
OUTDOOR
ICE
BALL
BEACH
AIR
ACROBATIC
COMBAT
MOTOR
PRECISION
RACING
RACQUET
SUMMER
WINTER
WATER
ROLLER
EXTREME
E-SPORTS
9. GAMES VS SPORTS
There are no exact distinctions between
the two terms
Three important areas of the concept
“game”:
1. Games derive from play
2. Games involve competition
3. Game outcomes are based on skill, strategy
or chance
Not all games are sports but all sports
are a game
10. CONT’D
Sports are games involving skill and strategy
Sport games have primary and secondary rules
Sport games are classified into four categories:
1. Territory or invasion games
2. Target games
3. Court games
4. Sector games
11. COMPETITION CONCEPT
Rituals and traditions are easily seen
Strives to achieve an objective
Involves a state of rivalry
12. ROLES THAT CONTRIBUTE TO
SPORTS AS AN INSTITUTION
Codification of rules
Officials or referees
Organization and structure of sport teams, i.e., NCAA
Record keeping to measure performance
Dissemination of information to the public, i.e.,
newspaper
13. AESTHETICS OF SPORTS
One tries to find the beauty in sports, form sports,
and other sports
Form sports: performers consciously work on
achieving a physical form that is aesthetic
Examples of qualities are: harmony, form, dynamics,
flow, gracefulness, rhythm, poise
14. CONT’D
Carlisle (1974) has suggested four types of beauty in
other sports:
Well-developed physique
Well-designed play or execution of the maneuver
Dramatic competition
Unity of an entire performance
15. ETHICS IN SPORTS
How people behave or conduct themselves in
particular situations, i.e., games or sports
Fair play: how a competitor behaves before, during
and after competition
19th Century concept from England, i.e., Arnoldism
Concept still permeates in our society today
Rule violations are meant to be enforced by officials
or referees
Sports still can build character and teach important
life lessons
However, sport can be corrupt and has the ability to
teach negative lesson in life
16. IMPORTANCE AND BENEFITS
Fitness
Stress Buster
Learning a Skill
Teamwork
Socializing
Character Building
Constructive Use of Time
Health
Decision-making
Self-confidence
Sports generalizes to
achievement
Academic Success
Resilience
Clear vision
Determination to succeed
Shared goals
Adaptability to change
Complimentary strengths