5. GA : A Thai woman, alert, good concious, well
cooperated
Vital signs : BP 160/90 mmhg PR 96 bpm
temp 36.7 c RR 16 /min
HEENT : not pale conjunctivae, anicteric
sclerae
Lung : clear breath sound both lungs
Cardiovascular : normal s1,s2 ,no murmur
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
6. Abdomen : soft, not tender, normoactive
bowel sound, no hepatosplenomegaly
Extremities : no deformity,no
kyphosis/scoliosis
Neurological :
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
Rt. Lt.
C5 V V
C6 V V
C7 V V
C8 V V
T1 V V
Rt. Lt.
L2 V V
L3 V V
L4 IV V
L5 IV V
S1 IV V
7. SLRT : positive both leg
Cross SLRT : positive left leg
Pain on movement : on flexion > extension
Hoffman’s reflex : negative
Hip motion : no limit ROM
Sign of four : negative both leg
PR : good sphincter tone
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
11. Displacement of the central area of the disc
(nucleus) resulting in impingement on the
lumbosacral nerve root
• Common cause of LBP & leg pain (sciatica,
claudication)
• Common at L4-5, L5-S1
• Posterolateral direction
• Predisposing factors
Age
degeneration
Injury
HERNIATED NUCLEUS PULPOSUS
12.
13.
14. Nucleus Pulposus
Central gelatinous substance
Type II collagen
Resist compressive loads
Shock absorbers
Vertebral disk
Cartilaginous & Bony end plates
• Annulus Fibrosus
- Peripheral fibers
- Type I collagen
- Higher elasticity
- Resist tensile loads
INTERVERTEBRAL DISC
15. can present with symptoms of axial back
pain (low back pain)
this may be discogenic or mechanical in nature
radicular pain (buttock and leg pain)
often worse with sitting, improves with standing
symptoms worsened by coughing, valsalva, sneezing
cauda equina syndrome (present in 1-10%)
bilateral leg pain
LE weakness
saddle anesthesia
bowel/bladder symptoms
SYMPTOM
16. Motor exam by key muscle
straight leg raise
a tension sign for L5 and S1 nerve root
sensitivity/specificity
most important and predictive physical finding for
identifying who is a good candidate for surgery
contralateral SLR
crossed straight leg raise is less sensitive but more
specific
Lesegue sign
SLR aggravated by forced ankle dorsiflexion
Bowstring sign
SLR aggravated by compression on popliteal fossa
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
20. may showloss of lordosis (spasm)
loss of disc height
lumbar spondylosis (degenerative changes)
RADIOGRAPH
21. indications for obtaining an MRI
pain lasting > one month and not responding to
nonoperative management or
red flags are present
infection (IV drug user, h/o of fever and chills)
tumor (h/o or cancer)
trauma (h/o car accident or fall)
cauda equina syndrome (bowel/bladder changes)
RADIOGRAPH
26. Operative Treatment Indications
- loss of bowel and bladder function (Cauda
equina syndrome)
- progressive neurological deficit
- failure conservative treatment about 4-6
weeks
- excruciating pain Procedures: Discectomy
Anterior / Posterior Nucleolysis Spinal Fusion
Disc Prosthesis Replacement
Posterior Lumbar Disc Herniation “disc
excision”
TREATMENT OF HNP
27. Dural tear (1%)
if have tear at time of surgery then perform water-tight
repair
Recurrent HNP
can treat nonoperatively initially
outcomes for revision discectomy have been shown to
be as good as for primary discectomy
Discitis (1%)
Vascular catastrophe
caused by breaking through anterior annulus and
injuring vena cava/aorta
COMPLICATION OF SURGERY