This document summarizes different methods of contraception, including barrier methods (such as condoms), hormonal methods (oral contraceptives, patches, rings, implants, injections), natural family planning methods, and surgical methods (vasectomies, tubal ligations). It discusses factors to consider when choosing a method like effectiveness, advantages, disadvantages, side effects, and protection against STDs. Surgical methods and long-acting reversible contraceptives like implants are the most effective, while fertility awareness methods and withdrawal are the least effective. Education on contraception and addressing gender differences are important considerations.

1. Chapter 6
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2.  Definitions:
 Birth control: managing fertility and preventing
unwanted pregnancy
 Conception: the fusion of an ovum and sperm
that creates a fertilized egg (zygote)
 Contraception: preventing conception by
blocking the female’s egg from uniting with the
male’s sperm, thereby preventing pregnancy
 Modern contraception is much more predictable
and effective than in the past
 Many contraceptives play a role in the
prevention against sexually transmitted diseases
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3.  Types of contraception
 Barrier
 Hormonal
 Natural methods
 Surgical methods
 Factors affecting choice
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
 Effectiveness
 Contraceptive failure rate
 Continuation rate
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4.  Reversible contraception
 Estrogen and progesterone taken orally
 Mimics the hormonal activity of the corpus luteum
 Corpus luteum secretes high levels of progesterone and estrogen to
suppress ovulation
 Combination pill
 Most common
 1-month packet containing estrogen and progestins
 Extended-cycle pill
 Seasonale, Seasonique, Lybrel
 Minipill
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
 Side effects
 Effectiveness
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5.  Thin, 1-3/4 inch square patch
 Releases estrogen and progestin slowly into
the bloodstream
 Prevention the same way as OCs
 Worn for 1 week, replaced on the same day
for 3 consecutive weeks; no patch fourth
week
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
 Effectiveness
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6.  The NuvaRing
 Resembles the rim of a diaphragm and is
molded with progestin and estrogen
 2 inch ring slowly releases the hormones
 Prevents pregnancy the same way as OCs
 During fourth week, remove the ring, and
use a new ring after the fourth week
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
 Effectiveness
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7. Table 6.2 Risks of Contraception,
Pregnancy, and Abortion
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8.  Implanon (approved for use in the U.S. in 2006)
 Hormonal method
 Single implant
 Effective for 3 years
 Inhibits ovulation and affects the development of
the uterine lining
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
 Side effects
 Effectiveness – the most effective method!
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9.  Depo-Provera
 Hormonal treatment
 Injectable progestin usually given every 12 weeks
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
o Can cause a reduction in bone density
 Side effects
 It may take 12 months before cycle returns
 Effectiveness
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10.  T-380A (ParaGard) up to 10 years of protection
 Copper
 Levonorgestral (Mirena) up to 5 years of protection
 Release small amounts of progestin
 Not exactly sure how it prevents pregnancy
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
 Effectiveness
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12.  Thin sheaths, almost all latex in the U.S.
 Protection against STDs
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
 Effectiveness
 Use with spermicide
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14.  Called the “FC2”
 Synthetic, non-latex rubber sheath with two
flexible rings
 Can be inserted up to 8 hours before intercourse
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
 Effectiveness
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16.  Dome-shaped cup of latex or silicone stretched
over a collapsible metal ring
 Custom fit by a doctor; available by prescription
 Following intercourse, diaphragm must be left in
place for at least 6 hours
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
 Toxic shock syndrome (TSS)
 Effectiveness
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18.  One-size-fits-alldiaphragm-like device
 Available by prescription
 Can be used by women allergic to latex
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
 Effectiveness
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19.  Small silicone cap that fits snugly over the
cervix
 Held in place by suction
 Must be fitted by a doctor
 Must place spermicide in the cup and on brim
 Must replace FemCap annually
 Advantages
 Disadvantage
 Effectiveness
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20.  Round, absorbent device about 2 inches in
diameter that fits over the cervix
 Presaturated with the same spermicide that
is used in contraceptive creams and foams
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
 Toxic shock syndrome (TSS)
 Effectiveness
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21.  Foams, creams, jellies
 Spermicidal suppository
 Vaginal Contraceptive Film (VCF)
 Must be placed near the cervical entrance no
more than 60 minutes before intercourse
 Must wait 6 hours post if user wants to douche
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
 Effectiveness
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23. Table 6.3 Contraceptive
Methods And STD Protection
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24.  Abstinence
 The choice not to engage in sexual intercourse
 Fertility awareness-based methods
 Abstain from intercourse during the fertile phase
of menstrual cycle
 Methods:
• Calendar methods
• Temperature methods
• Mucus methods
 Withdrawal
 Penis removed from vagina before ejaculation
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25.  Used after unprotected sexual intercourse
 Plan B, Plan B One-Step, Next Choice (OTC)
 Most effective if taken within 12 hours afterwards
 Can be taken up to 120 hours after intercourse
 OTC for over age 17
 Possible side effects:
• Nausea
• Stomach pain
• Headache
• Dizziness
• Breast tenderness
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26. Table 6.4 Contraceptives: From Most Effective to
Least (Percent of Women Experiencing Unintended
Pregnancy Within the First Year of Use)
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27.  Permanent contraception
 Vasectomy requires severing of the vas deferens
 May return to work in 2 days
 Semen tested in about 12 weeks
 Costs $400 to $1,000 in the U.S.
 Effectiveness
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29.  Tubal sterilization (tubal ligation) is most
commonly performed by laparoscopy
 Essure system (2002)
 Tiny, spring-like, metallic implants causing
scarring that blocks the fallopian tubes
 Hysterectomy (removal of uterus)
 Complication rate 6-11%
 Reversibility
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31.  When is it OK to begin having sexual relations?
 Society’s approach
 Changing of attitudes with the changing of time
 Answering personal questions
 Contraception and Gender Differences
 Sexuality and Contraception Education for
Teenagers
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32.  Key considerations include:
1. Health risks
2. Implications of unplanned pregnancy
3. STD risk
4. Convenience and comfort level
5. Type of relationship
6. Ease and cost of obtaining and maintaining
each method
7. Religious or philosophical beliefs
8. Potential noncontraceptive benefits
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33. Chapter 6
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