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Pc12 sol c08_8-6
1.
10_ch08_pre-calculas12_wncp_solution.qxd
5/23/12 4:23 PM Page 25 Home Quit Lesson 8.6 Exercises, pages 743–749 A 3. Expand using Pascal’s triangle. a) (x + 1)5 The exponent is 5, so use the terms in row 6 of Pascal’s triangle as coefficients: 1, 5, 10, 10, 5, 1 (x ؉ 1)5 (1 ؍x)5 ؉ 5(x)4(1) ؉ 10(x)3(1)2 ؉ 10(x)2(1)3 ؉ 5(x)1(1)4 ؉ 1(1)5 ؍x5 ؉ 5x4 ؉ 10x3 ؉ 10x2 ؉ 5x ؉ 1 b) (x - 1)6 The exponent is 6, so use the terms in row 7 of Pascal’s triangle as coefficients: 1, 6, 15, 20, 15, 6, 1 (x ؊ 1)6 (1 ؍x)6 ؉ 6(x)5(؊1) ؉ 15(x)4(؊1)2 ؉ 20(x)3(؊1)3 ؉ 15(x)2(؊1)4 ؉ 6(x)(؊1)5 ؉ 1(؊1)6 ؍x6 ؊ 6x5 ؉ 15x4 ؊ 20x3 ؉ 15x2 ؊ 6x ؉ 1 c) (x + y)4 The exponent is 4, so use the terms in row 5 of Pascal’s triangle as coefficients: 1, 4, 6, 4, 1 (x ؉ y)4 (1 ؍x)4 ؉ 4(x)3(y) ؉ 6(x)2(y)2 ؉ 4(x)(y)3 ؉ 1(y)4 ؍x4 ؉ 4x3y ؉ 6x2y2 ؉ 4xy3 ؉ y4 d) (x - y)8 The exponent is 8, so use the terms in row 9 of Pascal’s triangle as coefficients: 1, 8, 28, 56, 70, 56, 28, 8, 1 (x ؊ y)8 (1 ؍x)8 ؉ 8(x)7(؊y) ؉ 28(x)6(؊y)2 ؉ 56(x)5(؊y)3 ؉ 70(x)4(؊y)4 ؉ 56(x)3(؊y)5 ؉ 28(x)2(؊y)6 ؉ 8(x)(؊y)7 ؉ 1(؊y)8 ؍x8 ؊ 8x7y ؉ 28x6y2 ؊ 56x5y3 ؉ 70x4y4 ؊ 56x3y5 ؉ 28x2y6 ؊ 8xy7 ؉ y8 4. Determine each missing number in the expansion of (x + y)7. x7 + nx6y + 21x5y2 + 35x ny3 + nx3y4 + 21x ny n + 7xy6 + y n The exponent is 7, so the coefficients of the terms in the expansion are the terms in row 8 of Pascal’s triangle: 1, 7, 21, 35, 35, 21, 7, 1 The exponents in each term must add to 7. The exponents of the powers of x start at 7 and decrease by 1 each time. The exponents of the powers of y start at 0 and increase by 1 each time. So, the missing numbers are: 7, 4, 35, 2, 5, 7 5. Determine the indicated term in each expansion. a) the last term in (x + 1)9 The last term in the expansion of (x ؉ y)n is yn. So, the last term in the expansion of (x ؉ 1)9 is 19, or 1. b) the 1st term in (x - 1)12 The first term in the expansion of (x ؉ y)n is xn. So, the first term in the expansion of (x ؊ 1)12 is x12. ©P DO NOT COPY. 8.6 The Binomial Theorem—Solutions 25
2.
10_ch08_pre-calculas12_wncp_solution.qxd
5/23/12 4:23 PM Page 26 Home Quit B 6. a) Multiply 4 factors of (x - 5). (x ؊ 5)4 ؍ (x ؊ 5)(x ؊ 5)(x ؊ 5)(x ؊ 5) ؍ (x2 ؊ 10x ؉ 25)(x2 ؊ 10x ؉ 25) ؍ x4 ؊ 10x3 ؉ 25x2 ؊ 10x3 ؉ 100x2 ؊ 250x ؉ 25x2 ؊ 250x ؉ 625 ؍ x4 ؊ 20x3 ؉ 150x2 ؊ 500x ؉ 625 b) Use the binomial theorem to expand (x - 5)4. (x ؉ y)n ؍nC0xn ؉ nC1xn ؊ 1y ؉ nC2xn ؊ 2y2 ؉ . . . ؉ nCnyn Substitute: n ,4 ؍y 5؊ ؍ (x ؊ 5)4 4 ؍C0(x)4 ؉ 4C1(x)4 ؊ 1(؊5) ؉ 4C2(x)4 ؊ 2(؊5)2 ؉ 4C3(x)4 ؊ 3(؊5)3 ؉ 4C4(؊5)4 (1 ؍x)4 ؉ 4(x)3(؊5) ؉ 6(x)2(25) ؉ 4(x)1(؊125) ؉ 1(625) ؍x4 ؊ 20x3 ؉ 150x2 ؊ 500x ؉ 625 c) Compare the two methods. What conclusions can you make? I find it easier to use the binomial theorem; it saves time and it is less cumbersome than multiplying 4 factors. 7. Expand using the binomial theorem. a) (x + 2)6 (x ؉ y)n ؍nC0xn ؉ nC1xn ؊ 1y ؉ nC2x n ؊ 2y2 ؉ . . . ؉ nCnyn Substitute: n ,6 ؍y 2 ؍ (x ؉ 2)6 6 ؍C0(x)6 ؉ 6C1(x)6 ؊ 1(2) ؉ 6C2(x)6 ؊ 2(2)2 ؉ 6C3(x)6 ؊ 3(2)3 ؉ 6C4(x)6 ؊ 4(2)4 ؉ 6C5(x)6 ؊ 5(2)5 ؉ 6C6(2)6 (1 ؍x)6 ؉ 6(x)5(2) ؉ 15(x)4(4) ؉ 20(x)3(8) ؉ 15(x)2(16) ؉ 6(x)1(32) ؉ 1(64) ؍x6 ؉ 12x5 ؉ 60x4 ؉ 160x3 ؉ 240x2 ؉ 192x ؉ 64 b) (x2 - 3)5 (x ؉ y)n ؍nC0xn ؉ nC1xn ؊ 1y ؉ nC2xn ؊ 2y2 ؉ . . . ؉ nCnyn Substitute: n ,5 ؍x ؍x2, y 3؊ ؍ (x2 ؊ 3)5 5 ؍C0(x2)5 ؉ 5C1(x2)4(؊3) ؉ 5C2(x2)3(؊3)2 ؉ 5C3(x2)2(؊3)3 ؉ 5C4(x2)1(؊3)4 ؉ 5C5(؊3)5 (1 ؍x10) ؉ 5(x2)4(؊3) ؉ 10(x2)3(9) ؉ 10(x2)2(؊27) ؉ 5(x2)1(81) ؉ 1(؊243) ؍x10 ؊ 15x8 ؉ 90x6 ؊ 270x4 ؉ 405x2 ؊ 243 26 8.6 The Binomial Theorem—Solutions DO NOT COPY. ©P
3.
10_ch08_pre-calculas12_wncp_solution.qxd
5/23/12 4:23 PM Page 27 Home Quit c) (3x - 2)4 (x ؉ y)n ؍nC0xn ؉ nC1xn ؊ 1y ؉ nC2xn ؊ 2y2 ؉ . . . ؉ nCnyn Substitute: n ,4 ؍x 3 ؍x, y 2؊ ؍ (3x ؊ 2)4 4 ؍C0(3x)4 ؉ 4C1(3x)3(؊2) ؉ 4C2(3x)2(؊2)2 ؉ 4C3(3x)(؊2)3 ؉ 4C4(؊2)4 18(1 ؍x4) ؉ 4(27x3)(؊2) ؉ 6(9x2)(4) ؉ 4(3x)(؊8) ؉ 1(16) 18 ؍x4 ؊ 216x3 ؉ 216x2 ؊ 96x ؉ 16 d) (-2 + 2x)4 (x ؉ y)n ؍nC0xn ؉ nC1xn ؊ 1y ؉ nC2xn ؊ 2y2 ؉ . . . ؉ nCnyn Substitute: n ,4 ؍x ,2؊ ؍y 2 ؍x (؊2 ؉ 2x)4 4 ؍C0(؊2)4 ؉ 4C1(؊2)3(2x) ؉ 4C2(؊2)2(2x)2 ؉ 4C3(؊2)(2x)3 ؉ 4C4(2x)4 2()8؊(4 ؉ )61(1 ؍x) ؉ 6(4)(4x2) ؉ 4(؊2)(8x3) ؉ 1(16x4) 46 ؊ 61 ؍x ؉ 96x2 ؊ 64x3 ؉ 16x4 e) (-4 + 3x4)5 (x ؉ y)n ؍nC0xn ؉ nC1xn ؊ 1y ؉ nC2xn ؊ 2y2 ؉ . . . ؉ nCnyn Substitute: n ,5 ؍x ,4؊ ؍y 3 ؍x4 (؊4 ؉ 3x4)5 5 ؍C0(؊4)5 ؉ 5C1(؊4)4(3x4) ؉ 5C2(؊4)3(3x4)2 ؉ 5C3(؊4)2(3x4)3 ؉ 5C4(؊4)(3x4)4 ؉ 5C5(3x4)5 3()652(5 ؉ )4201؊(1 ؍x4) ؉ 10(؊64)(9x8) ؉ 10(16)(27x12) ؉ 5(؊4)(81x16) ؉ 1(243x20) 0483 ؉ 4201؊ ؍x4 ؊ 5760x8 ؉ 4320x12 ؊ 1620x16 ؉ 243x20 8. a) Write the terms in row 7 of Pascal’s triangle. 1, 6, 15, 20, 15, 6, 1 b) Use your answer to part a to write the first 3 terms in each expansion. i) (x - 3)6 The exponent is 6, so the terms in row 7 of Pascal’s triangle are the coefficients of the terms in the expansion of the binomial. So, (x ؉ y)6 1 ؍x6 ؉ 6x5y ؉ 15x4y2 ؉ . . . Substitute: y 3؊ ؍ (x ؊ 3)6 1 ؍x6 ؉ 6x5(؊3) ؉ 15x4(؊3)2 ؉ . . . ؍x6 ؊ 18x5 ؉ 135x4 ؉ . . . So, the first 3 terms in the expansion are: x6 ؊ 18x5 ؉ 135x4 ©P DO NOT COPY. 8.6 The Binomial Theorem—Solutions 27
4.
10_ch08_pre-calculas12_wncp_solution.qxd
5/23/12 4:23 PM Page 28 Home Quit ii) (a + 4b)6 (x ؉ y)6 1 ؍x6 ؉ 6x5y ؉ 15x4y2 ؉ . . . Substitute: x ؍a, y 4 ؍b (a ؉ 4b)6 1 ؍a6 ؉ 6a5(4b) ؉ 15a4(4b)2 ؉ . . . ؍a6 ؉ 24a5b ؉ 240a4b2 ؉ . . . So, the first 3 terms in the expansion are: a6 ؉ 24a5b ؉ 240a4b2 iii) (-2a + 1)6 (x ؉ y)6 1 ؍x6 ؉ 6x5y ؉ 15x4y2 ؉ . . . Substitute: x 2؊ ؍a, y 1 ؍ (؊2a ؉ 1)6 2؊(1 ؍a)6 ؉ 6(؊2a)5(1) ؉ 15(؊2a)4(1)2 ؉ . . . 46 ؍a6 ؊ 192a5 ؉ 240a4 ؉ . . . So, the first 3 terms in the expansion are: 64a6 ؊ 192a5 ؉ 240a4 iv) (2x + 5y2)6 (x ؉ y)6 1 ؍x6 ؉ 6x5y ؉ 15x4y2 ؉ . . . Substitute: x 2 ؍x, y 5 ؍y2 (2x ؉ 5y2)6 2(1 ؍x)6 ؉ 6(2x)5(5y2) ؉ 15(2x)4(5y2)2 ؉ . . . 46 ؍x6 ؉ 960x5y2 ؉ 6000x4y4 ؉ . . . So, the first 3 terms in the expansion are: 64x6 ؉ 960x5y2 ؉ 6000x4y4 9. Determine the coefficient of each term. a) x5 in (x + 1)8 b) x9 in (x + y)9 x5 is the 4th term in (x ؉ 1)8. x9 is the first term in the expansion The coefficient of the 4th term is: of (x ؉ y)9. 8C4؊ 1 or 8C3 So, the coefficient of x9 is 1. 8C3 65 ؍ So, the coefficient of x5 is 56. c) x2y in (x + y)3 d) x2y3 in (x + y)5 The coefficients of the terms The coefficients of the terms will be the terms in row 4 of will be the terms in row 6 of Pascal’s triangle: 1, 3, 3, 1 Pascal’s triangle: 1, 5, 10, 10, 5, 1 x2y is the 2nd term in the x2y3 is the 4th term in the expansion of (x ؉ y)3. expansion of (x ؉ y)5. So, the coefficient of x2y is 3. So, the coefficient of x2y3 is 10. 28 8.6 The Binomial Theorem—Solutions DO NOT COPY. ©P
5.
10_ch08_pre-calculas12_wncp_solution.qxd
5/23/12 4:24 PM Page 29 Home Quit 10. Explain why the coefficients of the 3rd term and the 3rd-last term in the expansion of (x + y)n, n ≥ 2, are the same. Since each of x and y has coefficient 1, the coefficients of the terms in the expansion of (x ؉ y)n correspond to the terms in row (n ؉ 1) of Pascal’s triangle. In any row of Pascal’s triangle, the 3rd term and 3rd-last term are the same. 11. Determine the indicated term in each expansion. a) the last term in (3x + 2)5 b) the 1st term in (-2x + 5)7 The last term in the expansion The first term in the expansion of (x ؉ y)n is yn. of (x ؉ y)n is xn. Substitute: y ,2 ؍n 5 ؍ Substitute: x 2؊ ؍x, n 7 ؍ 25 23 ؍ (؊2x)7 821؊ ؍x7 So, the last term is 32. So, the 1st term is ؊128x7. c) the 2nd term in (3x - 3)4 d) the 6th term in (4x + 1)8 The second term in the expansion The kth term is: nCk ؊ 1xn ؊ (k ؊ 1)yk ؊ 1 of (x ؉ y)n is nxn ؊ 1y. Substitute: n ,8 ؍k ,6 ؍x 4 ؍x, Substitute: x 3 ؍x, y ,3؊ ؍ y1؍ n4؍ C (4x)3(1)5 46(65 ؍x3)(1) 8 5 4(3x)3(؊3) 423؊ ؍x3 4853 ؍x3 So, the 2nd term is ؊324x3. So, the 6th term is 3584x3. 12. When will the coefficients of the terms in the expansion of (ax + b)n be the same as the terms in row (n + 1) of Pascal’s triangle? The coefficients of the terms in the expansion of (x ؉ y)n correspond to the terms in row (n ؉ 1) of Pascal’s triangle. So, both a and b must equal 1. 13. Expand and simplify (x + 1)8 + (x - 1)8. What strategy did you use? The coefficients of the terms in the expansion of (x ؉ 1)8 are the terms in row 9 of Pascal’s triangle: 1, 8, 28, 56, 70, 56, 28, 8, 1 The coefficients of the terms in the expansion of (x ؊ 1)8 depend on whether the term number is odd or even. When the term numbers are odd, the coefficients are the terms in row 9 of Pascal’s triangle. When the term numbers are even, the coefficients are the opposites of the terms in row 9. So, the coefficients of the terms in the expansion of (x ؊ 1)8 are: 1, ؊8, 28, ؊56, 70, ؊56, 28, ؊8, 1 When the terms in the two expansions are added, every second term is eliminated as the sum of the terms is 0. (x ؉ 1)8 ؉ (x ؊ 1)8 2 ؍x8 ؉ 56x6 ؉ 140x4 ؉ 56x2 ؉ 2 ©P DO NOT COPY. 8.6 The Binomial Theorem—Solutions 29
6.
10_ch08_pre-calculas12_wncp_solution.qxd
5/23/12 4:24 PM Page 30 Home Quit 14. a) Show that the expansion of (-2x + 1)6 is the same as the expansion of (2x - 1)6. Use row 7 of Pascal’s triangle: 1, 6, 15, 20, 15, 6, 1 (؊2x ؉ 1)6 2؊(1 ؍x)6 ؉ 6(؊2x)5(1) ؉ 15( ؊2x)4(1)2 ؉ 20( ؊2x)3(1)3 ؉ 15(؊2x)2(1)4 ؉ 6(؊2x)1(1)5 ؉ (1)6 46 ؍x6 ؉ 6(؊32x5) ؉ 15(16x4) ؉ 20(؊8x3) ؉ 15(4x2) ؉ 6(؊2x) ؉ 1 46 ؍x6 ؊ 192x5 ؉ 240x4 ؊ 160x3 ؉ 60x2 ؊ 12x ؉ 1 (2x ؊ 1)6 2(1 ؍x)6 ؉ 6(2x)5(؊1) ؉ 15(2x)4(؊1)2 ؉ 20(2x)3(؊1)3 ؉ 15(2x)2(؊1)4 ؉ 6(2x)1(؊1)5 ؉ (؊1)6 46 ؍x6 ؉ 6(32x5)(؊1) ؉ 15(16x4) ؉ 20(8x3)(؊1) ؉ 15(4x2) ؉ 6(2x)(؊1) ؉ 1 46 ؍x6 ؊ 192x5 ؉ 240x4 ؊ 160x3 ؉ 60x2 ؊ 12x ؉ 1 b) Will (-ax + b)n always have the same expansion as (ax - b)n? Explain. No, when n is odd, the expansions will not be the same. For example, look at the first terms in the expansions of (؊2x ؉ 1)3 and (2x ؊ 1)3. For (؊2x ؉ 1)3: the 1st term in the expansion is: 1(؊2x)3 8؊ ؍x3 For (2x ؊ 1)3: the 1st term in the expansion is: 1(2x)3 8 ؍x3 Since the 1st terms are different, the expansions are not the same. 15. Which binomial power when expanded results in 16x4 - 32x3 + 24x2 - 8x + 1? What strategy did you use to find out? The first term is 16x 4. The exponent of x is 4, so the binomial has the form (ax ؉ b)4. √ The coefficient a must be 4 16: a ,2 ؍or a 2؊ ؍ The last term is 1, so b is either 1 or ؊1 because (؊1)4 ,41 ؍or 1. The terms alternate in sign, so the coefficients a and b must have different signs. The binomial power is either (؊2x ؉ 1)4 or (2x ؊ 1)4. 16. Expand using the binomial theorem. a) (0.2x - 1.2y)5 (x ؉ y)n ؍nC0xn ؉ nC1xn ؊ 1y ؉ nC2xn ؊ 2y2 ؉ . . . ؉ nCnyn Substitute: n ,5 ؍x 2.0 ؍x, y 2.1؊ ؍y (0.2x ؊ 1.2y)5 5 ؍C0(0.2x)5 ؉ 5C1(0.2x)4(؊1.2y) ؉ 5C2(0.2x)3(؊1.2y)2 ؉ 5C3(0.2x)2(؊1.2y)3 ؉ 5C4(0.2x)(؊1.2y)4 ؉ 5C5(؊1.2y)5 23 000.0(1 ؍x5) ؉ 5(0.0016x4)(؊1.2y) ؉ 10(0.008x3)(1.44y2) ؉ 10(0.04x2)(؊1.728y3) ؉ 5(0.2x)(2.0736y4) ؉ 1(؊2.488 32y5) 23 000.0 ؍x5 ؊ 0.0096x4y ؉ 0.1152x3y2 ؊ 0.6912x2y3 ؉ 2.0736xy4 ؊ 2.488 32y5 30 8.6 The Binomial Theorem—Solutions DO NOT COPY. ©P
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10_ch08_pre-calculas12_wncp_solution.qxd
5/23/12 4:24 PM Page 31 Home Quit 4 b) a8a + 6bb 3 1 (x ؉ y)n ؍nC0xn ؉ nC1xn ؊ 1y ؉ nC2xn ؊ 2y2 ؉ . . . ؉ nCnyn 3 1 Substitute: n ,4 ؍x ؍a, y ؍b 8 6 4 4 3 2 2 a a ؉ bb 4 ؍C0 a ab ؉ 4C1 a ab a bb ؉ 4C2 a ab a bb 3 1 3 3 1 3 1 8 6 8 8 6 8 6 3 4 ؉ 4C3 a ab a bb ؉ 4C4 a bb 3 1 1 8 6 6 1 ؍a a b ؉ 4 a a3b a bb ؉ 6 a a2b a b2b 81 4 27 1 9 1 4096 512 6 64 36 ؉ 4 a ab a b b ؉ 1a b4b 3 1 3 1 8 216 1296 81 4 27 3 9 2 2 3 1 4 ؍ a ؉ ab؉ ab ؉ ab3 ؉ b 4096 768 384 432 1296 81 4 9 3 3 2 2 1 1 4 ؍ a ؉ ab؉ ab ؉ ab3 ؉ b 4096 256 128 144 1296 C 17. Determine the 3rd term in the expansion of (x2 + 2x + 1)6. (x2 ؉ 2x ؉ 1) ( ؍x ؉ 1)2 So, (x2 ؉ 2x ؉ 1)6 (( ؍x ؉ 1)2)6 ( ؍x ؉ 1)12 The coefficients in the expansion of (x ؉ 1)12 are the terms in row 13 of Pascal’s triangle. The 3rd term in row 13 is 66. So, the 3rd term in the expansion of (x2 ؉ 2x ؉ 1)6 is: 66(x)10(1)2, or 66x10 18. a) Show that nC0 + nC1 + nC2 + . . . + nCn - 1 + nCn = 2n Express 2n as the binomial (1 ؉ 1)n and expand: (1 ؉ 1)n ؍nC0(1)n ؉ nC1(1)n ؊ 1(1) ؉ nC2(1)n ؊ 2(1)2 ؉ . . . ؉ nCn ؊ 1(1)(1)n ؊ 1 ؉ nCn(1)n So, 2 ؍nC0 ؉ nC1 ؉ nC2 ؉ . . . ؉ nCn ؊ 1 ؉ nCn n b) What does the relationship in part a indicate about the sum of the terms in any row of Pascal’s triangle? nC0 , nC1, nC2, . . . nCn ؊ 1, nCn are the terms in row (n ؉ 1) of the triangle. From part a, the sum of these terms is 2n. So, the sum of the terms in any row of Pascal’s triangle is a power of 2. ©P DO NOT COPY. 8.6 The Binomial Theorem—Solutions 31
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