The document discusses various approaches and methods for teaching English as a second or foreign language (ESL/EFL). It covers major trends in the 20th century such as the grammar translation method, direct method, and audio-lingual method. It also discusses alternative approaches like total physical response, silent way, and community language learning (CLL). CLL was created for adult learners and focuses on overcoming fears through a sense of community, tape-recording conversations, and having students control the "human computer." Trends in the 21st century include communicative language teaching, cooperative language learning, content-based instruction, and task-based instruction.

1. Approaches and Methods in ESL/ EFL Instruction