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the Massachusetts Medical Society Volume 334 FEBRUARY 22, 1996 Number 8 ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS OF EVOLVING ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION IN THE PRESENCE OF LEFT BUNDLE-BRANCH BLOCK ELENA B. SGARBOSSA, M.D., SERGIO L. PINSKI, M.D., ALEJANDRO BARBAGELATA, M.D., DONALD A. UNDERWOOD, M.D., KATHY B. GATES, ERIC J. TOPOL, M.D., ROBERT M. CALIFF, M.D., AND G ALEN S. W AGNER , M.D., FOR THE GUSTO-1 (G LOBAL U TILIZATION OF S TREPTOKINASE AND T ISSUE P LASMINOGEN A CTIVATOR FOR O CCLUDED C ORONARY A RTERIES ) I NVESTIGATORS branch block. The three electrocardiographic criteria with Abstract Background. The presence of left bundle- independent value in the diagnosis of acute infarction in branch block on the electrocardiogram may conceal the these patients were ST-segment elevation of 1 mm or changes of acute myocardial infarction, which can delay more that was concordant with (in the same direction as) both its recognition and treatment. We tested electrocar- the QRS complex; ST-segment depression of 1 mm or diographic criteria for the diagnosis of acute infarction in more in lead V1, V2, or V3; and ST-segment elevation of the presence of left bundle-branch block. Methods. The base-line electrocardiograms of patients 5 mm or more that was discordant with (in the opposite enrolled in the GUSTO-1 (Global Utilization of Streptoki- direction from) the QRS complex. We used these three nase and Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Occluded criteria to develop a scoring system (0 to 5), which al- Coronary Arteries) trial who had left bundle-branch block lowed a highly specific diagnosis of acute myocardial in- and acute myocardial infarction confirmed by enzyme farction to be made. studies were blindly compared with the electrocardio- Conclusions. We developed and validated a clinical grams of control patients who had chronic coronary prediction rule based on a set of electrocardiographic cri- artery disease and left bundle-branch block. The elec- teria for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in trocardiographic criteria for the diagnosis of infarction patients with chest pain and left bundle-branch block. were then tested in an independent sample of patients The use of these criteria, which are based on simple ST- presenting with acute chest pain and left bundle-branch segment changes, may help identify patients with acute block. myocardial infarction, who can then receive appropriate Results. Of 26,003 North American patients, 131 (0.5 treatment. (N Engl J Med 1996;334:481-7.) 1996, Massachusetts Medical Society. percent) with acute myocardial infarction had left bundle- T HE optimal use of coronary reperfusion therapies signs have gained widespread acceptance. Many physi- relies on a rapid diagnosis of evolving myocardial cians believe that acute myocardial injury cannot be infarction.1,2 For most patients presenting with cardiac detected accurately in patients with left bundle-branch block.10 We examined the value of the standard electro- chest pain, the electrocardiogram is a powerful aid in cardiogram for the diagnosis of acute myocardial in- diagnosing the cause of the pain and selecting the ap- propriate therapy.2 In patients who present with con- farction in the presence of left bundle-branch block in a large population of patients. comitant left bundle-branch block, however, the elec- trocardiographic manifestations of acute myocardial METHODS injury may be masked. During the past five decades, Derivation Sample several electrocardiographic signs have been proposed to aid in the diagnosis of infarction in such patients, but Criteria for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in the because of methodologic limitations,3-9 none of these presence of left bundle-branch block were developed from two pop- ulations (the study and control groups), which constituted the deri- vation sample. The study group consisted of the subgroup of North American patients enrolled in the GUSTO-1 (Global Utilization of From the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland (E.B.S., S.L.P., D.A.U., Streptokinase and Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Occluded Cor- E.J.T.); the Fundación Favaloro, Buenos Aires, Argentina (A.B.); and Duke Uni- onary Arteries) trial11 who had acute myocardial infarction docu- versity Medical Center, Durham, N.C. (K.B.G., R.M.C., G.S.W.). Address reprint mented by serum enzyme changes and evidence of complete left bun- requests to Dr. Sgarbossa at the Department of Cardiology, Desk M-24, Cleve- dle-branch block on their base-line electrocardiograms. The control land Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195. group was assembled by randomly selecting from the Duke Data- Supported by grants from Bayer, Genentech, CIBA–Corning, ICI Pharmaceu- ticals, and Sanofi Pharmaceuticals. bank for Cardiovascular Disease an equal number of patients with Downloaded from www.nejm.org on March 20, 2009 . Copyright © 1996 Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved.
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THE NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE Feb. 22, 1996 stable, angiographically documented coronary artery disease and com- Table 2. Selected Characteristics of Patients with Left Bundle- plete left bundle-branch block.12 The patients in the control group Branch Block.* did not have acute chest pain at the time of the electrocardiographic recording. PATIENTS WITH CONTROL ACUTE MI PATIENTS Electrocardiograms were digitally obtained at 100 Hz with a speed CHARACTERISTIC (N 131) (N 131) P VALUE of 25 mm per second and an amplification of 10 mm per millivolt. Median age — yr (25th, 75th 68.5 (62, 76) 68.0 (62, 74) 0.63 Definition of Left Bundle-Branch Block percentiles) Male sex — no. (%) 84 (64) 78 (60) 0.52 The normal sequence of ventricular activation (depolarization and repolarization) can be altered by both left bundle-branch block and Left-axis deviation — no. (%)† 37 (28) 63 (48) 0.002 acute myocardial injury. To achieve a reasonable compromise be- Previous MI — no. (%) 34 (26) 77 (59) 0.001 tween the electrocardiographic changes inherent in the two condi- Median time to randomization — 120 (90, 180) — — tions,13 we used the following definition of left bundle-branch block: a min (25th, 75th percentiles) QRS duration of at least 0.125 second in the presence of sinus or su- praventricular rhythm, a QS or rS complex in lead V1, and an R-wave *MI denotes myocardial infarction. peak time of at least 0.06 second in lead I, V5, or V6 associated with †A left-axis deviation was defined as a QRS axis of at least 30 degrees. the absence of a Q wave in the same lead.7,14-16 Patients with electro- cardiograms showing intermittent left bundle-branch block were ex- cluded from the study. agreement was at least 0.7 and the univariate analysis showed statis- tical significance (P 0.1) were included in a stepwise logistic-regres- Interpretation of Electrocardiograms sion model to identify independent criteria that were significant pre- dictors of acute infarction (P 0.05). A scoring system for the diagnosis All the electrocardiograms were analyzed for signs of myocardial of infarction was developed from the coefficients assigned by the logis- injury by one of four investigators who were unaware of both the pa- tic model for each independent criterion, on a scale of 0 to 5. Receiv- tient’s identity and the clinical variables. The signs examined 3-9,16-20 er-operating-characteristic curves, kappa statistics, and correlation are shown in Table 1. The ST-segment deviation was measured at the coefficients were estimated with True Epistat software.23 Chi-square J point. To assess interobserver variability, a random sample of 10 tests and logistic-regression analyses were performed with Egret soft- percent of the electrocardiograms were read by all four investigators. ware.24 The diagnostic performance of the model was then tested in an in- Statistical Analysis dependent population of 45 patients with left bundle-branch block, Interobserver agreement, as estimated with the kappa statistic, acute chest pain, and a high likelihood of coronary artery disease (the was greater than 0.85 for both QRS-complex and T-wave polarities. validation sample). Included in this sample were patients in the For both the terminal S wave in leads V5 and V6 and notching of at GUSTO-1 registry and the GUSTO-2A (Global Use of Strategies to least 0.05 second of the S wave in lead V3, the agreement was 0.77, Open Occluded Coronary Arteries) study and the patients from but it was low ( 0.55) for lead V4, as well as for notching of at least GUSTO-1 subsequently found to have normal creatine kinase MB 0.05 second of the R wave in lead I, aVL, V5 , or V6. Measurements values. of ST-segment deviations were closely correlated among the four in- vestigators (r 0.9 for all comparisons, by Pearson’s correlation coef- RESULTS ficient). Of the base-line electrocardiograms from the 26,003 All electrocardiographic criteria were screened by univariate anal- ysis (chi-square tests) to identify those associated with acute myocar- North American patients, 145 met the criteria for left dial infarction. For ST-segment elevations, the receiver-operating- bundle-branch block. The diagnosis of acute myocar- characteristic curves were constructed to evaluate the diagnostic dial infarction was confirmed by studies showing elevat- performance of different combinations of the degree of elevation and ed creatine kinase MB levels in 131 of the patients. The number of leads exhibiting such elevation. Because a high specificity is desirable for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction,21,22 we de- electrocardiograms from these 131 patients were ana- termined prospectively that the optimal cutoff point would corre- lyzed for the presence of the aforementioned diagnos- spond to the most sensitive degree of ST-segment elevation that had tic criteria. Selected base-line characteristics of the pa- a specificity of at least 90 percent. Criteria for which the interobserver tients with acute myocardial infarction and the control patients are shown in Table 2. Table 1. Electrocardiographic Criteria Analyzed in Patients with Univariate Analysis Left Bundle-Branch Block. On the basis of the receiver-operating-characteris- tic curves, the maximal sensitivity with the target ST-segment elevation and its concordance or discordance with the QRS complex in every lead specificity ( 90 percent) was achieved when at least ST-segment depression in every lead one lead exhibited ST-segment elevation of at least Presence of Q waves in two contiguous precordial leads or in two limb leads 1 mm that was concordant with (in the same direction (Q waves were considered present if they were 20 msec in lead V4 as) the QRS complex or at least 5 mm that was dis- or 30 msec in lead I, II, aVL, V5, or V6, regardless of width in leads V1 to V3) cordant with (in the opposite direction from) the QRS R-wave regression from leads V1 to V4 complex. QS pattern from leads V1 to V4 Electrocardiographic criteria with statistical signifi- Positive T waves in lead V5 or V6 cance for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction Notching 0.05 sec in the ascending limb of the S wave in lead V3 or V4 (sign and their sensitivities, specificities, and likelihood ratios of Cabrera) are listed in Table 3. The likelihood ratios indicate to Notching 0.05 sec in the ascending limb of R waves in lead I, aVL, V5, or V6 (sign of Chapman) what extent a particular criterion will increase or de- Terminal S wave in lead V5 or V6 crease the probability of infarction. The electrocardio- Left-axis deviation graphic criterion with the highest likelihood ratio was Downloaded from www.nejm.org on March 20, 2009 . Copyright © 1996 Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved.
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No. 8 LEFT BUNDLE-BRANCH BLOCK AND DIAGNOSIS OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION 483 an index score 3) in both samples Table 3. Results of the Univariate Analysis of Electrocardiographic Criteria.* are shown in Table 5. POSITIVE NEGATIVE DISCUSSION SENSITIVITY SPECIFICITY LIKELIHOOD LIKELIHOOD (95% CI) (95% CI) CRITERION RATIO (95% CI) RATIO (95% CI) With the advent of effective re- percent perfusion therapies, a rapid and ac- ST-segment elevation 1 mm 73 (64–80) 92 (86–96) 9.54 (3.1–17.3) 0.3 (0.22–0.39) curate diagnosis of acute myocardial and concordant with QRS infarction has become essential.22,25 complex Thrombolytic agents are most bene- ST-segment depression 1 mm 25 (18–34) 96 (91–99) 6.58 (2.6–16.1) 0.78 (0.7–0.87) ficial when administered promptly, in lead V1, V2, or V3 ST-segment elevation 5 mm 31 (23–39) 92 (85–96) 3.63 (2.0–6.8) 0.75 (0.67–0.86) and their erroneous use in patients and discordant with QRS with unstable angina or noncardi- complex ac chest pain is potentially danger- Positive T wave in lead V5 26 (19–34) 92 (86–96) 3.42 (0.18–65) 0.8 (0.72–0.9) ous.11,26,27 Algorithms and predictive or V6 models developed to identify patients Left-axis deviation 72 (63–79) 48 (39–57) 1.38 (1.13–9.8) 0.59 (0.25–1.39) with ongoing myocardial ischemia or *CI denotes confidence interval. infarction28-34 do not apply to patients with left bundle-branch block. The ST-segment elevation of at least 1 mm in leads with a new appearance of bundle-branch block in a patient with QRS complex in the same direction. Similarly, the ab- acute chest pain is highly suggestive of infarction, and is- sence of this criterion was associated with the lowest chemic changes superimposed on a pattern of chronic likelihood ratio. left bundle-branch block are easy to recognize when a previous electrocardiogram is available for comparison. Multivariate Analysis and Index Scores for the Independent The timely availability of a previous electrocardiogram, Electrocardiographic Criteria however, is the exception rather than the rule. Physicians All five electrocardiographic criteria associated with usually must decide to administer appropriate treatment acute infarction in the presence of left bundle-branch or perform further testing on the basis of only the most block were included in a stepwise multiple logistic- recent electrocardiographic information. Our study sug- regression model along with the variable “previous gests that in patients with left bundle-branch block, an myocardial infarction.” The model identified three in- examination of the electrocardiogram obtained at the dependent predictors of acute myocardial infarction time of presentation allows a diagnosis of acute myocar- (Table 4 and Fig. 1). Figure 2 shows the predicted prob- dial infarction to be made with a high degree of con- ability of infarction for each combination of criteria. A fidence. more accurate estimate of the probability of infarction We found that ST-segment deviation was the only can be obtained when the weight of each criterion, as electrocardiographic finding that was useful in the diag- determined by the logistic model, is used to develop a nosis of acute myocardial infarction in the presence of simple index score (Table 4). left bundle-branch block. Previously proposed electro- The operating characteristics of the scoring system cardiographic signs involving the QRS complex were not for the independent criteria provide a high discrimina- useful. These discrepancies may be due to the fact that tive power for the diagnosis of infarction (area under we analyzed electrocardiograms obtained on admission, the curve, 0.874) (Fig. 3). For an accurate diagnosis, a thus detecting changes in the ST-segment (an early man- specificity of 90 percent requires a minimal total score ifestation of acute coronary occlusion) rather than chang- of 3. Patients presenting with ST-segment elevation of at es in the QRS complex (which indicate necrosis). Fur- least 5 mm in leads with a QRS complex in the oppo- thermore, the GUSTO-1 trial included patients with site direction (score, 2) should therefore probably un- acute myocardial infarction, whereas previous studies of dergo further testing. patients with left bundle-branch block have not always differentiated between acute and chronic infarction.6-8 Testing of the Electrocardiographic Criteria in the Validation Uncomplicated left bundle-branch block is character- Sample ized by secondary repolarization changes in a direction The criteria derived from the model and their index scores were tested in the validation sample, which in- Table 4. Odds Ratios and Scores for Independent Electrocardio- cluded 22 patients with enzymatic evidence of acute ne- graphic Criteria. crosis and 23 with only unstable angina (the control CRITERION ODDS RATIO (95% CI) SCORE group). As compared with the results in the derivation ST-segment elevation 1 mm and concordant 25.2 (11.6–54.7) 5 sample, the operating characteristics of the scoring sys- with QRS complex tem for the three criteria combined had a lower dis- ST-segment depression 1 mm in lead V1, V2, 6.0 (1.9–19.3) 3 criminative power for the diagnosis of infarction (area or V3 ST-segment elevation 5 mm and discordant 4.3 (1.8–10.6) 2 under the curve, 0.7). The sensitivities, specificities, with QRS complex likelihood ratios, and predictive values of the criteria (for Downloaded from www.nejm.org on March 20, 2009 . Copyright © 1996 Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved.
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THE NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE Feb. 22, 1996 opposite that of the main QRS de- flection.9 In leads with a predomi- nantly negative QRS complex, the I aVR V1 V4 result is an electrocardiographic pat- tern of ST-segment elevation with positive T waves, which is similar to the current of injury observed dur- ing acute coronary occlusion. Studies of patients with left bundle-branch II aVL V2 V5 block that examined serial electro- cardiographic changes during either acute myocardial infarction35-37 or oc- clusion of a coronary artery by an angioplasty balloon38,39 have shown III aVF V3 V6 that further ST-segment elevation oc- curs in those leads. Figure 1. Electrocardiogram Meeting All Three Independent Criteria for the Diagnosis Our challenge was to determine of Acute Myocardial Infarction in a Patient from the GUSTO Trial with Left Bundle- the cutoff point for the ST-segment Branch Block. elevation that would most effective- The electrocardiogram shows ST-segment elevation of at least 1 mm that is concord- ly discriminate between patients with ant with the QRS complex (lead II), ST-segment depression of at least 1 mm in leads acute myocardial infarction and those V2 and V3, and ST-segment elevation of at least 5 mm that is discordant with the QRS complex (leads III and aVF). without infarction, in the absence of information from previous or seri- al electrocardiographic tracings. We found that for leads with a predomi- Patient with chest pain and LBBB nantly negative QRS complex, ST- segment elevation of at least 5 mm identified patients with evolving in- Is there ST-segment depression 1 mm that farction. On the other hand, ST-seg- is concordant with the QRS complex? ment elevation in the same direction as that of the QRS complex is not expected in patients with uncompli- Yes No cated left bundle-branch block. We found that any degree of ST-segment Is there ST-segment elevation 1 mm in elevation in a lead with a positive lead V1, V2, or V3? QRS complex was a highly specific sign of acute myocardial infarction. Likewise, ST-segment depression in lead V1, V2, or V3 should not be Yes No Yes No present in patients with uncomplicat- ed left bundle-branch block, since the QRS complex is predominantly nega- Is there ST-segment elevation 5 mm that tive in those leads. In our study, ST- is discordant with the QRS complex? segment depression in lead V1, V2, or V3 was also an independent marker of acute myocardial infarction. The mechanism for this finding is unclear; Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No it could be a manifestation of true posterior-wall infarcts (i.e., due to oc- 4/0 22/2 No. of 26/2 43/6 1/0 6/3 9/9 20/109 patients/ clusion of the left circumflex artery)40 controls or infarcts associated with ST-seg- Probability 100 92 93 88 100 66 50 16 of MI (%) ment depression (subendocardial in- Total score 10 8 7 5 5 3 2 0 farcts).41 The presence of left bundle-branch block in patients with acute myocar- Figure 2. Flow Chart for the Prediction of Acute Myocardial Infarction in the Pres- ence of Left Bundle-Branch Block, with the Use of All Possible Combinations of the dial infarction is associated with an Three Independent Electrocardiographic Criteria. increased risk of complications and The discriminatory power of each combination of criteria for the diagnosis of acute death.42 When it is new, left bundle- myocardial infarction is indicated by the total score at the bottom, with higher scores branch block is correlated with the indicating better discriminatory power. LBBB denotes left bundle-branch block, and occlusion of the proximal left anteri- MI myocardial infarction. Downloaded from www.nejm.org on March 20, 2009 . Copyright © 1996 Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved.
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No. 8 LEFT BUNDLE-BRANCH BLOCK AND DIAGNOSIS OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION 485 graphic change is observed. On the other hand, the 1.0 sole presence of ST-segment elevation of at least 5 mm 2 0.9 3 that is discordant with the QRS complex (with a score 0.8 5 of 2) indicates a moderate-to-high probability of myo- 0.7 cardial infarction, and further procedures should be un- Sensitivity 0.6 dertaken to confirm the diagnosis. 0.5 The index score correctly classified 84 percent of the 7 0.4 patients in the derivation sample but only 67 percent of Area under curve 0.874 the patients in the validation sample. A poorer per- 0.3 formance of diagnostic criteria in the validation sample 8 0.2 is not unexpected49 and in our study is related to the 0.1 relatively low sensitivity of the criteria. One reason for 10 0.0 the decreased sensitivity is the difference in the two pa- 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 tient populations. Analysis of data from the GUSTO- 1 Specificity 1 sample (the source of the derivation sample) yielded Figure 3. Receiver-Operating-Characteristic Curve for the Com- inflated sensitivities, because the study included only bined Score for the Three Independent Electrocardiographic patients with electrocardiographic signs of acute myocar- Criteria. dial infarction, whereas the GUSTO-2A sample and the The zone to the left of the broken line indicates a high probability GUSTO-1 registry (the sources of most of the patients of acute myocardial infarction. The numbers along the curve are in the validation sample) included patients with other scores. ischemic syndromes as well.13 It should be noted that the sensitivity of each individ- or descending artery and a large amount of jeopardized ual electrocardiographic criterion in our study is also myocardium.43 On the other hand, a prior left bundle- low but is similar to the sensitivity of ST-segment branch block is a powerful marker of depressed left changes in patients with normal intraventricular con- ventricular systolic function,44,45 and any additional loss duction.25,39 Our purpose was to improve the identifica- of myocardium is likely to result in cardiogenic shock. tion of patients with acute infarction, because they may It is therefore not surprising that subgroup analyses in benefit from thrombolytic therapy; to this end, a high specificity (rather than a high sensitivity) is required.21 trials of thrombolytic therapy show a benefit of treat- ment in patients with bundle-branch block.46 The Fibri- The high specificity of our index score in the validation sample (96 percent) may have a medicolegal benefit.50 nolytic Therapy Trialists’ Collaborative Group analyzed the results of nine randomized studies and reported a Electrocardiograms that are misread or considered non- dramatic 25 percent decrease in mortality at 35 days diagnostic may result in a failure to diagnose infarc- tion,51,52 and claims of a missed infarction account for among 2032 patients with right or left bundle-branch block treated with thrombolysis.26 a substantial proportion of malpractice claims involv- ing emergency departments.51 Highly specific criteria The relatively small number of patients with left bundle-branch block enrolled in these trials, however, may help physicians rapidly diagnose and treat acute in- attests to the prevailing diagnostic uncertainty. The farction in patients with left bundle-branch block. National Registry of Myocardial Infarction has report- There are several potential limitations of our study. ed that patients with nondiagnostic electrocardio- We did not attempt to distinguish between previous grams (a category that presumably included those with and newly developed left bundle-branch block, since left bundle-branch block) were less likely to receive this information was not available in the GUSTO-1 thrombolytic therapy than patients with diagnostic study. The absence of such a distinction is probably electrocardiograms.47 In the comprehensive GUSTO-1 typical of clinical practice, since patients rarely present registry of 637 patients hospitalized for acute myocar- to the emergency department with their previous elec- dial infarction, 219 (34 percent) did not receive throm- bolytic therapy because their electrocardiograms were Table 5. Predictive Value of Criteria with an Index considered nondiagnostic. Left bundle-branch block Score of at Least 3 in the Derivation and Validation was present in 20 of these patients and was thus re- Samples. sponsible for 9 percent of the electrocardiogram-based exclusions (unpublished observations). In a study that DERIVATION VALIDATION did not involve thrombolytic therapy, the prevalence of SAMPLE SAMPLE CRITERIA SCORE 3 (N 262) (N 45) WITH left bundle-branch block among patients with acute chest pain was approximately 10 percent,48 which is Sensitivity (%) 78 36 Specificity (%) 90 96 similar to the prevalence before thrombolytic therapy Likelihood ratio for positive result 7.8 9.0 was available.8 Likelihood ratio for negative result 0.2 0.7 ST-segment elevation of at least 1 mm that is con- Positive predictive value (%) 89 88 cordant with the QRS complex or ST-segment depres- Negative predictive value (%) 80 61 sion of at least 1 mm in lead V1, V2, or V3 is a specific Misclassification rate (%) 16 33 marker of infarction, even when no other electrocardio- Downloaded from www.nejm.org on March 20, 2009 . Copyright © 1996 Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved.
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THE NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE Feb. 22, 1996 trocardiograms. It should nonetheless be noted that the 13. Ransohoff DF, Feinstein AR. Problems of spectrum and bias in evaluating the efficacy of diagnostic tests. N Engl J Med 1978;299:926-30. effects of the conduction defect on repolarization are 14. Willems JL, de Medina EOR, Bernard R, et al. Criteria for intraventricular not expected to vary over time; our proposed ST-seg- conduction disturbances and pre-excitation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1985;5: 1261-75. ment criteria probably apply to both old and new left 15. McAnulty JH, Rahimtoola SH. Bundle branch block. Prog Cardiovasc Dis bundle-branch block.40,41 1984;26:333-54. Because the GUSTO-1 sample did not include a 16. Hindman NB, Schocken DD, Widmann M, et al. Evaluation of a QRS scor- ing system for estimating myocardial infarct size. V. Specificity and method large group of patients with chest pain, left bundle- of application of the complete system. Am J Cardiol 1985;55:1485- branch block, and normal creatine kinase MB values, 90. we used controls without evidence of acute coronary 17. Moia B, Acevedo HJ. El diagnóstico electrocardiográfico del infarto de miocardio complicado por bloqueo de rama. Rev Argent Cardiol 1945;11: events. This could have resulted in an increased speci- 341-58. ficity of the electrocardiographic signs of infarction.13 18. Pantridge JF. Observations on the electrocardiogram and ventricular gradi- ent in complete left bundle branch block. Circulation 1951;3:589-99. The high interobserver agreement with respect to 19. Flowers NC. Left bundle branch block: a continuously evolving concept. our ST-segment measurements may be due to the fact J Am Coll Cardiol 1987;9:684-97. that all the investigators who evaluated the electrocar- 20. Chapman MG, Pearce ML. Electrocardiographic diagnosis of myocardial infarction in the presence of left bundle-branch block. Circulation 1957;16: diograms are cardiologists. The interpretive accuracy 558-71. may be poorer among general practitioners, emergency 21. Califf RM, Ohman EM. The diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Chest department physicians, or paramedics.25 Our criteria, 1992;101:Suppl:106S-115S. 22. Lee TH, Weisberg MC, Brand DA, Rouan GW, Goldman L. Candidates for however, rely on the identification of signs that can be thrombolysis among emergency room patients with acute chest pain: poten- interpreted by computerized electrocardiographic algo- tial true- and false-positive rates. Ann Intern Med 1989;110:957-62. 23. Gustafson T. True Epistat reference manual, version 5.0. Richardson, Tex.: rithms,31 and it should be feasible to incorporate the Epistat Services, 1994. signs into these algorithms, ensuring an accurate inter- 24. EGRET reference manual. Seattle: Statistics and Epidemiological Research pretation even in the nonhospital setting. Corporation, 1990. 25. Bren GB, Wasserman AG, Ross AM. The electrocardiogram in patients un- Although the diagnostic criteria were tested in pa- dergoing thrombolysis for myocardial infarction. Circulation 1987;76:Suppl tients presenting to the emergency room with both left II:II-18–II-24. bundle-branch block and chest pain, our validation sam- 26. Fibrinolytic Therapy Trialists’ (FTT) Collaborative Group. Indications for fibrinolytic therapy in suspected acute myocardial infarction: collaborative ple may not have been sufficiently large. The criteria de- overview of early mortality and major morbidity results from all random- rived from our model should be validated prospectively ised trials of more than 1000 patients. Lancet 1994;343:311-22. [Erratum, Lancet 1994;343:742.] in a larger cohort, and the effect of the criteria on patient 27. Ohman EM, Sigmon KN, Califf RM. Is diagnostic certainty essential for the care should also be examined. Meanwhile, the systemat- use of thrombolytic therapy during myocardial infarction in the 1990s? Cir- ic use of these highly specific electrocardiographic signs culation 1990;82:1073-5. 28. Schor S, Behar S, Modan B, Barell V, Drory J, Kariv I. Disposition of pre- of acute myocardial infarction in patients with chest pain sumed coronary patients from an emergency room: a follow-up study. and left bundle-branch block should facilitate timely in- JAMA 1976;236:941-3. tervention, particularly with thrombolytic therapy. 29. Pozen MW, D’Agostino RB, Selker HP, Sytkowski PA, Hood WB Jr. A pre- dictive instrument to improve coronary-care-unit admission practices in acute ischemic heart disease: a prospective multicenter clinical trial. N Engl REFERENCES J Med 1984;310:1273-8. 1. Kleiman NS, White HD, Ohman EM, et al. Mortality within 24 hours of 30. Kudenchuk PJ, Ho MT, Weaver WD, et al. Accuracy of computer-interpret- thrombolysis for myocardial infarction: the importance of early reperfusion. ed electrocardiography in selecting patients for thrombolytic therapy. 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Vol. 334
No. 8 LEFT BUNDLE-BRANCH BLOCK AND DIAGNOSIS OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION 487 42. Hindman MC, Wagner GS, JaRo M, et al. The clinical significance of bundle 47. Rogers WJ, Bowlby LJ, Chandra NC, et al. Treatment of myocardial infarc- branch block complicating acute myocardial infarction. 1. Clinical character- tion in the United States (1990 to 1993): observations from the National istics, hospital mortality, and one-year follow-up. Circulation 1978;58:679-88. Registry of Myocardial Infarction. Circulation 1994;90:2103-14. 43. Opolski G, Kraska T, Ostrzycki A, Zielinski T, Korewicki J. The effect of 48. Sabia P, Afrookteh A, Touchstone DA, Keller MW, Esquivel L, Kaul S. Val- infarct size on atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction disturbances ue of regional wall motion abnormality in the emergency room diagnosis of in acute myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol 1986;10:141-7. acute myocardial infarction: a prospective study using two-dimensional 44. Freedman RA, Alderman EL, Sheffield LT, Saporito M, Fisher LD. Bundle echocardiography. Circulation 1991;84:Suppl I:I-85–I-92. branch block in patients with chronic coronary artery disease: angiograph- 49. Wasson JH, Sox HC, Neff RK, Goldman L. Clinical prediction rules: appli- ic correlates and prognostic significance. J Am Coll Cardiol 1987;10:73- cations and methodological standards. N Engl J Med 1985;313:799. 80. 50. Pelberg AL. Missed myocardial infarction in the emergency room. Qual As- 45. Hamby RI, Weissman RH, Prakash MN, Hoffman I. Left bundle branch sur Util Rev 1989;4:39-42. block: a predictor of poor left ventricular function in coronary heart dis- 51. Rusnak RA, Stair TO, Hansen K, Fastow JS. Litigation against the emergen- ease. Am Heart J 1983;106:471-7. cy physician: common features in cases of missed myocardial infarction. 46. ISIS-2 (Second International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Ann Emerg Med 1989;18:1029-34. Group. Randomised trial of intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both, or 52. McCarthy BD, Beshansky JR, D’Agostino RB, Selker HP. Missed diag- neither among 17 187 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS- noses of acute myocardial infarction in the emergency department: results 2. Lancet 1988;2:349-60. from a multicenter study. Ann Emerg Med 1993;22:579-82. Downloaded from www.nejm.org on March 20, 2009 . Copyright © 1996 Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved.
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New England Journal
of Medicine CORRECTION Electrocardiographic Diagnosis of Evolving Acute Myocardial Infarction in the Presence of Left Bundle-Branch Block Electrocardiographic Diagnosis of Evolving Acute Myocardial Infarc- tion in the Presence of Left Bundle-Branch Block . On page 484, in Figure 2, the first question in the flow chart should have read, ``Is there ST-segment elevation >1 mm that is concordant with the QRS complex?´´ and the second question should have read, ``Is there ST- segment depression >1 mm in lead V1, V , or V ?´´ The corrected 2 3 figure appears below. We regret the errors. Figure 2. Flow Chart for the Prediction of Acute Myocardial Infarction in the Presence of Left Bundle-Branch Block, with the Use of All Possi- ble Combinations of the Three Independent Electrocardiographic Cri- teria. The discriminatory power of each combination of criteria for the diag- nosis of acute myocardial infarction is indicated by the total score at the bottom, with higher scores indicating better discriminatory power. LBBB denotes left bundle-branch block, and MI myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1996;334:931 Downloaded from www.nejm.org on March 20, 2009 . Copyright © 1996 Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved.
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