OpenRepGrid – An Open Source Software for the Analysis of Repertory Grids
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Workshop held at the 11th Biennial Conference of the European Personal Construct Association (EPCA), Dublin, Irland, June 2012. If you have any questions about OpenRepgrid visit the OpenRepGrid Google group under http://groups.google.com/group/openrepgrid
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OpenRepGrid – An Open Source Software for the Analysis of Repertory Grids
- 1. OpenRepGrid An R package for the analysis of repertory grids EPCA Conference, Dublin, June 30, 2012 Mark Heckmann University of Bremen, Germany
- 2. PART I • Motivation for OpenRepGrid • Why R? • The OpenRepGrid project PART II • Gettings started with R • Gettings started with OpenRepGrid • Basic grid analysis PART III • Creating a report • Adding functionality
- 3. Part I
- 6. Clinicians Researchers Business consultant User diversity leads to Coaches different user needs …
- 7. General requirements for (grid) software • Durability • Availability • Functionality • Compatibility • Documentation • Openness • Extensibility • Usability
- 9. No grid software offers all methods of analysis that have been devised in the literature Source: http://callcentersindia.files.wordpress.com/2010/06/selection-process.png
- 10. Journal of Constru ctivist Psychology, 13:1–26, 2000 Copyright ã 2000 Taylor & Francis 1072-0537/00 $12.00 + .00 THE STRUCTURAL QUADRANTS METHOD: A NEW APPROACH TO THE ASSESSMENT OF CONSTRUCT SYSTEM COMPLEXITY VIA THE REPERTORY GRID JOSEP GALLIFA and LUIS BOTELLA Department of Psychology, Ramon Llull Un iversity, Barcelona, Spain This article presents a new mathematical m ethod (the Structu ral Quadrants M ethod) for the assessm ent of constru ct system complexity via the repertory grid. The Struc- tural Q uadrants M ethod (SQ M ) is presented step by step, and its sensitivity to grid structu re is illustrated by applying it to five case studies. A validational study demonstrating the discrim inative power of the SQ M and comparing it to tradi- tional measures is included. Results indicate that the SQ M discrim inates between a group of 11 experts and one of 11 novices in term s of grid com plexity as expected (i.e., detecting high degrees of differentiation and integration in the experts’ grids and low degrees of differentiation and integration in the novices’ grids). The dis- crim inative power of the SQ M is unparalleled by the traditional measures of grid structu re compared in this article. The article ends with a section on the distinctive advantages of the S QM and som e suggest ions for future research.
- 11. No framework to support experimental types of analysis Not extensible by user
- 12. The output of most programs does not easily lend itself to subsequent computation Source: http://www.jacksofscience.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/computing_occurs.jpg
- 13. Development by a single person or a small group of researchers, each with their own special competencies in a certain field of research and often limited time resources. (Fromm, 2009)
- 14. No joint community effort to improve a program: Development and documentation is delegated to the software providers Source: http://www.kirchen-und-kapellen.de/images/content/Community.jpg
- 15. “the programs that are currently available have a short shelf-life in that they are unlikely to be updated once their creators have retired” (Fransella, Bannister & Bell, 2004, p. 38) Discontinued development once its initiators have moved on to other fields or retired Source: h1p://evolu+on.berkeley.edu/evosite/misconceps/images/misconcep+ons_beavers2.gif
- 16. What to do? • Software design that enables users to contribute to its development • Set up infra- and communication structures to foster participation in a joint development Go Open Source!
- 17. Why ?
- 18. • Because I am familiar with it • is the lingua franca in the field of statistics • runs on all major platforms • is managable by non-programmers • becomes increasingly popular within the social sciences
- 19. Muenchen, R. A. (2012). Popularity of data analysis software. http://r4stats.com/articles/popularity/
- 20. • provides an underlying framework for further computations • provides a wealth of functionality
- 21. Muenchen, R. A. (2012). Popularity of data analysis software. http://r4stats.com/articles/popularity/
- 22. • provides an underlying framework for further computations • provides a wealth of functionality • fosters extensibility (GUI, 3D etc.) Suitable for Open Source grid software development
- 23. OpenRepGrid project OpenRepGrid R package OpenRepGrid Wiki
- 24. User entry points • Give feedback: bug reports, suggestions ... • Supply method descriptions to trigger development • Provide R code snippets • Generate tutorials and case studies • Join the R package development team
- 25. Development phases Phase 1 Phase 2 • Create wide range of • Adding graphical user analysis methods interface • Development of Wiki • Target: Researchers • Target: Practicioners and casual users
- 26. Part II
- 27. Setup + www.r-project.org www.rstudio.org
- 28. 28
- 29. Basics • R is interactive • Navigate through former commands by pressing up and down arrows • Everything after a hash (#) is a comment • Execute a command by pressing the enter- key 29
- 30. Using R as a calculator 4 + 4 ! ! ! ! !# Addition! 4 - 1 ! ! ! !# Subtraction! 4 / 2 ! ! ! ! !# Division! 2 * 2 ! ! ! ! !# Multiplication! 2^2 ! ! ! !# Power! ! 2 + 2 * 3! ! !# standard calculating rules ! 2 * 2^3 ! ! ! ! !! (2-1) * (2+2) ! !# standard use of brackets! 30
- 31. Variable assignments ! a <- 2 + 2 ! !# assignment operator! ! a ! ! ! ! !# variable value is 4! ! a <- 100 ! ! # change variable value! a * 10 ! ! ! ! !# use the variable ! ! a <- ”Some text" !# assign text to variable! a * 10 ! ! !# error! 31
- 32. Objects Objects (Variables) names may contain numbers, letters, underscores or dots. The name must not contain a function (+, - *, / etc.). object1 <- 10! object.1 <- hallo ! ! Names are case sensitive myObject <- 1! myobject <- 2 32
- 33. Functions Function (lat. performance, execution) Every function uses round brackets c() ! a <- c(3,4,5)! ! ! rnorm()! rnorm(4)! ! ! 33
- 34. Functions Commands inside the function’s round brackets are called arguments. A function may take zero to many arguments. rnorm(3) ! [1] -0.3628728 -0.4580532 -1.3729865! ! Every function has a documented set of arguments ! ?rnorm! ! 34
- 35. Nurse, get on the internet, go to SURGERY.COM, scroll down and click on the , Are you totally lost? icon. 35
- 36. R Help System 36
- 37. Some functions a <- c(1.2, 3.3, 6.5)! round(a) ! !! sum(a) ! ! ! mean(a) ! ! ! ! 37
- 38. Extracting vector elements a[1]! ! ! ! ! !# retrieve first element! ! a[c(1,2)]! ! ! !# elements 1 and 2! ! ! # Delete elements! a[-1] ! ! ! !# delete first element! ! ! a <- a[-1]! 38
- 39. Matrices ?matrix! m <- matrix(1:9, ncol=3)! ! m[rows , columns]! ! m[1 , ] ! ! !# first row, all columns! m[ , 1] ! ! !# frist column, all rows! m[1:2, 1]! ! !# first two rows, all columns! ! m[-1, ] ! ! !# delete first row! ! ! 39
- 40. Replace matrix elements m[1, 1] <- 999! m! ! ! m[1 , ] <- c(90,91,92)! m! !! 40
- 41. Exploring software features on www.openrepgrid.org
- 42. Web Repository with 3.500+ packages OpenRepGrid Load package when starting R
- 45. Part III
- 46. Task Create a function that counts the number of midpoint ratings
- 47. Logical operators TRUE! FALSE! ! 2 == 1 ! ! ! ! !# equal?! c(1,2,1,3) == 1 !! 47
- 48. Writing new functions f <- function(){! !# some R commands! }! f()! ! ! f <- function(x){! !x! }! f(12)! ! !
- 49. Writing new functions f <- function(x){! !sum(x) / length(x)! }! ! a <- c(1,2,3,4) ! f(a)! ! !
- 50. ! midpoints <- function(x) { ! !scores <- getRatingLayer(x) ! !mid <- getScaleMidpoint(x) ! !sum(scores == mid)! }! ! midpoints(bell2010)!
- 51. Task Calculate the Slater distance for all grids bewteen the elements „A party I would vote for“ and „The Green Party (Grüne)“
- 52. slater <- lapply(x, distanceSlater, out=F)! sapply(slater , function(x) x[1,6])!
- 53. markheckmann.github.com/ OpenRepGrid/
- 54. Writing a report
- 55. out now!
- 56. Creating reports for OpenRepGrid RStudio +
- 57. Using R markdown • Markdown is a lightweight language to structure a document • R code chunks can be directly included • Include R code between the following tags ```{r} # Some R Code here ```
- 58. Press to generate document Insert tags
- 60. Want to participate? You have suggestions or ideas? Just get in touch!
- 61. Literature • Fransella, F., Bell, R. C., & Bannister, D. (2004). A manual for repertory grid technique (2nd ed.). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. • Fromm, M. (2009). Grid Software. European Personal Construct Association. Retrieved July 25, 2010, from http://www.epca-net.org/ repgrid/software • Heckmann, M. (2011). OpenRepGrid - An R package for the analysis of repertory grids (Unpublished diploma thesis). University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany. • Muenchen, R. A. (2011). The Popularity of Data Analysis Software. Retrieved March 28, 2011, from http://sites.google.com/site/ r4statistics/popularity • R Development Core Team. (2011). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. ISBN 3-900051-07-0, URL http://www.R-project.org/.