Macronutrients:- Nutrients are substances needed for growth, metabolism, and for other body functions. Since “macro” means large, macronutrients are nutrients needed in large amounts. The prefix makro is from the Greek and means big or large Macronutrients are nutrients that provide calories or energy. Minerals and Vitamins are called micronutrients since they are needed in SMALL amounts.

1. Macro and Micronutrients in
Chicken
Macronutrients:-
 Nutrients are substances needed for growth,
metabolism, and for other body functions.
Since ―macro‖ means large, macronutrients
are nutrients needed in large amounts.
 The prefix makro is from the Greek and means
big or large
 Macronutrients are nutrients that provide
calories or energy.

2. Macronutrients
 Water
 Carbohydrates
 Fats (lipids)
 Proteins

3. Water (H2O)
 Overlook when formulating rations—assumed
animals have access to good quality water
 EXTREMELY IMPORTANT
 Cheapest & most abundant nutrient
 May lose 100% of body fat, 50% of body protein
and live
 Lose 10% of body water, dehydration occurs
and may result in death

4. Cont..
 65-85% of body weight at birth
 45-60% of body weight at maturity
 Many tissues contain 70-90% water

5. Water sources
 Drinking water
 Feed
 Metabolic water produced by
oxidation of CHO, fats & proteins

6. Drinking water
Drinking
 Pigs = 1.5-3 gal/hd/day
 Sheep = 1-3 gal/hd/day
 Cattle = 10-14 gal/hd/day
 Horses = 10-14 gal/hd/day
 Poultry = 2 parts water:1 part feed

7. Feed
Moister contained in poultry feed
11 percent

8. Metabolic Water
Results from the oxidation of organic nutrients in
the tissues
- 1 g of carbohydrates = .6 g of water
- 1 g of protein = .4 g of water
- 1 g of fat = 1 g of water
- May account for 5-10% of total water intake

9. Water Loss
 Urine
 Feces
 Lungs (latent heat)/heat of evaporation
 Skin
 Egg production

10. Factors Affecting Water Intake
 Temperature & humidity
 Dietary factors
High moisture feeds reduce water intake
Fiber, DM intake, salt, and protein
increase water intake

11. Water Absorption
 Readily absorbed
 Monogastrics/Ruminants: Jejunum, Ileum,
Cecum, Large Intestine

12. CARBOHYDRATES (CHO)
 Definition: Hydrates of carbon formed by
combining CO2 and H2O
 photosynthesis
 Primary component found in livestock feeds
 70% of DM of forages
 80% of DM of grains
 Serve as source of energy or bulk (fiber) in the
diet

13. Sources of CHO
 Cereal Grains
 Most feedstuffs of plant origin are high in CHO
content

14. Types of CHO
 Monosaccharides: 1 sugar molecule
 Glucose
 Primary sugar body uses for fuel
 Fructose
 Found in honey (75%), fruits, and cane sugar
 Sweetest sugar
 Present in low concentrations in animal
feedstuffs

15. Monosaccharide (Glucose)

16. Contn..
 Disaccharides: 2 sugar molecules linked by a
glycosidic bond
 Lactose (galactose + glucose)
 Milk sugar
 Sucrose (fructose + glucose)
 Table sugar
 Present in higher concentrations in animal
feedstuffs

17. Disaccharide (Sucrose)

18. cont…
 Oligosaccharides: group of CHO consisting of
2-10 sugar groups
 Present in feed ingredients
 Fructooligosaccharides (Inulin)
 Galactooligosaccharides:

19. Cont..
 Oligosaccharides
 Not hydrolytically digested or digested by the
action of mammalian enzymes
 Fermented by beneficial bacteria present in GIT
 ―Functional Feed Ingredient‖: foodstuffs which,
apart from their normal nutritional value, are said
to help promote or sustain healthiness
 PREBIOTIC

20. Soybean Oligosaccharides

21. Fructooligosaccharides (Inulin)

22. Cont..
 Polysaccharides: many sugar molecules linked
by a glycosidic bond
 Starch: storage form in plants
 Cellulose: most abundant CHO in nature
 Hemicellulose: principle component of plant cell
wall

23. Polysaccharides

24. Cont..

25. Function of CHO
 Source of energy
 Source of heat
 Building block for other nutrients

26. CHO Digestion
 Dietary CHO must be converted to be absorbed
 Simple sugars (monosaccharides)
 How?
 Action of amylase enzyme
 Salivary amylase (swine, poultry)
 Intestinal amylase
 Action of other disaccharidases
 Produced by mucosal lining of duodenum

27. CHO Absorption
 Once simple sugars are formed, they are
absorbed rapidly by small intestine
 Then monosaccharides diffuse into the portal
vein which transports them to sites of
metabolism

28. LIPIDS
 Insoluble in water but soluble in organic
solvents
 Dense energy source:
 1 g fat = 9.45 kcal GE
 1 g protein = 4.5 kcal GE
 1 g CHO = 4.2 kcal GE
 Thus, fat produces 2.25 times the energy than
CHO

29. Lipids
 Triglyceride: primary storage form of lipids
 Saturated fatty acids: contain no double bonds
 Unsaturated fatty acids: contain 1 or more
double bonds

30. Sources of Lipids (EFA)
 Most feeds contain low levels
 > 10%
 Unprocessed oil seeds (soybean, cottonseed,
sunflower seed) contain up to 20% fat
 Traditionally, if additional fat is needed it is
added to the diet
 Animal fats
 Vegetable oils

31. Structure of lipids

32. Cont..
 Fats = solid at room temp = animal origin
 saturated
 Oils = liquid at room temp = plant origin
 unsaturated

33. Functions of Lipids
 Dietary energy supply
 Source of insulation & protection
 Source of essential fatty acids (EFA)
 Carrier for fat soluble vitamins

34. EFA
 Essential fatty acids (EFA): Those fatty acids that an animal
requires, but which it cannot synthesize in adequate amounts
to meet the animal’s need
 Linoleic
 Linolenic
-Arachidonic
 Physiological needs:
 Cell membrane structure
 Synthesis of prostaglandins which control blood pressure and
smooth muscle contractions
 Deficiency:
 Scaly, flaky skin (Poor feather growth)
 Poor growth

35. Lipid Digestion
 Occurs in the small intestine (duodenum)
 Bile produced by liver emulsifies fat
 Pancreatic lipase (enzyme) breaks apart fat for
absorption

36. Lipid Absorption
 Monoglycerides (MG)—absorbed into SI
mucosal cells
 Free Fatty Acids (FFA)—absorbed into SI
mucosal cells or enter blood circulation directly
 Very efficient
 Absorption rates range from 70-96%
 Generally, oils (unsaturated fats) are absorbed
more completely that fats (saturated fats)

37. PROTEINS
 DEFINITION: Protein are long chains of amino acids
(AA)- Formed by peptide linkages
 Amino group + carbon skeleton
 Principal constituent of organs and soft tissues
 Highest concentration of any nutrient, except water, in
the body of all living organisms and animals
 Required for life

38. Sources of Protein
 Most common feedstuffs contain some protein
 KEY: to combine feedstuffs into the diet so
that AA requirements are met
 e.g. Using a corn-soybean meal diet for pigs

39. Structure
Protein (2 AA joined by peptide
bond between carboxyl
and amino group

40. Categories of Protein
1. Essential Amino Acids (EAA):
 required in the diet
 cannot be synthesized at a rate sufficient to meet the
nutritional requirements
2. Nonessential AA
 animal can produce enough to meet it’s
requirements
3. Semi-essential AA
 Animal can not always produce enough to
meet its requirements

41. Essential AA
 PVT TIM HALL (KNOW!)
• Phenylalanine
• Valine
• Threonine
• Tryptophan
• Isoleucine
• Methionine
• Histidine
• Arginine
• Lysine
• Leucine

42. Critical amino acids
 Methionine
 Arginine
 Lysine
 Threonine
 Tryptophan
 Isoleucine

43. Limiting amino acids
 Lysine
 Methionine
 Cystine + methionine

44. Functions of Protein
 Basic structural units
Collagen, blood, elastin
 Body metabolism
Enzymes, hormones, immune system,
hereditary transmission
 Production
Meat, milk, skin/hair

45. Protein Deficiency
 Reduced growth & feed efficiency
 Infertility
 Reduced birth weights
 Reduced milk production

46. Protein Digestion
 Proteins must be broken down into AA for
absorption in the GIT
 Exception! Early in life (> 48 h after birth) proteins
from milk (immunoglobulin's) can be absorbed
intact across the intestinal epithelium

47. Monogastric Protein Digestion
 Stomach: HCl unfolds (denatures) proteins and
activates pepsinogen secreted by stomach to
pepsin
 Pepsin begins protein digestion to peptides
(short-chain proteins)
 Small intestine: enzymes (trypsin) break
peptides into AA
 AA are absorbed in anterior part of the small
intestine
 Jejunum and ileum
 AA are absorbed and transported to tissue via
blood

48. Specifications For Broiler Feeds(BIS Standards
2007)
No Nutrient Unit Pre Starter Starter Finisher
1 Moisture Max% 11.0 11.0 11.0
2 Crude protein Min % 23.0 22.0 20.0
3 Ether Extract Min % 3.0 3.5 4.0
4 Crude Fibre Max% 5.0 5.0 5.0
5 Acid Insoluble
Ash
Max% 2.5 2.5 2.5
6 Salt as NaCl Max % 0.5 0.5 0.5
7 Lysine Min% 1.3 1.2 1.0
8 Methionine Min% 0.5 0.5 0.45
9 Methionine+
cystine
Min% 0.9 0.9 0.85
10 Metabolizable
energy
Min%
Kcalkg
3000 3100 3200

49. Specifications For layer Feeds (BIS Standards 2007)
No Nutrient Unit Chick Grower Layer
Phase I
Phase II
1 Moisture Max% 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0
2 Crude protein Min % 20.0 16.0 18.0 16.0
3 Ether Extract Min % 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
4 Crude Fibre Max% 7.0 9.0 9.0 10.0
5 Acid Insoluble Ash Max% 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.5
6 Salt as NaCl Max % 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
7 Lysine Min% 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.65
8 Methionine Min% 0.45 0.35 0.35 0.30
9 Methionine+ cystine Min% 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.55
10 Metabolizable
energy
Min%
Kcalk
2800 2500 2600 2400

50. Micronutrients in poultry

51. Micronutrients in poultry
 Minerals and vitamins are ca them.
 Minerals and Vitamins are called
micronutrients since they are needed in
SMALL amounts.

52. Minerals
 Inorganic components of the diet
 Can not be synthesized or decomposed by
chemical reactions
 Total mineral content is called ―ash‖
 Makes up 3-5% of the body weight

53. Sources of Minerals
 Forages usually considered good sources of
minerals
 Largely dependant on soil conditions
 Grains are fair source of P, but low in other
minerals
 Mineral premixes
 Mineral blocks

54. What do minerals do in our body?
 Influence fluid balance
 Regulate blood pressure
 Role in muscle contraction
 Direct nerve impulse transmission
 Used to make hormones
 Aids in building strong bones and teeth
 Each one has specific roles in body

55. Categories of Minerals
 Macro Minerals: Minerals normally present at
greater levels in animal body or needed in large
amounts in the diet (found in concentrations >
100 ppm)
 Calcium (Ca)
 Phosphorus (P)
 Sodium (Na)
 Chloride (Cl)
 Magnesium (Mg)
 Potassium (K)
 Sulfur (S)

56. Categories of Minerals
 Micro (Trace) Minerals: Minerals normally present at low
levels in animal body or needed in small amounts in the
diet (found in concentrations < 100 ppm)
 Cobalt (Co)
 Copper (Cu)
 Fluoride (Fl)
 Iodine (I)
 Iron (Fe)
 Manganese (Mn)
 Molybdenum (Mo)
 Selenium (Se)
 Zinc (Zn)

57. Functions of Mineral
 Skeletal formation and maintenance (Ca, P,
Mg, Cu, Mn)
 Protein synthesis (P, S, Zn)
 Oxygen transport (Fe, Cu)
 Fluid balance—osmotic pressure (Na, Cl, K)
 Acid-base balance regulation (Na, Cl, K)
 Activators or components of enzyme systems
(Ca, P, K, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn)
 Mineral-Vitamin relationships (Ca, P, Co, Se)

58. Macro Mineral Deficiencies
Ca and P
 Loss of appetite and weakness
 Rickets (young birds )
Layers :
 Decreased egg production
 Cage layer fatigue
 Reduced egg size
 Poor shell quality
 Blood spot
 Yolk mottling
Breeders:-
 Decreased hatchability
 Poor performance of offspring

59. Sodium (Na) and Chloride(Cl)
 Loss of appetite, Growth retardation, poor feed
utilization
 Decrease in fluid volume
 Gonadal inactivity
 Reduced egg production & hatchability
 Cannibalism
 Molting in layers

60. Potassium
 Reduced appetite, depressed
growth, muscular weakness and
paralysis
 Intracellular acidosis
 Titanic seizure
 Reduced egg production and
shell quality

61. Magnesium
 Anorexia and depressed growth
 Poor feathering, panting and gasping
 Hrperirritabilty,tetany,muscular in coordination
 Decreased egg production, egg weight and
shell quality

62. Iron (Fe)
 Macrocytic and hypochromic anemia
 Low growth rate
 Poor feathering
 Depigmentation of feathers
 Embryonic mortality (9 to 15 days )

63. Manganese
 Perosis (chondrodystrophy)
 Thickened and enlarged hock joints
 Micromelia in breeders
 Ataxia and star gazing posture

64. Zinc (Zn)
 Decrease in weight of lymphoid organs
 Retarded growth in young chicks
Breeders:
Reduced hatchability, Embryonic abnormalities,
Reduced feed intake, poor feathering

65. Copper (Cu)
 Anemia
 Enlargement ,thickening and rupture of aorta
due to defective elastin formation
 Fragile long bones and lameness
 Shell less and misshapen eggs
 Embryonic mortality at 3-4 days

66. Iodine (I)
 Enlargement of thyroid gland
 Poor growth, egg production, egg size
 Abnormal lacy feathers
 Accumulation of fat
 Decreased hatchability
 Decreased sperm count

67. Selenium (Se)
 Exudative diathesis
 Nutritional muscular dystrophy
 Pancreatic dystrophy

68. Tolerance and toxic levels and symptoms and
lesions of mineral toxicity in chicken
Mineral Tolerable level Toxic level Toxic symptoms
Calcium Growers 1.2 %
Layers 5 %
Def. of Phosphorus
Def .of other minerals
(Mg,Fe,I,Zn,Mn)
Phosphorous 0.8 % (NPP) Def.of Ca, Def .of other
minerals
(Mg,Fe,I,Zn,Mn)
Sodium Layers -0.12 0.9% Reduced growth & egg
prod. ,wet litter
Chloride Layers -0.12 1.5% Reduced growth
Potassium 2.0% Wet litter
Magnesium chicks- 0.3%
Adults-0.5%
1.0% Poor growth,low egg
prod.,poor egg shell
quality

69. Cont..
Mineral Tolerable level Toxic level Toxic symptoms
Cobalt 10mg/kg 100mg/kg Reduced growth
Copper 300mg/kg 800mg/kg Necrosis of
liver,destrction of vit.E,
gizzard erosions
Iodine 300mg/kg 500mg/kg Goiter, reduced egg
prod., egg size and
hatchability
Iron 1000mg/kg 4500mg/kg Adsorbs vitamins
,formation of insoluble
phosphates
Manganese 2000mg/kg 4000mg/kg Poor growth
Selenium 2mg/kg 10mg/kg Poor growth, low egg
prod .
Zinc 1000mg/kg 1500mg/kg Muscular dystrophy,
reduced bone ash

70. Specifications For Broiler Feeds(BIS Standards 2007)
No Nutrient Unit Pre
Starter
Starter Finisher
1 Calcium Max% 1.0 1.0 1.0
2 Phosphorous
Available P
Min % 0.7
0.45
0.7
0.45
0.7
0.45
3 Manganese Min mg 100 100 100
4 Iodine Min mg 1.2 1.2 1.2
5 Iron Min mg 80.0 80.0 80.0
6 Copper Min mg 12.0 12.0 12.0
7 Selenium Min mg 0.15 0.15 0.15
8 Zinc Min mg 80.0 80.0 80.0

71. Specifications For layer Feeds (BIS Standards 2007)
No Nutrient Unit Chick Grower Layer
Phase I phase
II
Calcium Max% 1.0 1.0 3.0 3.5
2 Phosphorous
Available P
Min % 0.7
0.45
0.65
0.40
0.65
0.40
0.65
0.40
3 Manganese Min mg 70 60 60 60
4 Iodine Min mg 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
5 Iron Min mg 70 60 60 60
6 Copper Min mg 12.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
7 Selenium Min mg 0.15 0.15 0.15
8 Zinc Min mg 60 60 60 60

72. Mineral Absorption
 Minerals are converted to their ionic form and
absorbed in the small intestine

73. Vitamins
 Organic substances required by the animal in
very small amounts
 Necessary for metabolic activity but not part of
body structure
 Content varies greatly in the feed
 Requirements depend on species

74. Types of Vitamins
Fat-soluble vitamins
 Vit A (carotene): vision
 Vit D: Ca, P absorption
 Vit E (tocopherol): antioxidant
 Vit K (menadione): blood clotting

75. Vitamin A
 Discovered in 1913 by McCollum and Davis
 Essential for vision, healthy epithelial tissues,
and growth
 Sources: milk, cheese, cream, butter, eggs, liver
Beta carotene – A molecule normally can yield
two molecules of retinol
 One ICU of vitamin A =0.3mg of retinol or 0.55
mg of retinol palmitate

76. Forms of vitamin A
Form of vitamin Activity
Retinol 3.33 IU
Retinol acetate 2.91 IU
Retinol palmitate 1.82 IU
Beta carotene 1.67 IU

77. Functions
 Vision (Rhodopsin formation)
 Bone growth
 Reproduction
 Epithelial integrity
 Immunological response

78. Absorption, transport and metabolism
 Retinyl esters (RE) hydrolyzed into retinol &
absorbed in to mucosal cell.
 RE (liver) are hydrolyzed by enzymes n free
retinol is transported by retinol binding protein
(RBP) to tissues
 Liver contains as much as 95% of vitamin in
body

79. Deficiency
 Reduced growth
 Decrease in resistance to diseases
 Eye lesions and muscular in co-ordination
 Decrease in egg production
 Degeneration of mucus membrane

80. Vitamin D
 Named by McCollum in 1925
 The ―Sunshine Vitamin,‖ synthesized with the help of
sunlight also named as antirachitic vitamin
 Aids in mineralization of bones
 Sources: milk, butter, juices, cereal, chocolate, veal,
beef, egg yolks, and fatty fish
 One ICU of vit.D=0.025mg of vitamin D
Two forms
 Ergocaciferol ( D2) and
 Cholecalciferol ( D3),
 Cholecalciferol is more potent (30 times)

81. Functions
 Enhancement of intestinal absorption
 Elevates plasma Ca and P levels
 Helps in regulation of immune cell formation

82. Absorption, transport and metabolism
 Active form of vitamin D3 is formed in the
kidney under the influence of PTH during
reduced calcium levels
 Vitamin D is absorbed in presence of bile &
reaches rapidly to liver via circulation

83. Deficiency
 Rickets ,soft beak,claws,leg and other bones
 Depigmentation of feathers
 Reduced egg production
 Thin shelled or shell less eggs
 Reduced hatchability
 Embryonic mortality in chicks (18-19Days)

84. Vitamin E
 Discovered by Evans and Bishop in 1922
 Source: polyunsaturated plant oils (margarine and
salad dressing), green leafy vegetables, whole grains,
egg yolks, nuts, and fatty meats
 One ICU of vit.E = 1mg of dl- tocopherol acetate or
0.909 mg of dl tocopherol
Functions
 functions as an antioxidant
 Enhance disease resistance in chicken
 Involved in cell oxidation

85. Forms of vitamin E
Form Activity
DL-a-Tocopheryl acetate 1.00 IU
D –a-Tocopheryl acetate 1.36 IU
D-a-Tocopherol 1.49 IU
DL-a-Tocopherol 1.10 IU
D-v-Tocopherol 0.07 IU
Tocotrienols 1.30 IU

86. Deficiency
 Exudative diathesis
 Encephalomalacia/crazy chick disease
 Muscular dystrophy
 Sterility in males

87. Vitamin K
Discovered by Henrik Dam in 1929
Main role is in synthesis of blood
clotting proteins.
Sources: liver, green leafy vegetables,
milk, and cabbage-type vegetables.
The bacteria in our GI tracts can also
make vitamin K

88. Forms of vitamin K
Form of vitamin Activity
Phylloquinone (K1) 100 %
Menaquinone (K2) 100 %
Menadione (K3) 60 %

89. Functions
 Required for blood clotting
 Prothrombin is converted to thrombin facilitate
conversion of soluble fibrinogen in to insoluble
fibrin
 Synthesis of proconvertin,plasma
thromboplastin & Stuart factor

90. Deficiency
 Impaired blood clotting
 Severe internal hemorrhages
 Gizzard erosion

91. Water soluble
 Thiamine
 Riboflavin
 Niacin
 Pyridoxine
 Pantothenic acid
 Biotin
 Choline
 Folic acid
 Vitamin B12
 Vitamin C

92. Thiamine (B1)
 Discovered by Eijkman in 1897
 Essential for release of energy from nutrients
during oxidation
 Plays important role in nucleic acid synthesis
 Essential for membrane integrity and function
of nerve cell
 Concerned in synthesis of acetyl choline &
fatty acids

93. Sources
 Cereal byproducts like rice germ, wheat bran,
peanut meal, cane molasses and alfalfa

94. Deficiency
 Polyneuritis
 Loss of appetite
 Opisthotonous
 Cardiac abnormalities
 Star gazing and frequent convulsions

95. Riboflavin (B2)
 Discovered by Warburg and Christian in 1932
 Essential for generation of energy during the
metabolism of CHO and fats
 Facilitate biological oxidation –reduction reactions
 Sources :-
 Yeast ,liver, milk and eggs
 Hence this vitamin is extremely critical and
required to be supplied in diets of chicken

96. Deficiency
 Curled toe paralysis
 Retarded growth, leg paralysis
 Reduced egg production
 Reduced hatchability

97. Niacin
 Isolated by Warburg and Christain in 1936
 Essential for release of energy from nutrients
 Important for biosynthesis of nucleic acid
 Forms of niacin
 1)Nicotinic acid
 2)Nicotinamide
 Sources:
 cereal grains and grain byproducts
 Oilseeds
 Animal protein sources

98. Deficiency
 Enlargement of tibiotarsal joint, poor
feathering,dematitis of feet & head
 Reduced feed intake & growth rate in chicks
 Black tongue- inflammation of mouth &
esophagus
 Loss of weight, reduced egg production &
hatchability in layers

99. Pyridoxine (B6 )
 Deficiency first discovered by Goldberger and
Lillee in 1926
 Requirement increases with level of
protein,aminoacids and their ratio in diet
 Supplemental vitamin B6 may be essential in corn
soya diet
 Concerned in amino acid biosynthesis and
catabolism
 Essential for synthesis of biogenic amines
 Essential for energy production from metabolism
of carbohydrates, fats and proteins

100. Forms of pyridoxine
 Pyridoxal
 Pyridoxol
 Pyridoxamine

101. Sources
 Widely distributed in most foods
viz.muscle,meats,liver green leafy material
and whole grains

102. Deficiency
 Characteristic posture with wings slightly
spread and head resting on ground
 Birds run aimlessly
 Reduced appetite, growth and poor feathering
 Marked increase in gizzard erosion
 Hyper excitability
 Reduction in egg production & hatchability

103. Pantothenic acid
 Discovered by Norris and Ringrose in 1930
 Sensitive to moist heat-pelleting may cause loss
 Plays important role in the form of coenzyme A &
acetyl carrier protein
 Enhances antibody titers by incorporation of
amino acids in blood & albumin
 Essential for synthesis of acetyl choline
 Biosynthesis of hemoglobin
 Forms of Pantothenic acid
D-Pantothenate
DL-Pantothenate

104. Sources
 Cereal byproducts like rice germ, wheat bran,
peanut meal, cane molasses and alfalfa

105. Deficiency
 Reduced growth & poor feed conversion
 Poor feathering
 Dermatitis at the corner and near the beak
 Dermatitis of feet
 Reduced hatchability & embryonic mortality
during last phase of incubation
 Edematous embryos with subcutaneous
hemorrhages

106. Folacin
 Deficiency symptoms first recorded by Wills in
1951
 Sensitive to light & heat
 High protein diets infested with moulds &
supplementation of diets with sulpha drugs
increases the dietary requirement
Forms of Folacin
Folic acid
Polyglutamyl folacins
Function:
Plays key role in transfer of single carbon units
as tetrahydropholic acid
Required for maintaining immune system

107. Deficiency
 Anemia ,poor growth
 Depigmentation of colored feathers
 Poor hatchability & increased embryonic
mortality during last days of incubation
 Abnormal development of hyaline cartilage

108. Biotin (vitamin H)
 Discovered by Allison, Hoover and Burk in 1933
 Bioavalabity more from vegetable feed ingredients
than animal sources available in two forms as D-
Biotin and DL-Biotin
 Pelleting has little effect on biotin content in the
feeds
 Involved in conversion of CHO to proteins
 Essential for normal blood glucose level
 Functions in transcarboxilation ,protein
synthesis,deamination and nucleic acid
metabolism
 Coenzyme in metabolism of linoleic acid

109. Deficiency
 Utilization of biotin reduced if feed contains
mould or rancid fats
 Poor growth & feed efficiency,ataxia,crooked
legs & parrot beak
 Dermatitis, disturbed & broken feathers
 Reduced hatchability in breeders

110. Cynocobalamine(B 12)
 Identified as unknown factor by Minor &
Murphy in 1926
 Found in abundance in plant feed ingredients
 Cobalt is integral part of the vitamin(4.5%)
 Functions
 Transamination & biosynthesis of nutrients like
choline,methionine & Folacin
 Concerned in synthesis of purines,pyrimidines
& proteins

111. Deficiency
 Reduced hatchability & embryonic mortality
 Anemia, gizzard erosions ,fattiness of heart
liver & kidney
 Reduction in egg weight
 Reduced feed intake, feed efficiency & poor
growth of feathers
 Nervous disorders

112. Choline
 Discovered by Strecker in 1862
 Synthesized in liver, highly hygroscopic
 Requirement increases with increase levels of
dietary protein or fat
 Functions
 Structural component of cell
 Constituent of phospholipids, plays important
role in metabolism
 Prevents fatty liver by mobilization of fat as
lecithin

113. Sources
 Fish ,cereal products & oil seed meals

114. Deficiency
 Perosis in young chicks
 Fatty liver

115. Vitamin c (Ascorbic acid)
 1747 James lind ,Scottish Naval Surgeon Discovered
 Two forms Reduced form Ascorbic Acid &
dehydroxyascorbic acid
 Reduced form oxidized to dehydroascorbic acid
 Readily destroyed by oxidation
 Functions
 Collagen synthesis
 Electron transfer in the cell
 Important role in metabolism of tyrosine
 Stimulate phagocytic activity & antibody formation
 Synthesis of carnitine
 Essential for steroid synthesis

116. Toxicity of vitamin A,D3 & E
Vitamin Toxic level Symptoms
/lesions
A 2,000,000 IU/kg Antagonizes
absorption of
vitamin D3 & E
D3 300,000 IU/kg Hypercalcimia,mine
ralization of soft
tissue
E 40,000 IU/Kg Poor growth ,soft
tissue
mineralization

117. Specifications For Broiler Feeds(BIS Standards 2007)
No Nutrient Unit Pre Starter Starter Finisher
1 Vitamin A Min IU 11000 11000 10000
2 Vitamin D3 Min IU 3000 3000 300
3 Vitamin B1 Min mg 2.5 2.5 2.5
4 Vitamin B2 Min mg 6.0 6.0 6.0
5 Pantothenic acid Min mg 15.0 15.0 15.0
6 Niacin Min mg 40.0 40.0 40.0
7 Biotin Min mg 0.15 0.15 0.15
8 Vitamin B12 Min mg 0.015 0.015 0.015
9 Folic acid Min mg 1.0 1.0 1.0
10 Choline Min mg 500 500 500
11 Vitamin E Min mg 30.0 30.0 30.0
12 Vitamin K Min mg 1.5 1.5 1.5
13 Vitamin B6 Min mg 5.0 5.0 5.0
14 Linoleic acid % 1.1 1.1 1.1

118. Specifications For layer Feeds (BIS Standards 2007)
No Nutrient Unit Chick Grower Layer phase I phase II
1 Vitamin A Min IU 9000 8000 8000 8000
2 Vitamin D3 Min IU 1800 1600 1600 1600
3 Vitamin B1 Min mg 2.0 1.5 1.0 1.0
4 Vitamin B2 Min mg 6.0 5.0 5.0 5.0
5 Pantothenic acid Min mg 10.0 9.0 7.0 7.0
6 Niacin Min mg 40.0 20.0 20.0 20.0
7 Biotin Min mg 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
8 Vitamin B12 Min mg 0.010 0.008 0.008 0.008
9 Folic acid Min mg 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5
10 Choline Min mg 500 200 400 400
11 Vitamin E Min mg 15.0 10.0 10.0 10.0
12 Vitamin K Min mg 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
13 Vitamin B Min mg 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
14 Linoleic acid % 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

119. Thank
you