Performance all teh things

@manarth
Marcus Deglos
Performance all teh
things!

JUST HOW SLOW ARE WE
TALKING, EXACTLY?

BENCHMARKING
A single request and response

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML+RDFa 1.0//EN" 
"http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/DTD/xhtml-rdfa-1.dtd"> <html
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" version="XHTML+RDFa 1.0"
dir="ltr"  xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" 
xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"  xmlns:foaf="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/" 
xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#"  xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#" 
xmlns:sioc="http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns#"  xmlns:sioct="http://rdfs.org/sioc/types#" 
xmlns:skos="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#" 
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#">  <head
profile="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/vocab">  <meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <link rel="shortcut icon"
href="http://testbed.local/misc/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <meta
name="Generator" content="Drupal 7 (http://drupal.org)" />  <title>Welcome to Site-
Install | Site-Install</title>
Compare:
- Plain old HTML
- Plain old HTML, with PHP overhead
- Drupal

What HTML?
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML+RDFa 1.0//EN" 
"http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/DTD/xhtml-rdfa-1.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xml:lang="en" version="XHTML+RDFa 1.0" dir="ltr" 
xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"  xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" 
xmlns:foaf="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"  xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" 
xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"  xmlns:sioc="http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns#" 
xmlns:sioct="http://rdfs.org/sioc/types#"  xmlns:skos="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#" 
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#">  <head
profile="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/vocab">  <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;
charset=utf-8" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="http://testbed.local/misc/favicon.ico"
type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 7 (http://drupal.org)"
/>  <title>Welcome to Site-Install | Site-Install</title>
Drupal 7’s homepage.

ApacheBench
ab -n 1000 -c 10 $url

ApacheBench
ab -n 1000 -c 10 $url
1000 requests 10 concurrent
requests

How fast?
HTML 1776
PHP 1437
Drupal 32
Requests per second
(mean, averaged over 3 runs of 1000 requests)

How do we make it faster?
APC Memcache
Varnish
Drupal
page
cache
Drupal block
cache
Apache
tuning
Custom-
compiled
PHP
MySQL
tuning
Front-end
optimisation
ESI

SIMPLE QUICK WINS
APC, memcache, and Drupal caches

JUST WHAT IS THIS APC THING
ANYWAY?
APC: an opcode cache.
Welcome to the world of PHP internals

Simplified workflow
include “foo.php”
Read contents of “foo.php”
Tokenize
Convert tokens to opcodes
execute

Simplified workflow
Tokenize
execute
<?php
function display_data(array $data) {
$buf = '';
foreach ($data as $k=>$v) {
$buf .= sprintf("%s: %sn", $k, $v);
}
return $buf;
}

Simplified workflow
Tokenize
execute
1 OPEN_TAG <?php
2 WHITESPACE
3 FUNCTION function
3 WHITESPACE
3 STRING display_data
3 OPEN BRACKET (
3 ARRAY array
3 WHITESPACE
3 VARIABLE $data
3 CLOSE_BRACKET )
3 WHITESPACE
4 OPEN_CURLY {
4 WHITESPACE
… …………………

Simplified workflow
Tokenize
execute
Tokens are compiled into op-codes
Each op-code is represented by an integer.
For example:
OpcodeOpcode number
CONCAT 8
DECLARE_CONST 143
UNSET_VAR 74

Simplified workflow
Tokenize
execute
zend_compile_file
zend_execute

Simplified workflow
Tokenize
execute
APC replaces this
zend_execute

Simplified workflow
Tokenize
execute zend_execute
The compiled opcodes for
each file are cached in
memory.
No need to parse again.

Simplified workflow
Tokenize
execute
APC Summary
You do not need to change your
code
APC cache is not shared
between PHP-FPM workers
Apache + mod php is better than
PHP-FPM/CGI.

Installing APC
$ sudo apt-get install php-apc
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following NEW packages will be installed:
php-apc
0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 8 not upgraded.
Need to get 0 B/79.2 kB of archives.
After this operation, 233 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Selecting previously unselected package php-apc.
(Reading database ... 68234 files and directories currently installed.)
Unpacking php-apc (from .../php-apc_3.1.7-1_i386.deb) ...
Processing triggers for libapache2-mod-php5 ...
* Reloading web server config apache2 apache2:
Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using 127.0.1.1 for ServerName
[ OK ]
Setting up php-apc (3.1.7-1) ...
$ sudo apache2ctl restart

Installing APC
php-apc
[ OK ]
Use `sudo` if you need more
privileges than your user
account has.

Installing APC
php-apc
[ OK ]
Package manager command
may vary according to O/S.
Redhat/CentOS usually uses
`yum install` instead.

Installing APC
php-apc
[ OK ]
The name of the package
varies according to distro,
for example `php-pecl-apc`
in some variations.

Installing APC
php-apc
[ OK ]
Restart Apache for the
change to take effect.

Verifying APC is running
$ php -i |grep –iapc
Additional .ini files parsed => /etc/php5/cli/conf.d/apc.ini,
apc
APC Support => disabled
APC Debugging => Disabled
apc.cache_by_default => On => On
apc.canonicalize => On => On
apc.coredump_unmap => Off => Off
apc.enable_cli => Off => Off
apc.enabled => On => On
apc.file_md5 => Off => Off
apc.file_update_protection => 2 => 2
apc.filters => no value => no value
apc.gc_ttl => 3600 => 3600

apc
apc.gc_ttl => 3600 => 3600
Use `php –i` to show the PHP
environment configuration

apc
apc.gc_ttl => 3600 => 3600
Use `grep` to filter for config
related just to APC. The `-i`
flag is to ignore case.

apc
apc.gc_ttl => 3600 => 3600
Hooray!

Verifying via the browser
Link to PHP
configuration
Admin » Reports » Status

How fast?
Requests per second
No APC 3.75
APC 3.44

How fast?
Requests per second
No APC 3.75
APC 3.44
I cheated.
This is what happens when
you don’t assign enough
memory to APC.

How fast?
Requests per second
No APC 3.75
APC 3.44
APC 12.49

cache_get
if ($cache = cache_get('image_styles', 'cache')) {
$styles = $cache->data;
}
else {
// Do a load of work
// And look up all sorts of things in the SLOW db.
}

cache_get
if ($cache = cache_get('image_styles', 'cache')) {
$styles = $cache->data;
}
else {
// Do a load of work
// And look up all sorts of things in the SLOW db.
}
cache_get is pluggable.
It’s a key-value store.
By default it uses the DB.

cache_get in the DB.
cache_get('image_styles', 'cache’);
SELECT * from cache WHERE cid='image_styles’;

A quick summary
Memcache moves load from the DB to
memcache.
Memcache stores data in memory (unlike DB
which stores it on disk). Memory is faster.
Memcache is non-persistent. Don’t store data
you’re not prepared to lose.

Installing Memcache
$ sudo apt-get installmemcachedphp5-memcache
The following package was automatically installed and is no longer required:
libmemcached6
Use 'apt-get autoremove' to remove them.
Suggested packages:
libcache-memcached-perllibmemcached
memcached php5-memcache
Need to get 0 B/121 kB of archives.
Selecting previously unselected package memcached.
……
Setting up memcached (1.4.13-0ubuntu2) ...
Starting memcached: memcached.
Setting up php5-memcache (3.0.6-1) ...
$ sudo /etc/init.d/memcached start

Installing Memcache
libmemcached6
Suggested packages:
……
memcachedis the
memcache server. It’s a
standalone program,
completely separate from
PHP.

Installing Memcache
libmemcached6
Suggested packages:
……
php5-memcache is the
PHP extension that
provides functions for
PHP to exchange data
with a memcache server.

Installing Memcache
libmemcached6
Suggested packages:
……
There’s another PHP
extension called php5-
memcached, which does
the same thing.
PHP also has duplicate
modules!

Installing Memcache
libmemcached6
Suggested packages:
……
Start the memcache
server

Drupal config for Memcache
Download the memcache module.
Add the configuration to settings.php.

settings.php changes
/**
* Memcache configuration.
*/
define('MEMCACHE_PATH', 'sites/all/modules/contrib/memcache/memcache.inc');
// Include the base cache class that memcache extends.
include_once('./includes/cache.inc');
// Include the memcache files.
include_once(MEMCACHE_PATH);
// Optionally configure a prefix; most sites won't need this.
# $conf['memcache_key_prefix'] = 'foo';
// Declare memcache as a potential backend.
$conf['cache_backends'][] = MEMCACHE_PATH;
// Set the default cache to use memcache.
$conf['cache_default_class'] = 'MemCacheDrupal';
// Form-cache must use non-volatile storage.
$conf['cache_class_cache_form'] = 'DrupalDatabaseCache';

How fast?
Requests per second
APC 12.49
Memcache 29.06

How fast?
Page
cache 55
+ APC 190
+ APC +
memcache 193
Requests per second
APC 12.49

Varnish…live demo!
(uh oh…)

Speeding up the snail
• APC and memcache are quick wins.
• Turn on page-caching and block-caching
• Use Varnish for static assets
• Use Varnish + ESI to cache authenticated users

Thanks for coming!
 Blog: http://deglos.com
 Email: marcus@techito.co.uk
 Slides: http://slideshare.net/manarth
 Twitter: @manarth
Questions?

 Build websites
 Develop modules
 Offer technical consultancy
http://techito.co.uk/

Performance all teh things

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