4. central analogies of conduction times in the
peripheral nervous system
central neural pathways.
5.
6. Visual evoked potentials:
Electrical potentials recorded from scalp in response to
visual stimuli.
It assesses the integrity of the visual pathways from the
optic nerve to the occipital cortex.
9. temporal half of retina are also
situated in the temporal half of the nerve
chiasm without crossing
to ipsilateral
10. nasal half of retina are situated
in the medial half of the nerve
Decussate at chiasm
to contralateral
11. TYPES OF VEP
Pattern VEP:
oMost commonly used in clinical practice.
oFull field
oHemi field
oCentral field
oPartial field.
Flash VEP:
oLess commonly used.
oUsed in uncooperative and unconscious patients.
Chromatic patterned stimuli:
oHelpful in detecting color blindness.
12.
13. PATIENT INSTRUCTIONS:
• Patient should be explained the test to ensure full cooperation.
• Avoid the hair spray or oil after last hair wash.
• The usual glasses if any should be put on during test.
• Avoid any mydriatic or miotic drugs 12 hr before the test.
• Results of ophthalmological examination such as visual
acuity, pupillary diameter and field charts should be reviewed
before the test.
14. HOW TO DO THE TEST ?
Equipment settings:
• Electrode impedance below 5kώ.
• Low cut filters are set at 1- 3 Hz.
• High cut filters are set at 100- 300 Hz.
• Amplification ranging between 20,000 to 100,000 is
used.
• sweep duration should range between 250 to 500 ms.
15. Procedure:
• The room should be dark.
• Test One eye at a time.
• Seating distance: 70-100 cm from the monitor screen.
• Stimulus: Checkerboard pattern (or less often, flash) is
used as stimulation.
oSkin preparation by abrading and degreasing.
oApply electrodes using jelly.
16. oElectrode placement:
oRecording electrode at Oz
(2cms above the inion).
oReference electrode at Fpz
(12cms above the nasion).
oGround electrode at Cz
(vertex).
• Fix the gaze at a colored dot in
the center of the screen.
• Check the impedance of the
electrodes and start the
averaging process.
17. • Stimulus rates of 1-2 Hz are recommended.
• Generally about 100 epochs are averaged.
• Some times 250 – 500 epochs are required to get a
clear potential.
• For judging the reproducibility of the wave forms,
these should be averaged twice and superimposed.
• Additional recording electrodes L5, R5 are used if
there is asymmetrical activation of visual cortex.
18.
19. Waveforms (The NPN
complex)
• The initial negative peak (N1 or N75)
• A large positive peak (P1 or P100)
• Negative peak (N2 or N145)
N75
P100
N145
21. Analysis:
• Identify the waves (NPN complex)
• Determine the absolute peak latencies
• Determine the amplitude of the waves
• Determine the inter ocular latency difference.
P-VEP normal data :
• P 100 latency: 102 5 m sec
• R-L difference: 1.3 2.0 m sec
• Amplitude: 10 4.2 μV
• Duration: 63 8.7 m sec.
23. 1. Latency prolongation:
• P 100 Latency prolongation > 3 SD or inter
ocular latency difference > 10 m sec is significant.
• Latency depends on fast conducting fibers.
• Prolonged P 100 latency seen in demyelinating
lesions.
• Also seen in retinopathies & glaucoma.
2. Amplitude reduction:
• Amplitude of P 100 wide individual variation.
• Hence Inter ocular amplitude ratio is used to detect
abnormalities.
• Inter ocular amplitude ratio > 2 is significant.
• Reduced amplitude indicates axonal lesions( ex:
AION).
24. 3. Combined latency & amplitude abnormalities:
• Optic nerve compression produce results in segmental
demyelination and axonal loss
• Hence it produces combined latency and amplitude
abnormalities.
W shaped complex:
• It is bifid pattern of P 100 wave.
• Two peaks are separated by 10 – 50 ms.
• Rarely seen in normal individuals.
• Usually seen during field defects.
25. VARIABLES INFLUENCING
VEP
AGE-
Latency of P100 is prolonged at a rate of
2.5ms/decade after 50 years.
In infants and young children the P100 latency on
large checks reaches adult value by 20 weeks,
whereas on smaller checks takes 5-6 years to
reach adult value.
26. • GENDER
• The p100 latency is longer in adult males
compared to adult females.
• This has been attributed to larger head size and
lower body temperature in males.
• The mean amplitude is greater in females
compared to males.
• Although its basis unknown hormonal differences
have been suggested.
27. • EYE DOMINANCE
• The P100 wave obtained by stimulating dominant
eye is shorter and the amplitude is greater
compared to the nondominant eye.
• This has been attributed to neuroanatomic
asymmetries of striate cortex.
• EYE MOVEMENTS.
• Eye movement reduces the amplitude of P100
but its latency is not affected.
• Patients with nystagmus having normal visual
pathway have normal P100 latency.
28. DRUGS AND SIZE OF PUPIL
• Drugs causing pupillary constriction such as
pilocarpine can increase p100 latency which is
attributed to decreased area of retinal
illumination.
• Mydriatics have opposite effect
36. COMPRESSIVE LESIONS AFFECTING ANTERIOR
VISUAL PATHWAY
• VEP in patients with papilloedema is not severe
unless there is compression of optic nerve
loss of amplitude
distortion of waveform and
prolongation of p100 latency
37. • Latency prolongation is less prolonged
is more sensitive in detecting compression of
anterior visual pathways
41. of 5 waves within 10 ms
uncooperative and very young patients
severe hearing deficits.
42.
43. starts in the cochlea
• hydrostatic pressure changes are sensed by hair
cells in the organ of Corti.
44. pontomedullary
junction via the acoustic nerve.
• second-order neurons project to ipsilateral and
contralateral superior olivary nuclei
45.
46.
47. BRAINSTEM ELECTRICAL ACTIVITYAND ITS
CORRELATIONWITH BAEP
WAVEFORM GENERATORS
I VIII NERVE E
II COCHLEAR NUCLEUS C
III SUPERIOROLIVARY
NUCLEUS O
IV LATERAL LEMNISCUS L
V INGERIORCOLLICULI I
49. Equipment settings:
• Electrode impedance below 5kώ.
• Low cut filters are set at 100 Hz.
• High cut filters are set at 3000 Hz.
• Amplification ranging between 200,000to 500,000
is used.
•
78. normal in patients with coma caused
entirely by supratentorial disease
• Abnormal BAEPs in patients with supratentorial
infarctions or hemorrhages are correlated with
poor clinical outcomes
79. • BAEPs are highly resistant to central nervous
system depressant drugs.
• BAEP is better than GCS, motor signs, EEG, CT in
predicting outcome of severe head injury