industrial Biochemistry

1. Preparation of detergents
Maria Arshad
BC-12-05
BZU –MULTAN
PAKISTAN

2. Introduction
• Detergents are the sodium salts of sulphonic acid.
• Detergent are primarily Surfactants, which could be
produced easily from petrochemicals. Surfactants
lower the surface tension of water, essentially making
it “wetter” so that it is less likely to stick to itself and
more likely to interact with oil and grease.
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3. Chemical Composition
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5. EXAMPLES OF DETERGENTS
• Two basic examples of well-known detergents of
the sulphonate group or the sulphate
group are:
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6. Chemical Classification Of Detergents
• Anionic Detergents
• Cationic Detergents
• Zwitterionic Detergents
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7. Anionic Detergents
• Typical anionic detergents are
alkylbenzenesulfonates.
• alkylbenzene portion of these anions is lipophilic
and the sulfonate is hydrophilic.
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8. Cationic detergents
• Cationic detergents are similar to the anionic ones, with a
hydrophobic component, but, instead of the anionic sulfonate
group, the cationic surfactants have quaternary ammonium as the
polar end. The ammonium center is positively charged.
• The most common is Acetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide.
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9. zwitterionic detergents
• Zwitterionic detergents possess a net zero charge arising from the
presence of equal numbers of +1 and −1 charged chemical groups.
Examples include CHAPS.(3-[(3-
cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate)
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10. Ingredients
Surfactants
Acids
Alkalis
Plasticizers
 Binders
Water
Enzymes
Fragrance causing agents
Bleaches
Dyes & Pigments
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11. Chemical Reaction
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12. Industrial Preparation
Powder detergents are produced by
• spray drying process
• agglomeration process
• Dry mixing process
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13. Spray Drying Process
1.In the spray drying process, dry and liquid
ingredients are first combined into a slurry, or
thick suspension, in a tank called a crutcher.
2.The slurry is heated and then pumped to the top
of a tower where it is sprayed through nozzles
under high pressure to produce small droplets.
The droplets fall through a current of hot air,
forming hollow granules as they dry.
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14. Continue..
3.The dried granules are collected from the bottom
of the spray tower where they are screened to
achieve a relatively uniform size.
4.After the granules have been cooled, heat
sensitive ingredients that are not compatible
with the spray drying temperatures (such as
bleach, enzymes and fragrance) are added.
5.The final step is the packing of Detergents.
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16. Hard Water & its effect on
Detergents..
• Hard water contains dissolved calcium and
magnesium compounds such as:
 magnesium hydrogen carbonate [Mg(HCO3)2]
 calcium hydrogen carbonate [Ca(HCO3)2]
 magnesium sulfate [MgSO4]
 calcium sulfate [CaSO4]
• detergent molecules have a long chain of carbon and
hydrogen atoms, but at the end of the molecule there is
this group -SO3
- called sulphonate ,so hard water does
not effect its cleaning action because they are soluble in
hard water and do not form scum.
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17. Advantages of Detergents.
• Since detergents are the salts of strong acids they do
not decompose in acidic medium. Thus detergents
can effectively clean fabric even if the water is acidic.
• Synthetic detergents are more soluble in water than
soaps.
• They have a stronger cleansing action than soaps.
• As detergents are derived from petroleum they save
on natural vegetable oils, which are important as
essential cooking medium
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