SD_WAN_NFV_White_Paper

White paper | Future networking and its implications for businesses
www.uk.fujitsu.com
Future networking and its
implications for businesses
After a long period of stability the network landscape is changing dramatically driven
by the emergence of public cloud and hybrid IT, the shift of network functions to
software running on commodity servers, and the move to network orchestration.
Executive summary 2
Networks today 3
The impact of Cloud and Hybrid IT on networking 4
The software defined WAN 6
Emerging network technologies in practice 8
Conclusions 12
References and glossary 13
Contents

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Executive summary
After a long period of stability the network landscape is
changing dramatically. This change is driven by the
emergence of public cloud and hybrid IT, the shift of
network functions to software running on commodity
servers, and the move to network orchestration.
The creation of Software Defined WAN (SD-WAN) solutions
and the use of overlay networks to move the VPN out of
the domain of the operator and into the hands of the end
consumer provides a business with much more control of
its own network and frees it up from reliance on individual
network operators. In particular the ability to deploy the
SD-WAN over heterogeneous networks and to provide
connectivity between sites directly over the internet
provides a new level of flexibility.
The increasing maturity of Network Functions Virtualisation
(NFV) solutions that can be deployed directly to business
locations allow the same flexibility of networking in the
LAN and WAN edge that is available today in the Cloud.
The ability to deploy network functions as software directly
to a site, without compromising performance and security,
will create a flexible and future proof network. In this
environment changes can be made quickly and without
the need for expensive site visits, the high degree of
automation such solutions provide also reduces the time
required to implement network changes.
These technology advances bring the potential for
significant cost savings. SD-WAN will allow a business to
reduce network spend by substituting expensive carrier
services with lower cost Internet services, where this is
practical. The multi-carrier capabilities of SD-WAN can be
exploited to improve the resilience of services by using
diverse infrastructure without paying a premium for
resilience. Additional benefits for a business will come
from reduced setup and support costs through use of zero
touch provisioning, and the ability to quickly restore
services after network outage or catastrophic failure.
The flexibility of NFV and the move from deploying
hardware to deploying software functions translates to a
reduction in Capex and Opex spending over the lifetime of
a network service. All of these benefits are further
amplified by the Opex reductions inherent in modern
orchestrated solutions.
Fujitsu believe that seen from the view of a network
consumer these technology developments are entirely
positive, and will herald a change in mind-set over the
next five years. In this new world the network will
increasingly be seen as an enabler for service delivery
rather than as a problematic barrier that has to be
overcome.
The final part of this paper shows how these various
capabilities may be blended together to provide a
business with a framework for network services that will
create a flexible and cost effective ICT platform on which to
deliver the vision for future networking. This includes a
solution for hybrid cloud networking, an SD-WAN with
global reach and a flexible NFV solution to enable network
enhancements to be rapidly and cost effectively deployed.

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The networks that carriers deploy today have an
architecture that has been refined over a number of years.
Some aspects of this architecture are to a degree fixed by
geography and topology, others are more variable and
subject to changing design views. A typical (fixed) carrier
network architecture is shown below.
Mobile infrastructure replaces the access network with a
Radio Access Network (RAN). The RAN connects to a
specialised aggregation network (which now must support
low latency transport, synchronisation and timing) for
transport to the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) function at the
boundary of the mobile network (which may be located
either at the Service Provider cloud or in the data centre in
the above architecture).
In today’s traditional networking the solution typically
used for corporate or government networks is to purchase
a Virtual Private Network (VPN) from the carrier (or from a
service provider managing the carrier) and use this service
to connect together the various customer locations. The
technology of choice for providing this solution has been
to use an MPLS BGP VPN which provides a scalable layer 3
service (i.e. IP routed) that allows for each different VPN to
operate independently of other VPNs supported by the
carrier, for example by supporting fully overlapping IP
address spaces. This is achieved by providing a Customer
Edge (CE) router at each customer site, which acts as their
dedicated router, and connecting this to a Provider Edge
(PE) router, which is typically the service edge router
shown in figure 1. The PE router supports a number of
Virtual Routing Functions (VRFs), one per VPN, and uses
the BGP protocol to distribute routes for each VPN and the
MPLS layer to forward the traffic over the core network.
The MPLS BGP VPN solution is mature, well understood
and scales reasonably well, supporting large complex
topologies. While optimisations of the technology have
been progressively delivered (for example Multicast BGP
VPNs and Segment Routing) the fundamental approach
has remained the same since around the year 2000.
Although MPLS BGP VPNs perform well they fall short in a
couple of areas. The first one is that they are really single
network provider solutions and adding a second network
requires a second VPN. The second issue with them is that
they are relatively complex to provision and carry a price
tag to match.
Networks today
Fig.1 Typical (fixed) carrier network architecture

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The advent of server virtualisation, cloud and Hybrid IT has
changed the way networks are used by end consumers.
Increasingly traffic flows are converging on data centres
and this centralisation of IT services means that the
network is now business and mission critical in
organisations where it might previously have been
considered a luxury. This widespread adoption of cloud
and its impact on the data centre and the network can be
seen in the projections made by the Cisco Global Cloud
Index study. Cisco predict that global IP data centre traffic
will triple between 2014 and 2019 and that 83% of this
traffic will be cloud traffic [Ref 1].
Hybrid IT is a major driver in the consumption of cloud
services and therefore of the networks providing cloud
connectivity. Hybrid IT enables organizations to achieve
higher levels of IT agility and cost efficiencies by effectively
presenting all public and private cloud networking and
compute resources as a single unified platform. Hybrid IT
provides cloud resource that are able to scale and flex at a
cost-efficient price point to meet current and future
business needs. This means an organisation can run
mission critical services on secure private cloud, whilst
using a cloud burst model to deploy resource intensive
short duration services on resilient public cloud platforms
that can scale on demand. Provided high quality network
connectivity is available it is now possible to deploy, and
indeed turn off, massively scalable compute resources
without incurring huge capital costs.
The cloud model has also changed customer expectations
as to network flexibility and cost models, with a move
towards consumption based charging and network on
demand. In this model connectivity between servers and
storage within a customer cloud is achieve using virtual
network components that run in software and are
deployed and deleted as part of the cloud service. This is
known as cloud networking.
The continual rate of change of network connectivity,
particularly in data centres, has forced the industry to
innovate and to automate network deployments. This in
turn has led to the development of overlay networking
within data centres with technologies such as VMWare’s
NSX, Openstack equivalents such as Midokura’s MidoNet
and Cisco’s hardware centric ACI. These overlay networks
deploy a set of logical connectivity over the top of the
physical servers and switches and provide a way to
programmatically change reachability within this virtual
layer, as required by the continual reserving and releasing
of compute and storage resources.
The impact of Cloud and Hybrid IT on networking
Data Centre Network
Orchestration
Controller
Top-of-Rack
Switches
Control Interface
Overlay Tunnels
e.g. VX-LAN, NVGRE, MPLS
vRouters
vSwitches
WAN Gateway
VM
VM
VM
VM
VM
VM
VM
VM
Fig.2 Overlay networking in a data centre

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Overlay solutions typically provide micro-segmented layer
2 networks to the end applications but are delivered using
layer 3 transport solutions such as VXLAN, NVGRE and even
in some cases MPLS. These technologies also include
optimisations intended to scale layer 2 networks within a
data centre (for example both NSX and ACI have
mechanisms to remove the need to flood traffic and to
broadcast ARP messages).
The dynamic approaches to networking that first appeared
in the data centre have started to migrate to the WAN and
in some cases to the LAN. The ability to deploy cloud
networking as a virtual function led to the development of
Network Functions Virtualisation (NFV) which was
launched as an industry initiative by ETSI with their NFV
white paper [Ref 2]. NFV took the concept of cloud
networking and applied it to carrier and enterprise grade
infrastructure networking. NFV made it possible to deploy
wire speed networking at significant scale on commodity
Intel x86 hardware from the Ivy Bridge generation of Intel
Xeon processors and later. The initial applications of NFV
were primarily targeted within the carrier network, over
time this has broadened in scope to include a number of
other networking environments including the enterprise
and public sector domains.
These changes have had a significant impact on network
operators, and in assessing future network technologies it
is useful to consider what these are and how the operators
may react. In theory the future for network operators
should be bright as the network becomes an intrinsic part
of any business and increasing volumes of traffic are
terminating in data centres (in fact the large traffic
growths predicted by Cisco’s Visual Networking Index are to
a degree driven by video traffic [Ref 3]). In addition to the
business and cloud services operators are also reaping the
benefits of deploying mobile data on 4G networks and the
increasing adoption of high speed internet using copper
and fibre access links, both of which drive traffic volumes
[Ref 4]. The emergence of the Internet of Things with its
need for ubiquitous connectivity is also a potential upside
for mobile operators, and NFV offers them both
operational savings and operational flexibility.
However the reality is that network operators are not
finding the new world easy to live in. In the new world
services are created by the so called Over The Top (OTT)
providers, who retain the majority of the income for their
new generation of services. They are able to leverage
hyper scale technologies such as Cloud to strictly limit their
costs and they simply use the carrier network as a
fulfilment channel. Just how tough it is for network
operators can be seen by looking at their Return on Capital
Investment which is historically very poor, and a trend that
appears to be continuing (possibly accelerating) today.
Between 2004 and 2013 the industry average ROI was
below 8% [Ref 5]. A recent report on the big four European
operators showed that they all suffered a decline in return
on capital in 2015, averaging only 5% [Ref 6]. This
disconnect between the demands on the network and the
revenue it can provide to the network operator suggests
that there may be a degree of caution in future network
investments, with an eye on sweating assets as much as
providing high quality service. In such an environment end
users should consider what technologies they can employ
to maximise their Quality of Experience over networks that
may to a degree be capacity constrained.
One way for the end users of the network to reduce this
risk is to copy the OTT providers and treat the network
more as a commodity. This is now possible because of an
emerging technology called the Software Defined WAN
(SD-WAN). The SD-WAN takes the on demand nature of
cloud networking into the WAN and utilises overlay
networking to allow the end user to treat the WAN as
commodity, in the same way a data centre treats
infrastructure switches. Unlike MPLS this technology is
multi-network capable and can utilise Internet connectivity
to the cloud to provide near instant ubiquitous
connectivity.

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Corporate or
Government Site
SD-WAN
Controllers
Centralised Policy Management
Zero touch configuration,
Overlay management,
Corporate or
Government Site
Corporate or
Government Site
Corporate or
Government Site
Access TailSP Router SD-WAN RouterKey:
Internet
with SD-WAN
Overlay
The software defined WAN
SD-WAN allows an end user to build an overlay network on top of any number of heterogeneous networks, including
mobile networks, satellite networks, general internet services and existing MPLS leased line services. This approach is
shown in the following diagram:
A typical SD-WAN solution deploys an SD-WAN router at
each end user site, this can be a physical device or a VNF
(depending on SD-WAN vendor options). The SD-WAN
configuration is managed by a centralised controller
function (which is scalable) and each SD-WAN router on
initial deployment uses a set of credentials to connect to
the SD-WAN controller.
The controller holds the central policies that apply to the
SD-WAN and also provides a mechanism to push per site
specific configuration to each SD-WAN router as it
connects. The SD-WAN router learns the topology of the
VPN that it is part of and connects to its peer SD-WAN
routers using a secure tunnelling protocol, for example
IPsec. Where the SD-WAN router has connections to
multiple different access tails then it will build tunnels
over both access tails (subject to policy). The effect of this
is to create a self-building, overlay network that provides
secure connectivity over multiple potentially insecure
physical networks. This means that the end user can
utilise low cost solutions, such as business grade internet
broadband services, just as well as expensive MPLS
services (although latency, bandwidth, availability and
contention must always be considered on any physical
network).
While a full mesh of IPsec tunnels would present a
significant scalability and administration challenge a good
SD-WAN solution has a number of features that overcome
these traditional problems.
■■ The status of tunnels can be monitored in real time,
using technologies such as Bidirectional Forwarding
Detection (BFD) for status. This can include capabilities
to measure delay, jitter and packet loss and apply a
quality rating to the tunnel.
■■ Policy can be applied to control how tunnels are routed,
allowing a full mesh solution to be replaced with
architectures such as dual star or edge, core models.
This reduces the total number of tunnels and allows
for traffic aggregation and potentially the use of high
quality core network links over a smaller MPLS footprint
or alternatively a Carrier Ethernet transport network.
■■ Because link quality can be monitored in real time, a
capable SD-WAN solution can identify which links are
performing well and adjust traffic routing to account
for that. For example some links may be suitable for
delay sensitive traffic having low latency and loss,
while others may be suffering packet loss, have high
latency and or significant jitter. In this case critical delay
sensitive traffic would be switched to the low latency
low loss links and lower priority web browsing or non
real time video switched to the other links.
Fig.3 A Software Defined WAN Architecture

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The use of easily managed centralised policy also permits
reactive behaviour, so if for example a key network access
fails the traffic priorities and routing policies can react
accordingly, this ensures that in network degradation
cases mission critical traffic can be prioritised over all
others. A good SD-WAN solution will support both a
comprehensive Quality of Service (QoS) model and also
Deep Packet Inspection based application identification
and classification (which can be configured and tailored
for particular networks).
One benefit of SD-WAN is that it permits diverse
connectivity that can provide cost effective solutions for
access tail resilience that might not be available for a
traditional leased line network. For example in the UK
(within the on-net Virgin Media footprint) it is possible to
purchase a cable Internet service from Virgin Media, a
VDSL Internet Service from a company that uses the BT
Openreach network, and Mobile Internet services from
multiple mobile networks. This can then be SD-WAN
enabled by deploying one or more SD-WAN routers (for
resilience multiple routers meshed on-site). While this
service is less resilient than two diversely routed fibre
connections (there is always a risk of shared ducts or a
shared backhaul link somewhere) it is far more resilient
than a single leased line MPLS service.
SD-WAN solutions can also be blended with existing MPLS
services to supplement the bandwidth (perhaps using
VDSL for lower priority services) thus avoiding re-grades, or
providing a low cost burst solution for visiting conferences
Wi-Fi access.
In summary then SD-WAN solutions move the network
control out of the hands of the network operator into the
end consumer, they enable zero touch configuration and
connectivity over multiple access technologies and core
networks including Internet only solutions. In many cases
they can be made more resilient than single access MPLS
networks, and network providers can be added or removed
as needed. All that is needed for an SD-WAN solution to
work is a viable commercial Internet connection, and on a
world-wide basis these are increasingly becoming
commodity,
The Cisco Global Cloud Index, 2014–2019 [Ref 7], surveys
Internet speeds throughout the world and shows that the
mean speeds range from 28 Mbps download, 21 Mbps
upload in Central and Eastern Europe, to 7.0 Mbps
download, 2.2 Mbps upload in the Middle East and Africa.
These speeds will clearly be better in the cities than rural
regions and of course the situation is highly variable even
within a country. For an initial view of practical Internet
speeds in individual countries, Cisco provide Cloud
Readiness tool [Ref 8].
The increasing availability of Internet services, and the
operational benefits SD-WAN brings means that it is
growing rapidly as a solution for VPN connectivity on a
global basis. Over time it seems likely that MPLS will
largely return to its original role of high quality core packet
networking rather than as a delivery solution for layer 3
VPNs. Because SD-WAN is a relatively new innovation
(although built on long established technologies), care is
required in looking at market forecasts. However IDC
suggest that the worldwide SD-WAN market will exceed $6
Billion in 2020 with a CAGR of more than 90% between
2015 and 2020 [Ref 9].

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Emerging network technologies in practice
There are a number of key trends and technologies that
could be exploited by a business in considering the
options for future networking solutions. In particular:
■■ The emergence of ubiquitous fixed and mobile high
speed Internet Connectivity, in many countries.
■■ The development of SD-WAN technology for future VPN
solutions.
■■ The availability of NFV to enable flexible network
functions delivery to remote locations.
This section provides a conceptual architecture that
leverages these technologies and drills down into some of
the possible ways they may be implemented to bring
value to a public or private business.
Reference Architecture
The reference architecture is shown at a high level in figure
4 below.
Fig.4 Reference architecture

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Within an individual site the proposed reference architecture breaks down as follows.
The key points of this architecture are as follows.
■■ Each location may have access to a leased line MPLS
service, a broadband Internet service and a mobile
Internet service, plus satellite options as required.
■■ The reference architecture assumes an SD-WAN that
operates as an overlay on top of the various access and
core networks that transport the traffic. This allows
a business far more control of their VPN than would
be the case in a traditional network architecture (as
described on page 10).
■■ Within the individual site there are a number of options
that allow for one or more SD-WAN routers to be used to
connect to the various access types available at the site
(depending on availability and security requirements).
In order to accommodate a varied and possibly
continually evolving set of site networking capability
Fujitsu recommend the use of an x86 compute complex
running NFV (as described on page 11).
■■ Within the core network traffic may be carried over
the Internet or over a traditional global WAN. SD-WAN
would allow both approaches to be used simultaneously
in the case where access to a site was by an MPLS link
and by a broadband Internet service.
Fig.5 Site reference architecture
■■ The core networks provide access to the various public
and private clouds that a business is using for hybrid
IT. Fujitsu would recommend that where the business
is using a global WAN for high priority traffic that WAN
also provides high speed dedicated access links to
the various public and private clouds being used (for
example Azure, Amazon or Fujitsu’s K5 public and
private clouds).
■■ Above the network layer Fujitsu would recommend the
use of a cloud services manager to efficiently control
the cloud resources being consumed and costs incurred
in what is likely to be a dynamic environment in the
future.
■■ The SD-WAN and other network resources are managed
by a single network management platform that is able
to push configurations, monitor performance and report
faults over the whole estate. This single pane of glass
approach to management also enables the automation
of configuration and software updates, ensures
compliance with policy, and up to date patching of
security vulnerabilities.
■■ The NFV manager holds a catalogue of service chains of
VNFs that can be ordered by a business and controls the
deployment of these service chains to site as required.
This supports consumption model charging allowing
for the insertion and removal of specialised network
devices as required (see page 11).

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SD-WAN Considerations
By deploying SD-WAN as an overlay solution a business
can run a single logical network over multiple physical
networks and multiple network providers. Within each site
a blend of access types and services can be selected
(including traditional MPLS networks) to meet the
requirements and budget of each location. However where
this differs from a traditional MPLS approach is that all of
the addressing, policy, and site specific routing, remains
solely within domain of the business (or their managed
service provider). The various carriers simply provide
connectivity between the WAN IP addresses they assign to
each site.
The SD-WAN allows a business to classify traffic by
application, prioritise it and map it to preferred links or
individual VPNs. The performance and availability of each
end to end path through the SD-WAN is monitored and
permits delay sensitive traffic to be routed on low-latency
paths even if the latency of each path changes over time.
The SD-WAN management solution will greatly simplify
configuration of the network and will permit real time
monitoring and reporting as well as a simple mechanism
for pushing configuration and policy updates. This should
provide a business with a high degree of control over the
network and removes the carrier as the bottleneck in
configuration changes.

NFV Considerations
The use of NFV within a branch or site would permit a
business to deploy individual network functions from a
central repository in an automated way, and to
subsequently configure the network functions using
traditional network management techniques. The
architecture for premises based NFV is shown in the
following diagram.
Fig.6 Premises based NFV architecture
This shows a KVM/Openstack based solution utilising a
centralised NFV orchestrator and Openstack controller with
the Openstack compute node running in the premises. It is
possible to refine this architecture (if necessary) to run an
Openstack controller per site which provides benefits in
some usage scenarios. The overall operation of NFV is
similar in each case.
The x86 compute complex deployed on site provides a
blank canvas for the NFV orchestrator to deploy VNFs to. A
business selects an appropriate service chain for a site and
the VNFs will be deployed to the compute complex as
required. This solution can scale down to small servers
such as the Intel Atom, or up to larger servers such as
Fujitsu’s RX 2540 and above. One aspect of this
architecture that is noteworthy and differs from cloud
computing solutions, is that although the management of
VNFs is achieved via traditional Openstack networking, the
actual traffic plane is software accelerated and outside of
the scope of Openstack. This decouples the IP addressing
of the traffic plane from the NFV Virtual Infrastructure and
keeps it entirely within the traditional network
configuration space. It also ensures far more efficient use
of compute resources than an Openstack based traffic
plane, and permits the blending of layer 2 and layer 3
services within a given compute complex.
Fujitsu would expect a wide range of VNFs could be of
interest, and the mix of these could change over time
simply by downloading alternative service chains (thus
avoiding site visits or shipping of physical hardware).
Typical VNFs include:
■■ Traditional CPE routers or integrated CPE routers/
firewalls.
■■ Load balancers.
■■ SD-WAN vRouters (where supported by the SD-WAN
provider).
■■ Advanced firewalls.
■■ Session Border Gateways, for securing UC services.
■■ LAN accelerators where the access link requires them.
■■ Specialist network functions such as DDoS detection
functions.
Fujitsu believe that by adopting an NFV solution a
business will not only gain flexibility in their networking,
and avoid unnecessary site visits, but they also have the
opportunity to take advantage of the emerging
consumption based pricing within the VNF market place.

Conclusions
This paper has shown that the growth of cloud and hybrid
IT is increasingly changing assumptions about networking
that had been unchallenged for approximately 15 years.
This is likely to have a number of implications for future
network design and represents a mixed bag of opportunity
for network operators. For network consumers it provides
an opportunity for them to transform their customers’
experience of networking.
This revolution started in the data centre, with the
introduction of overlay networking and Software Defined
Networking (SDN) solutions like VMWare’s NSX, and
Openstack centric offerings such as Midokura’s MidoNet.
However, increasingly overlay networking is moving out of
the data centre with the emergence of the Software Defined
WAN (SD-WAN) which allows overlay networks, defined
using software, to be built within the WAN. This technology
enables the end user to control their own traffic and
liberates them from the carrier network. This allows them to
treat the carrier network as commodity transport for their
own network, and opens the door to substituting lower cost
accesses (such as utility internet connections) for expensive
dedicated carrier services.
SD-WAN technology improves service velocity and flexibility,
it is now possible to get a corporate network up and running
simply by plugging in an SD-WAN router into an Internet
connection and turning it on. This new flexibility in
networking is further enhanced by the availability of
Network Functions Virtualisation (NFV), which allows
networking to be run as software on x86 servers. This NFV
network can be scaled and new functions deployed to NFV
locations by an automated process without the need for a
site visit. This reduces the deployment time for a new
network capability (e.g. a firewall) from weeks to days, and
with advanced automation to minutes. Because NFV is
changing hardware deployments to software deployments it
is allowing new consumption pricing models to be adopted,
where network functions are provided as needed and
charged on a usage or time basis.
While SD-WAN and NFV have changed the network
landscape there is still a place for traditional high speed
optical networking in the core, and increasingly these
network architectures are changing to reflect the fact that
services are being delivered from the Cloud. This means that
a flexible SD-WAN must be complemented in the core with
high speed access to public and private clouds in order to
provide an acceptable Quality of Experience. In the new
network world it must be possible for an end user to
distribute workloads between public and private clouds as
they see fit, including support for so called Cloud Burst
capabilities, possibly assisted by the services of a Cloud
Manager. All of this capability requires a comprehensive
management and monitoring capability that provides an
end to end service view of how their network is performing.

References and glossary
References
[Ref 1] Cisco Global Cloud Index: Forecast and Methodology, 2014–2019 White Paper, updated 2016 – Trend 1.
[Ref 2] Network Functions Virtualisation - Introductory White Paper https://portal.etsi.org/nfv/nfv_white_paper.pdf
[Ref 3] Cisco Visual Networking Index: Forecast and Methodology 2015-2020 White Paper– table 6 and table 7. http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/
solutions/collateral/service-provider/visual-networking-index-vni/complete-white-paper-c11-481360.html
[Ref 4] Cisco Visual Networking Index: Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast Update 2015-20 – White Paper page 16 http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/
solutions/collateral/service-provider/visual-networking-index-vni/mobile-white-paper-c11-520862.pdf
[Ref 5] pwc “Capex is king: A new playbook for telecoms execs” December 2014 – Figure 4
https://www.pwc.co.uk/communications/assets/capex-is-king-a-new-playbook-for-telecom-execs.pdf
[Ref 6] Pringle Media report 2016, see http://www.tellingtechtales.com/2016/04/europes-top-telcos-financial-weakness.html
[Ref 7] Source: Cisco Global Cloud Index: Forecast and Methodology 2014–2019 White Paper Figure 28 http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/
collateral/service-provider/global-cloud-index-gci/Cloud_Index_White_Paper.html
[Ref 8] http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/service-provider/cloud-readiness-tool/index.html
[Ref 9] IDC Forecasts Strong Growth for Software-Defined WAN As Enterprises Seek to Optimize Their Cloud Strategies – IDC 24th March 2016
https://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS41139716
[Ref 10] Carrier Software Defined Networking (SDN) http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/market-data-research/other/telecoms-research/software-
defined-networking
Glossary
ACI Application Centric Infrastructure, Cisco’s product name for their software
defined data centre overlay networking technology
ARP Address Resolution Protocol
BFD Bidirectional Forwarding Detection, protocol for detecting connectivity
failures as defined by the IETF
BGP Border Gateway Protocol, as defined by the IETF
CAGR Compound Annual Growth Rate
CE Customer Edge
CPE Customer Premises Equipment
DDoS Distributed Denial of Service
EPC Evolved Packet Core
IETF Internet Engineering Task Force (see ietf.org)
IPsec Internet Protocol Security, a solution for secure connections over IP networks
as defined by the IETF
KVM Kernel-based Virtual Machine. A server virtualisation solution for Linux. See
www.linux-kvm.org
LAN Local Area Network
MPLS Multi Protocol Label Switching, layer 2.5 transport technology as defined by
the IETF
NAT Network Address Translation
NFV Network Functions Virtualisation
NICC Network Interconnect Consultative Committee, see niccstandards.org.uk
NOC Network Operations Centre
NSX VMWare’s product name for their software defined data centre overlay
networking technology
NVGRE Network Virtualisation using Generic Routing Encapsulation. An overlay
networking encapsulation allowing the scalable transport of layer 2
networks over IP
Openstack Open Source Cloud Computing project, see Openstack.org
OTT Over The Top
PE Provider Edge
Provider A generic term for a network operator providing a (usually wholesale)
network service
QoS Quality of Service
RAN Radio Access Network
SBG Session Border Gateway, a very specialised firewall and NAT traversal
solution for UC networks
SDN Software Defined Networking
SD-WAN Software Defined WAN
UC Unified Communications
VDSL Very high bit rate Digital Subscriber Line. A transport technology for high
speed data over legacy copper access tails
VNF Virtual Network Function
VPN Virtual Private Network
VXLAN Virtual Extensible LAN. An overlay networking encapsulation allowing the
scalable transport of layer 2 networks over IP
WAN Wide Area Network

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