fundamental part of atom

1. 4 th Trath C urs o Nuc a Tehno g
4 ining o e n le r c lo y
35 Seminar on Nuclear Science
fo U rs forgHigh School Science
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Philippinef ScienceandTechnoloResearch Institute
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Department of Science and Technology
Commonwealth Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City
Module
on
QUARKS – The Elementary
Particle s Presented to
Ms. Soledad S. Castañeda
Dr. Evangeline K. Parami
Mr. Leonardo S. Leopando
Presented to
Presented by
Sarah C. Johnson
Ms. Soledad S. Castaneda – Chair
Norberto T. Alcantara
Gabriel C. Barretto
Dr. Evangeline K. Parami
Christopher O. Mendoza
Mr. Leonardo s. Leopando
Presented by
Maribel Romero – Beroin
Ma. Lenalyn Q. Manzano
George G. Tagura
Editha F. Pilon
Cecilia A. Domingo

2. TO THE STUDENT
Mabuhay!
Welcome to this module! You must be very
excited to read and explore this module. The
activities in here have been designed to provide
you with rich
and stimulating learning experiences that will
help you understand better the
Elementary Particles : The Quarks.
So sit back and familiarize yourself as you go
along with the different parts of this module.

3. INTRODUCTION
One of the primary goals in modern physics is to answer
the question "What is the Universe made of?" Often that question
reduces to "What is matter and what holds it together?" This
continues the line of investigation started by Democritus, Dalton and
Rutherford. In the past, people thought that atoms were
unbreakable, so the hydrogen atom was considered the smallest
particle. At the start of the 20th century, however, it was discovered
that atoms are made up of protons, neutrons and electrons. Today we
know that the electron is really indivisible and
so fundamental, however protons and neutrons appear to be built out
of much smaller particles: quark.
This module aim to discuss the following lessons:
1. The Quark: An Elementary Particle
2. Quarks Flavor
3. Quarks Charges
4. Naming of Quarks
5. A little about Hadrons

4. What are the parts of this module?
MODULE TITLE and INTRODUCTION appears
on the first page of the module. The title are
followed by a picture and a brief introduction
which tells you what the module covers. You
should read carefully the title and the introduction
to give you an idea of the exciting things in store
for you.
WHAT THIS MODULE IS ABOUT provides you
insights on what you are going to learn. This section
encourages you to read carefully the activities you
need to work on.
TARGET This section lists what you should learn
after going through the activities in the module. You
can use this list to check your own learning.
HOW TO WORK FROM THIS MODULE. This section
provides the steps that you need to do in
accomplishing the activities..

5. PRE - TEST Assesses what you already know
about the skills you will learn in the module. Do not
worry if you fail to answer all the question. After
working on the various module activities, you will take
similar test.
DISCUSSION consist of a variety of learning
experiences and exercises designed to help you develop
the skills and competencies covered in this module. You
should not skip any of the activities. They have been
sequenced to help you achieve what you are expected
to learn from this module. After each exercise, you are
invited to check your answer under the Check Yourself
section.
POST TEST. After you have work on all the
activities in the module, check on how much you have
achieved
CHECK YOURSELF provides the answers to the
exercises as well as the answers to the HOW
MUCH DO YOU KNOW and HOW MUCH DID
YOU LEARN. After checking your answer, go over
the topics or items you missed.
•Bibliography
•Glossary

6. WHAT THIS MODULE IS
ABOUT?
Long time ago people believe
that atom was the smallest
particle of matter. Then
they discover the three
particles, electron proton
and neutron. Today, the most
accepted current idea is that
the nucleus is made
of protons and neutrons, but
these protons and neutrons
are themselves made of still
smaller, simpler particles
called quarks. But what is
a quark? How do we know
they exist?
This module would bring to the forefront of our
minds the importance of studying quarks to
better understand the behavior of matter.

7. TARGETS
At the end of the lesson, learner
should be able to:
1) Define quark,
2) Identify the six (6) flavors of quark,
3) Give the characteristics of each
flavors,
4) Be familiarize with other subatomic
particles, and
5) Practice patience and honesty

8. TARGET POPULATION
These module is designed for 4th
year high school students of private
and public institution, and for all
those who are interested and
concerned with the lesson.

9. HOW TO WORK FROM THIS
MODULE
1. Study the cover. Read the title. What does it
mean to you? Look at the picture. What do you
see? From the title and the pictures what do you
think is the module about?
2. Go over the pages of the module. What are the
different parts? What do you think you will learn?
What do you think you will be doing?
3. Read the sections, What This Module Is About
and What You Are Expected To Learn. Were your
guesses right? Are you clear now on what you will
learn and do?
4. You will find exercises to work on. Write you
answers on these exercises on a separate
sheet or in your Science notebook.
5. Check your answers to each exercise against The
Key to Correction. Read carefully the sentences
that explain the answer.
Good Luck!

10. Before you go on, find out
how much is your knowledge
about the topic. Try to
answer first the Pre-test.
Well, Good luck…

11. PRE - TEST
Direction: Write the letter of the best answer that
correctly identifies the parts of atom. (Write your
answer on a separate sheet). For number 1-4. Use
the Choices below.
1.
2.
4
3
a. Atom b. Proton c. Neutron d. Electron d. Nucleus
For numbers 5-10 Complete the Table
particle charge quarks
proton
neutron
electron

12. KEY TO CORRECTION
 1. D
 2. B
 3. C
7 - 10
 4. E
 5.+1
 6.0 4-6
 7.-1
 8.
up, up, down 3 - below
 9.
up, down, do
wn
 10. none

13. Now, I guess you’re ready to
know more about the
elementary particle called
quark.
Just sit tight and have fun
reading…
Let us now
proceed to
the lesson
proper

14. DISCUSSION OF THE TOPIC

15. But first, let us
have a little word
hunt. Find the
hidden words inside
the puzzle.
N F L A V O R B T T
 Atom
 Bottom C U E L E C T R O N
 Charm H Y U K N L B A P S
 Color
A P P B E A T O M C
 Electron
 Flavor R R I Q U A R K S O
 Hadron MO M A T T E R E L
 Matter
 Neutron D T S T R A N G E O
 Nucleus B O T T O M N M S R
 Quarks
J N G Q N O R D A H
 Proton
 Strange F Q N U C L E U S O

16. DEFINE QUARK
Quark(/ˈ kwɔrk/ or /ˈkwɑrk) is
an elementary particle and
are fundamental matter particles
that are constituents of neutrons
and protons and other hadrons.

17. FLAVORS OF QUARK
 There are six different
Types of quarks. Each
quark type is called a
flavor.
 They are known
as flavors: up, down,
charm, strange, top, and bottom.
 Quarksmake up the three quark
baryons, the two-quark mesons,
and the recently discovered five –
quark pentaquarks
.

18.  Down quarks are generally
stable and the most
common in the universe.
 Up and down quarks have
the lowest masses of all
quarks.
 Whereas charm, strange,
top, and bottom quarks can
only be produced in high
energy collisions (e.g.
involving cosmic rays and
in particle accelerators)

19.  The heavier quarks rapidly change
into up and down quarks through a
process of particle decay.
So that is
how quarks
decay !
While
here, let us
compare the
quarks
.…Oops
please don’t
get me wrong
but this is
not how
quarks really
look like.

20. CHARGE OF QUARKS
The sum of the
quark charges,
determine the
charge of the
nuclear particle.
Sounds difficult,, see
the next page…

21. Do you know why
protons have an
electrical charge of
+1? And why
neutrons have no
charge? Observe….
Protons have two up quarks and
one down quark
(+2/3 ) + (+2/3 ) + (-1/3) = +1
Neutrons have one up quark and
two down quarks.
(+2/3) + (-1/3) + (-1/3) = 0
Why don’t we have a little
mental gymnastic..

22. Q&A
Q: WHAT ELECTRONS ARE MADE OF?
A: NOTHING, ELECTRONS ARE
FUNDAMENTAL…
AS FAR AS WE KNOW.
 ENRICHMENT:
 1. What would be the charge of a
particle composed of three up
quark?
 2. What is the electric charge of
the particle with the following
quark composition?
 A. udd
 B. uud
b. positive
2. a. no charge or uncharge 1. +2
ANSWERS:

23. ETYMOLOGY
 Gell-Mann originally named the
quark after the sound made by
ducks. For some time, he was
undecided on an actual spelling for
the term he intended to coin, until
he found the word quark in James
Joyce's book Finnegan’s Wake:
 Three quarks for Muster Mark!
Sure he has not got much of a bark
And sure any he has it's all beside
the mark.
—James Joyce, Finnegan’s Wake.

24. HOW DID QUARKS GET THEIR
NAMES?
 There are six flavors of quarks. “Flavors”
just means different kinds. The two lightest
are called up and down.
 The 3rd quark is called strange. It was
named after the “strangely” long lifetime of
the K particle, the first composite particle
found to contain this quark
Look at the given figure below…
Trace the year where the quarks
were discovered.

25. MORE OF QUARKS HERE…
 The 4th quark type, the charm
quark, was named on a whim. It
was discovered in 1974 almost
simultaneously at both the Stanford
Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC)
and at Brookhaven National
Laboratory.
 The 5th and 6th quarks were
sometimes called truth and beauty in
the past, but even physicist thought
that was too cute. The bottom quark
was first discovered at Fermi National
Lab (Fermiland) in 1977, in a
composite particle called Upsilon.
 The top quark was discovered
last, also at Fermilab, in 1995.

26. Before we end
our lesson
would you like
to know hadron
HADRON
first? Anyway,
 a Hadron (/hædrɒn/; Greek: hadrós, "s
tout, thick") is a composite particle
made of quarks held together by
the strong force
 Hadrons are categorized into two
families: baryons (made of three
quarks) and mesons (made of one
quark and one antiquark).
 The best-known hadrons are protons
and neutrons, which are components
of atomic nuclei. All hadrons except
protons are unstable and
undergo particle decay–however
neutrons are stable inside atomic
nuclei.

27. POST - TEST
 Direction: Write the letter of the best answer that
correctly identifies the parts of atom. (Write your
answer on a separate sheet). For number 1-4. Use
the Choices below.
1.
2.
4
3
a. Atom b. Proton c. Neutron d. Electron d. Nucleus
For numbers 5-10 Complete the Table
particle charge quarks
proton
neutron
electron

28. Let us then find out how
much have you learned?
Answer the Post – test
and see if you can
answer it perfectly…..

29. KEY TO CORRECTION
 1. D
 2. B
 3. C
7 - 10
 4. E
 5.+1
 6.0 4-6
 7.-1
 8.
up, up, down 3 - below
 9.
up, down, do
wn
 10. none

30. BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. Books
 Faughn, Jerry S. and Seeway, Raymond A.
Physics, Teacher Edition. Pp 814 – 825. Holt
Rinechart & Winston: A harcourt Education
Company, 2006.
 Zitsewitz, Eliot, Haase, Harper, Herzog, Nelson,
Nelson , Schuler, and Zorn. Physics, Principles and
Problems, Wrap Around Edition. McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc. 2005.
B. Other Sources
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadron
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark
http://www2.slac.stanford.edu/vvc/theory/quarks.html
http://hepwww.rl.ac.uk/public/phil/glossary.html
http://encyclopedia.farlex.com/Quark+theory

31. GLOSSARY
 Quark
A fundamental particle. Six types
(or flavours) of quarks are
known. Up and down flavours are constituents
ofprotons and neutrons.The other, heavier, quarks
are called strange, charm,bottom, and top.
 Electron
A negatively charged particle (lepton)
making up the outer shell ofthe atom.
 Positron
An Anti-electon.The positively-
charged antiparticle of anelectron.
 Muon
A heavier flavour of leptonthan the electron.
 Tau
The heaviest known lepton.

32. Neutrino
An uncharged, massless (or at least
extremely light), lepton.Like the charged leptons, they
can come in three types
(or flavours):electron neutrinos, muonneutrinos,or tau
neutrinos.
Anti-neutrino
The antiparticle of aneutrino
Baryons
Particles consisting of
three quarks.Neutrons,protons, and the lambdas areall
baryons.
Mesons
A family of particles consisting of
a quark and an anti-quark.pions, kaons,and B-
mesons are all mesons.
Hadrons
Particles made up of quarks. There
are two types of hadrons:baryons and mesons.

33. Leptons
A family of particles consisting of
the electron,the muon and the tau, along with their
neutrinos.
Proton
A positively-charged particle (baryon)
consisting of two up and onedownquarks which is found
in and makes up the atomicnucleus.
Neutron
A neutral particle (baryon) consisting
of two down and oneup quarks which is found in and
makesup the atomic nucleus.
Lambda
The lightest
strange baryon, consisting of one up, one down,and
one strange quark.
Pion
Pions are the lightest mesons. They
consist of up and down quarks (eg. the pi+ consists of
an up quark and a down anti-quark).
kaon
The lightest
strange meson, consisting of an up or down quark, with
a strange anti-quark.

34. B-meson
One of the heaviest mesons, containing a
bottom quark.
Strong Force
A force which
binds quarks together.Its range is limited to the
distances between quarks in hadrons, but an indirect
effect of the strong force is to bind protons
and neutronstogether to form nuclei.The strong force is
carried by gluons.
Electromagnetic force
A force with infinite range which acts
between objectsaccording to their charge. Specific
cases are the electric and magnetic forces.The
electromagnetic force is carried by photons.
Weak Force
Interactions that change
the flavour of particles; for example thedecay of
a neutron into a proton,electron, and anti-neutrino; are
governed bythe weak force. The weak force is the only
one that affects neutrinos.
Electroweak Force
A force resulting from the
combination of theelectromagnetic force and theweak
force