Country Profile: Somalia

PROFILE:
 Full Name: Federal Republic of Somalia
 President: Hassan Sheikh Mehamud
(took office in 2012)
 Prime Minister: Abdi Farah Shirdon
 Population: 10,428,043 (July 2014
EST)
 Capital and Largest City (2011 est.):
Mogadishu(1.554 million)
 Languages: Somali (official), Arabic,
English, Italian
Source: www.cia.gov

 Religion: Islam (Sunni)
 Currency: Soomaali Shilin
 Independence date: 1 July 1960
 Climate: Tropical Hot, Dry & Semi-dry
 Ethnicity/Race: Somali 85%, Bantu and
others 15% (including Arabs 30000)
 Major trading partners: U.A.E., Yemen,
Oman, India & Pakistan (2012)
 Imports: $1.263 billion (2010 est.):
manufactures, petroleum products,
foodstuffs, construction materials.
 Exports: $515.8 Million (2012 est.):
livestock, bananas, hides, fish, charcoal,
scrap metal.
Source: www.cia.gov

MAPAND GEOGRAPHY:
 Location: Horn of Africa, Somalia is
bordered by Djibouti to the northwest,
Kenya to the southwest, the Gulf of
Aden to the north, the Indian Ocean to
the east, and Ethiopia to the west.
 Co-ordinates on Map: 2.0333° N,
45.3500° E
 Area: 637,657 km²
 Population: 10,085,638 (EST. 2012)
 Climate: Tropical (monsoon season
July-Sep),Average Annual Rain>
28cm, Average Temperature 15o – 30o
 Nature: Mountainous region on
Northern area.
Source: www.cia.gov

Culture And Traditions:
Customs & Traditions:
 The common way to greet someone is to say Salam
 Family is extremely important in the Somali community. The focus
of Somali culture is on the family; family is more important than
the individual in all aspects of life.
 Men are usually the head of the household. Women manage the
finances and take care of the children.
Clothing:
 The traditional women’s dress is called a Hijab,
 The traditional clothing for a man is called a Maawis.
Food:
 A typical Somali day starts with a flat bread called canjero or laxoo,
liver , or cereal made of millet or cornmeal.
 A lunch meal is the biggest meal of the day and is made up mainly
of rice and noodles and sometimes meat.
 Dinner is the smallest meal and is mostly just beans, muffo or a
small salade. Somalis love spiced tea, but sheep, goat, and camel's
milk is the most popular.
Milk is an important food in Somalia.
Source: www.ethnomed.org

ECONOMIC INDICATORS
A STATISTIC ABOUT THE ECONOMIC ACTIVITY

GDP (Gross Domestic Product):
 The gross domestic product
in Somalia was worth 1.07
billion US dollar in 2010
 The GDP value in Somalia
represent less than 0.1
percent in the world
economy.
 GDP in Somalia averaged is
0.96 billion from 1996 until
2010 reaching all the time
high of 2.60 USD billion in
2008 and a record low of
0.18 USD billion in 1960
Source: www.tradingeconomics.com
2.39 2.48 2.6
2.01
1.07
5.35
11.2
10.8
8.8
12.4
11.4
8.7
9.8
10.3
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Somalia Ethopia

GDP (Annual Growth Rate):
 The Gross Domestic
Product (GDP) in
Somalia expanded 2.60
percent in 2014 from
the previous year. GDP
Annual Growth Rate in
Somalia averaged 1.49
percent from 1961 until
2014, reaching an all
time high of 14.88
percent in 1972 and a
record low of -21
percent in 1994.
2.4
2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Gdp Growth Rate
Gdp Growth Rate

GDP Composition by Sector:
Somalian GDP is
composed of following
sectors:
 Agriculture 59.3%
 Industrial Support
7.2%
 Services 33.5% (in
services it include
livestock items mainly
e.g. Animals, Seeds,
etc.)

INDUSTRIALIZATION:
 Although Somalia is not industrialized
nation , however there are some industries
in Somalia.
1. Fish industry
2. Milk processing plant
3. Sugar refineries
4. Leather tanning factories etc.
 In Somalia there is two significant
challenges to industrialization can be
mentioned:
1. lack of access to credit
2. lack of electricity or energy
Source: www.wikipedia.com

Trade In Somalia:
Source: www.indexmundi.com EST 2012
51.70%
18.10%
13%
U.A.E
Yemen
Oman
Export Partnership Import Partnership
36%
18%
9%
9%
8%
7%
7%
6%
Djibouti
India
Kenya
China
Pakistan
Oman
U.A.E
Yemen

Trade: Import & Export:
 Main Export Commodities: Livestock, Bananas, Hides,
Fish, Charcoal, Scrap Metal.
 Main Import Commodities: Manufactures, Petroleum
Products, Foodstuffs, Construction Materials
Source: www.indexmundi.com
1174.72 1064.79
1913.63
1527.35
398.62 424.95
564.05
245.78
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
2011 2012 2013 2014
US-Million
Import Export

GNI per capita:
 The latest value for GNI per capita,
Atlas method (current US$) in
Somalia was 150.00 as of 1990. Over
the past 28 years, the value for this
indicator has fluctuated between
190.00 in 1975 and 70.00 in 1962.
GNI growth (Annual %) :
 As the graph below
shows, over the past 28
years this indicator
reached a maximum value
of 21.72 in 1975 and a
minimum value of -20.83
in 1974.

Somalia Freedom from corruption index :
Somalia from 2013 to 2015.
The average value for
Somalia during that period
was 7.67 points with
a minimum of 5 points in
2014 and a maximum of 10
points in 2013.
Source: The Heritage Foundation (for photo) & Statista.com (for graph)
Most Corrupt countries worldwide 2014
8
8
11
12
15
16
17
18
18
18
0 5 10 15 20
Somalia
Korea
Sudan
Afghnistan
S.Sudan
Iraq
Turkimenistan
Uzbikistan
Libya
Eritrea
Corruption

 Tourism in Somalia is regulated by the Federal
Government of Somalia's Ministry of Tourism.
 The industry was traditionally noted for its
numerous Historical sites, Beaches, Waterfalls,
Mountain ranges and National parks.
 After the start of the civil war in the early 1990s,
the Tourism Ministry shut down operations.
 It was later re-established in the 2000s, and once
again oversees the national tourist industry.
 The Mogadishu-based Somali Tourism
Association (SOMTA) provides on-the-ground
consulting services.

Historical Sites:
 At North:
 Bargal – Former castles of King Osman
Mahamuud.
 Damo – The likely "Market and Cape of
Spices" described in the Periplus of the
Erythraean Sea.
 Dhambalin – Archaeological site in northern
Somalia, with rock art in the Ethiopian-
Arabian style showing early evidence of
animal domestication.
 At South:
 Barawa – An important medieval trading city.

Beaches
Waterfalls
Al-Jazira – Mogadishu Baathela – Berbera Lido – Mogadishu
Lamadaya -Sanaag Iskushuban -Bari

Mountain Ranges:
Cal Madow -Bosaso Golis Mountains - Sanaag Galgodon Highlands
Hargeisa
National Park

• Piracy off the coast of
Somalia:
It is an organization which
form as an cause of Somalian
Civil War in early, 21st
century. It’s the main barrier
in tourism of Somalia as this
organization is blocking the
mean of transportation in
Somalia i.e. travelling
through voyages as the
Somalia’s more 50% of the
it’s border is connected to
Arabian and Red Sea and to
the Indian Ocean also. But
the not only effect the
tourism of Somalia but they
also rob fishes and also
exploit the image of Somalia
to the whole world. But it
seems to be an affective
decline in their illegal
activities since 2013.
Barrier In Somalian Tourism & Development :
Source: www.criticalthreats.org/

• Al-Shabab (The Militant Group):
It’s an organization which preventing Somalia from
developing. Al-Shabab full name is Harakat al-Shabaab al-
Mujahideen form under the wings of AL-Qaeda. It is being
working in Somalia and Yemen since 2006.
Seal War flag Administration
flag

Human Development Index (HDI)
The Human Development Index (HDI)
is a measure of average achievement in
key dimensions of human
development:
1. A long and healthy life
2. Being knowledgeable
3. Have a decent standard of living.
Causes of poor HDI:
 Poor health.
 Low Life Expectancy.
 Poor Education.
 High Infant Mortality.
 Inequality.
 High MPI.
 Unemployment 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Kenya
Uganda
Djibouti
Sub-Saharan…
Ethiopia
Liberia
Somalia
Brundi
Congo
Zimbabwe
0.47
0.422
0.402
0.389
0.328
0.3
0.285
0.282
0.239
0.14
HDI of African Countries

Poverty Index:
 Human poverty index is an indication of the standard of living in the
country.
 The value of human poverty index for Somalia is 0.471.
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Nomadic
Rural
Urban
Somalia
Southcentral
Puntland
Somaliland
HUMAN POVERTY INDEX
81.80%
60.40%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
90.00%
Poverty rate 2000-08
Somalia Kenya

Population below Poverty Line:
2002 2015
Portion of Population
Living in extreme
poverty (%)
43.6 21.6
Portion of population
Living below 2US$(PPP)
Per day (%)
73.4 36.7
Poverty line defines as a minimum income level used as an
official standard for determining the proportion of population
living in extreme poverty.
(PPP):Purchasing Power Parity

Expenditure on Education:
Country 1972 1973
Somalia 1.2 1.3
Kenya 4.48 4.65
Malaysia 4.09 4.18
Country 1990 2001
Somalia 24 37.8
Cambodia 35 67.9
Literacy Rate (% of GDP):
Source: CIA World Fact book (Table 1) World Development Indicators(WDI) (Table 2)

Birth Rate:
 The value of birth rate , crude
(per,1000 people) in Somalia was
43.77 as of 2013. As the graph
below shows, over the past 53
years, this indicator reached a
maximum value of 49.77 in 1996
and a minimum value of 43.77 in
2013.
Death Rate:
 For that indicator, The
average value for Somalia
during that period was
19.26 deaths per 1000
people in 2013 and a
maximum of 26.75 deaths
per 1000 people in 1960.

Population Growth (annual %)
 The annual population growth rate for is 3%.
 The projected population for the year 2016 is 10 864 733.
 The fertility rate of Somalia is 6.26 children per women.
Sources: world development indicators

URBAN AND RURAL POPULATION:
 The current population of Somalia was 10.8 million.
 Its highest value of Urban Population, over the past 54 years was
39.10 in 2014, while its lowest value was 17.31 in 1960.
 Its highest value of Rural Population over the past 54 years was
82.69 in 1960, while its lowest value was 60.90 in 2014.
31.43% 33.25% 35.16% 37.26% 38.61%
68.58% 66.75% 64.84% 62.74% 61.39%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
90.00%
100.00%
1995 2000 2005 2010 2013
Rrual
Uraban

Life Expectancy:
Female:
The value for life expectancy at birth,
Female (years) in Somalia was 56.68 as of
2013.As the graph shows , over the past 53
years this indicators reached a maximum
value of 56.68 in 2013 and a minimum
value of 38.53 in 1960.
Male:
The value for life expectancy at
birth, male (years) in Somalia was
53.45 as of 2013. As the graph
shows , over the past 53 years this
indicators reached a maximum
value of 53.45 in 2013 and a
minimum value of 35.48 in 1960.

Healthcare In Somalia:
 Healthcare in Somalia is largely
in the private sector.
 It is regulated by the Ministry of
Health of the Federal government
of Somalia.
 In March 2013, the central authorities
launched the Health Sector Strategic
Plans (HSSPs),
 A new national health system that aims
to provide universal basic healthcare to
all citizens by 2016.

Homicide rate
 “Intentional homicide” is defined as unlawful death purposefully
inflicted on a person by another person.
 Homicide rate in Somalia is 5.6 (Rate per 100,000 population)
in 2012.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
2004 2008 2012
Somalia
Pakistan
India
Source: UNODC International Homicide Statistics, 2015

Mortality Rate
 Infant mortality rate is the number of infants dying before reaching
one year of age, per 1,000 live births in a given year.
 Mortality rate of Somalia is 8.5 (2015).
Source: World bank
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Somalia Pakistan India

Malnutrition:
 Even if a person is getting enough food to eat sometimes those foods are not the right foods, which
leads to malnutrition.
 Malnutrition can make daily life difficult for people living in developing countries child’s learning
abilities become lower and physical work becomes extremely tiring and impossible to perform.
 According to UNICEF there are 200,000 malnourished children in Somalia.
 Malnutrition causes generalized Edema which is the abnormal swelling and buildup of fluid in the
body’s tissue, mainly in younger children.
 Accordingly, acute malnutrition cause Somalian children to suffer from diarrhea, anemia, malaria,
dehydration, high fever and vomiting
 In fact, 50,000 cases of severe acute malnutrition in Somalia are at risk of death.

Role of United Nations:
• UNICEF supports stabilization centers in Somalia which help malnourished
men, women and children gain access to resources that are not normally
available to the community.
• The stabilization centers admit severely malnourished children under the age of
five.
• Once the child is healthy he or she can be discharged from the stabilization
centers.
• Immediately after the child returns home the care at the outpatient therapeutic
centers begins.
• These are located close to the child’s home and continue to provide services to
the child and the family.
• Only children well enough are discharged from the stabilization centers.
• The therapeutic centers’ services include a basic nutrition package which
promotes treatment and the prevention of disease and illness.
• The packages contain micro-nutrient support, along with maternal nutrition
information.
• Moreover, the centers encourage the proper use of handling and cooking food as
well as, managing child illness and immunizations.
• The children are also given a peanut-based paste to help maintain proper
nourishment along with vitamin A and deworming.
• Mothers in Somalia do not have access to basic human necessities tablets

• UNICEF aims to end this issue by the end of 2014. In fact,
UNICEF’s goal is to give over 90,000 vulnerable people the
basic foods and non-food needs.
• The mothers will attend health and nutrient workshops
provided by the therapeutic center to help promote a
healthier lifestyle throughout their communities.
• In fact, UNICEF’s goal is to give over 90,000 vulnerable
people the basic foods and non-food needs.
• The mothers will attend health and nutrient workshops
provided by the therapeutic center to help promote a
healthier lifestyle throughout their communities.
• Furthermore, giving information on subjects like proper
hygiene standards and washing hands regularly will help
reduce the spreading of disease and illness.
• Currently, UNICEF hope to administer 1,900,000 children
under the age of five with the polio vaccine.
• as well as 300,000 children under the age of one with the
measles vaccine.
• These vaccines will lead to more longevity for the people of
Somalia.
• Once these methods are instilled in the lives of Somalian
women and children the communities will continue to
promote and prevent these issues from reoccurring.

Civil War:
 On going war.
 Grew out of resistance to the Siad Barre Regime during
1980s.
 Somalia air force began engaging various arm rebel
groups.
 To over throw the Barre government in 1991.
 Various armed faction began competing for influence in
the power vacuum.
 Arrival of UNITAF and UNOSOM.
 Fight still going on.
 Transition national government established in 2000.
 Ethiopian troops established ISLAMIC COURT UNION.
 Kenyan troops established buffer zone.
 Finally Federal government was established in august
2012.
 First permanent Central Government since start civil war.
 Fragile state.
 Operation Indian ocean started by the government.

The Extermination:
 On May 27, 1988 Siad Barre gave instructions to exterminate all members of the
Isaaq tribe.
 Military forces under the command of Mohammed Said Hersi began aerial and
artillery bombardment of the three cities in which the Isaaq lived: Hargeisa, Berbera
and Burro.
 Many bodies were buried in mass graves. The city of Hargeisa, which held some
350,000 inhabitants before the attack, was completely abandoned. The whole area
was laid waste – animal herds were confiscated, agriculture destroyed, and mines
laid everywhere.
 More than half a million Isaaq fled to Ethiopia; some half a million more lost their
homes and became internally displaced persons in the northern region.

After the Slaughter:
 After the three main cities of northern Somalia were destroyed and abandoned, they
were resettled by members of the Ogden tribe and other tribes close to the
government.
 300,000 Isaaq remained in refugee camps in Ethiopia and thousands more fled
Africa entirely.
 In 1990 there has been no stable government in Somalia; hundreds of thousands of
Isaaq returned to northern Somalia and declared the independence of Somaliland, a
piece of land about one-third of the size of Somalia.
 Somaliland functions as a distinct state with democratic elections, its own currency
and governing institutions located in the capital city of Hargeisa, but it has not gained
official recognition by any country.

The United State And Genocide Of ISAAQ
 In 1998 the US Department of Defense made an official statement
regard in the Somali government's policy towards the Isaaq tribe.
 It explains the balance of forces in the Somali civil war, presents the
reasons for war between the Ogaden and Isaaq tribes, and reports on
the artillery attacks and aerial bombings of the cities
 It reports that only in 7 months, 5,000 Isaaq people were killed. In the
statement, the concept of genocide is never mentioned apart from the
opening question and it explicitly spells out that Somalis, including
those of the Isaaq tribe, are not eligible for refugee status.

Background:
 The ouster of president Siad Barre in January 1991.
 In November, the most intense fighting since January broke out in
Mogadishu between two factions namely Somali national alliance
(SNA) & breakaway faction of united Somali congress (USC).
 Almost 4.5 million peoples in Somalia (over half of estimated
Somali population) were threatened to severe mal-nutrition and
malnutrition-related diseases.
 Furthermore, it was estimated that perhaps 300,000 people were died
since November 1991 and at least 1.5 Million lives were on
immediate risk.
 The political chaos, deteriorating security conditions, massive
physical destruction causing a dire need for emergency humanitarian
assistance.
Source: www.un.org

UNOSOM I (April 1992 – March 1993)

UNOSOM II (March 1993 – April 1995)

4. Establish independent and
accountable justice institutions
capable of addressing the
justice needs of the people of
Somalia by delivering justice
for all.
2. Revitalize and expand the
Somali economy with a focus
on livelihood enhancement,
employment generation, and
broad-based inclusive growth.
3. Achieve a stable
and peaceful federal
Somalia through
inclusive political
processes.
1. Establish unified,
capable, accountable and
rights based Somali federal
security institutions
providing basic safety and
security for its citizens
Peacebuilding and Statebuilding Goals (PSGs):
5. Increase the delivery of equitable, affordable,
and sustainable services that promote national
peace and reconciliation among Somalia’s regions
and citizens and enhance transparent and
accountable revenue generation and equitable
distribution and sharing of public resources.
Source: www.somalia-newdeal-conference.eu

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THANK YOU! Made and presented by:
1) Maliha Amanat (DS-031)
2) Maheen Arif (DS-020)
3) Zainab Arif (DS-040)
4) Ramsha Naz
5) Mehmoodah Mehmood (DS-
6) Mashood Tariq (DS-034)
7) Muhammed Asim (DS-035)

Country Profile: Somalia

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