XVI CONVEGNO EUROPEO M. Masoero - Inspection and monitoring of refrigeration and HVAC systems

Latest Technologies in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning - XVI European Conference Milano, 12th - 13th June 2015
Inspection and monitoring of
refrigeration and HVAC systems
Results of the iSERVcmb project
Marco Masoero
Politecnico di Torino

iSERVcmb – the continuous monitoring
and benchmarking of HVAC systems
• www.iservcmb.info May 2011 – May 2014
• iSERVcmb is the largest EC project ever funded under the IEE
funding stream (2011)
• iSERV builds on AUDITAC (2005 – 2007) and HARMONAC
(2007 – 2010) www.harmonac.info
• Until recently HARMONAC was also the second largest project
ever funded under the IEE stream
• The projects are high-profile within the EC and will help
inform future policy in this area

iSERV Partners and Steering Group
Welsh School of Architecture,
Cardiff University
Building energy use experts
K2n Ltd
Energy database experts
MacWhirter Ltd
Installation, Maintenance and
Energy Inspections
National and Kapodistrian
University of Athens
Indoor Air Quality experts
University of Porto
HVAC and Engineering experts
Politecnico di Torino
Université de Liège
HVAC and Modelling experts
Univerza v Ljubljani
University of Pecs
Austrian Energy Agency
Dissemination and Legislation
REHVA
HVAC Professional Body
CIBSE
HVAC Professional Body
SKANSKA
Building Developer
Camfil Farr
Filter manufacturer
SWEGON
AHU System manufacturer

What does iSERVcmb do?
• iSERVcmb has 5 main aims:
– Show how an automatic energy monitoring and feedback
system based on physical assets might look like in reality in the EU-27
– Show the in-use energy savings being achieved in real buildings
from implementation of such a system from data collected across the
EU-27
– Provide guidance to the EU – 27 Member State policymakers about
how to write legislation for such systems
– Provide benchmark ranges for the achieved energy performance
of HVAC components in practice when servicing stated end-use
activities
– Produce measurement based guidance to the professions on
how to reduce the in-use energy consumption of HVAC systems in
buildings

Italian building basis
About 100 buildings:
– 60 bank agencies
– 1 data center
– 10 Office buildings
– 20 retail shops
– 9 Supermarkets

Italian Supermarkets
• Total GIA between 8’000 and 19’000 square meters:
– Sales area
– Warehouse
– Catering area
– Offices

Italian Supermarkets
Rooftop system
serving the sales area
Air and water system
serving offices
Industrial cooling
Positive 4°C
Negative -20°C

Electric Submetering
• Metering generally comprehend:
– Lighting
– Positive cooling
– Negative cooling
– Rooftop HVAC system
– Other loads
• Other loads are:
– Owens (bakery) (250 kW)
– Food preparation (50 kW)

Metering difficulties
• Electric panel and distribution not suitable for “complete
metering”
• Lighting is often split between normal line and UPS line
• Spatial distribution of systems
• Different approach to HVAC and industrial cooling (separate
maintenance contract, separate control, etc...)

Data overview
SHOP SALE AREA (m2
) LIGHTING
POSITIVE
COOLING
NEGATIVE
COOLING
HVAC
OTHER
LOADS
TOTAL
A 8877 69.8 47.3 12.2 81.3 279.5 490.1
B 7250 N/A 86.9 41.8 100.3 460.3 689.3
C 12576 172.4 N/A 35.1 17.7 218.7 443.8
D 7000 38.7 51.1 16.4 45.1 348.8 500.0
E 13000 54.2 57.8 46.2 55.7 195.3 409.2
F 5403 123.2 93.5 57.2 97.8 458.5 830.2
G 8123 72.2 52.8 18.4 37.5 352.4 533.2
H 5900 72.7 16.8 35.5 17.5 414.6 557.0
I 13400 N/A 55.6 19.9 62.9 399.3 537.7
mean 9058.8 86.2 57.7 31.4 57.3 347.5 554.5
std.dev. 3132.7 46.1 23.9 15.5 31.2 97.9 130.1
Std.dev/
mean
% 35% 53% 41% 49% 54% 28% 23%
Yearly specific consumption of different loads (kWh/m2
)

Data overview
Yearly specific consumption of different loads (kWh/m2
)

Data overview
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec
kWh/m2
Month
Lighting consumption
D E G H A

Data overview
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
kWh/m2
Months
HVACsystem electric consumption
C D E G H A B I

Data overview
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
kWh/m2
Month
Positive cooling consumption
D E G H A B I

Data overview
0
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
kWh/m2
Month
Negative cooling consumption
C D E G H A B I

Metering problems
• Wrong classification or unknown electric distribution

Metering problems
• Meters shut down
Negative cooling

Metering problems
• Presence of Photovoltaic system, double metering required
Global electric energy

Control problems
• Poor control during summer
Rooftop consumption

Control problems
• High lighting consumption during night (poor scalability of lighting electric lines)

Control problems• Random lighting consumption during night (manual control of security company)

Other findings
• Negative cooling systems
Well dimensioned

Other findings
• Negative cooling systems
Close to its maximum power

Benchmarking HVAC consumption
• Focusing on benchmarking evaluation for HVAC consumption,
a multi-linear regression was evaluated to describe the HVAC
consumption in respect of:
– 1.Gross internal area GIA
– 2.Climatic conditions (monthly mean temperature) ExtT
– 3.Working hours Occ
– 4.Internal electric loads (lighting+other loads) Loads

Benchmarking HVAC consumption:
3-variable model
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
kWh
Monthly HVAC Electric Consumption(GIA, Occ, ExtT)
Calculated
Measured
Test to minimize the number of inputs (no loads).

4-variable model
Good evaluation with 4 variables. (R2
≈ 0.8)
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
kWh
Monthly HVAC Electric Consumption(GIA, Occ, ExtT, Light, SP)
Calculated
HVAC

Calculated measured
kWh kWh/m2
kWh/m2
Jan 18455 1.11 1.17
Feb 10875 0.65 0.75
Mar 13339 0.80 0.65
Apr 7582 0.45 0.34
May 18698 1.12 1.14
Jun 23418 1.40 1.31
Jul 38533 2.31 2.10
Aug 53087 3.18 2.72
Sep 37287 2.24 1.87
Oct 28629 1.72 1.53
Nov 25034 1.50 1.40
Dec 15741 0.94 1.01
YEAR 290679 17.44 15.99
Specific consumption is related to the other variables,
Supermaket C,
16’000 m2
Year global consumption:
8.3 GWh
Year HVAC consumption:
291 MWh

Supermarket C
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
kWh
Calculated
HVAC

Specific consumption is related to the other variables,
Supermarket F,
7’800 m2
Yearly global consumption:
6.8 GWh
Yearly HVAC consumption:
590 MWh (evauated, one
month missing)
Calculated measured
kWh kWh/m2
kWh/m2
Jan 60151 7.65 6.93
Feb 30257 3.85 3.36
Mar 9987 1.27 1.35
Apr 33081 4.21 4.35
May 0 0.00 0.00
Jun 43568 5.54 7.33
Jul 74999 9.54 9.25
Aug 67352 8.57 9.08
Sep 65939 8.39 7.24
Oct 53669 6.83 6.81
Nov 54273 6.90 6.43
Dec 61702 7.85 7.26
YEAR 554978 70.59 69.39

Supermarket F
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
kWh
Calculated
HVAC

Supermarket C vs F
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
kWh
Calculated
HVAC
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
kWh/m2 MILANO Monthly HVACElectric Consumption (GIA, Occ, ExtT, Light, SP)
Calculated
HVAC

Thank you for your attention
marco.masoero@polito.it

XVI CONVEGNO EUROPEO M. Masoero - Inspection and monitoring of refrigeration and HVAC systems

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XVI CONVEGNO EUROPEO M. Masoero - Inspection and monitoring of refrigeration and HVAC systems