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MOON NIBBLER
The Art of Pat Strakowski




                                                   ANDREW OKO
                                                        Photography by
                                                        John W. Heintz
                            http://frontenachouse.com
Preface




What I value most about the art of Pat Strakowski is the mythic             influences and sources of ideas that affected her art, the concepts that
imagination that has led to a body of extraordinary work.                   she was embodying in the pieces – all these elements were touched
      The opportunity to write this book has been a twofold challenge       upon in our discussions. About half way through the publication
for me. From the moment I first entered Pat’s studio I have been            process we hit upon the idea of simply recording her observations
entranced by her ideas, which are as varied as they are extensive.          and converting the transcripts into a series of sculpture-by-sculpture
Over a period of approximately 30 years, she has produced an                commentaries of the pieces in the book. This proved easy to do –
impressive range of amazing sculptures; I know from my study of             with little or no editing, the commentaries performed admirably as
her slide library that the pieces illustrated here represent but a small    descriptions both of the pieces themselves and the creative impetus
fraction of her output.                                                     behind them.
      In view of this output, it is perhaps surprising that relatively           As I continued my study of Pat’s work I became increasingly
little has been written of an interpretive, analytical or critical nature   aware of the multi-layered subtleties in design and execution that are
about her work. When discussing this project with numerous                  seldom obvious on first viewing. That of course is not unusual with
admirers of her sculpture we often heard comments to the effect             any examination of works of art, but I did find it interesting that the
of “at last, a book is being written about Pat Strakowski.” Thus I          photographer, John Heintz, experienced similar feelings during his
understood that my first challenge would be to develop at least an          photography sessions. Over and over again he would comment that
initial understanding of her artistry, of its scope and insight, of its     each time he shot a piece from a different angle, or with different
originality of imagination and concept.                                     lighting, or in close-up mode rather than from a distance, he would
      The second challenge would be to place her work within                pick up on some detail or feature that he hadn’t noticed in earlier
the context of mythology in the contemporary world. Of course               photo sessions.
this study was necessary in furthering my understanding of Pat                   And that may well be the most important point of all – that
Strakowski’s world view, but inevitably it was personal as well. Pat        with Pat Strakowski’s sculpture, as with any complex work of art,
understood this and was always patient with my questions, often             repeated observation yields ever-expanding insight.
asserting that her art is open to interpretation. I fondly recall our
numerous meetings in her studio over the course of a year and a half.
During this time she contributed her own personal insights about
the various pieces in this publication. Her methods of working, the




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Moon Nibbler
The Art of Pat Strakowski


A vision of the Calgary of Pat Strakowski’s childhood is coming to             centre of Calgary to the south via the Langevin Bridge, originally
mind. It is a summer evening in the Bridgeland-Riverside district              built in 1885.1
early in the 1940s. To the west the sun is sinking under the mountains               It is a culturally diverse neighbourhood. Bridgeland has a large
with a golden-scarlet glow that ripples the surface of the Bow River           Italian population, and a German community is prominent in Riverside,
on the south with myriad reflections.                                          but there are also Ukrainian, Russian, Polish, and Asian groups. For
     The district is nestled in the river valley. A resident is bringing       many immigrants the district is their first Canadian home, but for
home a cow he had tethered to graze on the hills behind. Many                  others it is a place to stop off before continuing their Canadian journey.
of the residents keep chickens or rabbits, which are now settling                    A two-storey brick house stands on the sloping southeast
down for the night in their backyard coops or pens. Rhubarb and                corner of Centre Avenue and Sixth Street Northeast. There are four
horseradish choke the sides of the back alleys and the backyards               victory gardens in the backyard. Four families and an elderly widow
are filled to their margins with victory gardens. The streets are              occupy the premises. Ukrainian immigrants Katarina (née Krupa)
dirt and gravel but First Avenue North is paved and many of the                and Wasil Dmytrychyn live with their daughter Petrusia in the front
sidewalks are concrete, bearing the date 1912, a remnant of the                of the ground floor. The Drahanchuk family, of Russian origin, lives
Calgary boom years immediately predating the First World War.                  in the back. The second floor is occupied by the Rogalski family and
It was during this boom period that the General Hospital was                   the Kunch family, who are Polish and German respectively. A Polish
built in the area and a streetcar connected the district with the              widow known as Mrs. Miller lives in the attic.




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The Dmytrychyns have readied their daughter for bed. Now as                    Later, Petrusia grew curious about her family background and
Katarina settles to embroider roses on a blouse, Wasil sits besides            the war. Both Katrina Krupa, born in 1909, and Wasil Dmytrychyn,
Petrusia’s bed to tell a bedtime story. Pat Strakowski remembers her           born in 1903, had come from the vicinity of Vola Zaleska, a farming
father as a storyteller, an inherited trait that she asserts is central        village in Galicia. This part of Galicia is now in southeastern Poland
to her own work but in the visual rather than the verbal realm. The            near the border with the Ukraine. Prior to the Great War, Galicia
following tale, among her earliest personal recollections, offers a            belonged to Austria; it suffered great degradation, initially during
magic stemming from a suspension of disbelief that comes easily for            the First World War from the forces of Austria-Hungary, Russia,
a listening child. However, the adult cultivation and practice of such         Germany-Austria, and the Bolsheviks; and afterwards through
an imagination requires a commitment to living in an extraordinary             the Red army, the White army, the Allied expeditionary force, the
world. The magic recalled from childhood now resonates in the work             Ukrainian army, and the Polish army. Finally in 1921 with the Treaty
of the mature artist.                                                          of Riga, Poland recognized the Soviet Ukraine and annexed the
      “When I was a little boy we were so poor that I didn’t have a            western Ukraine. This included Galicia, which belonged to Poland
mother and father so I lived with Babusia and Dido. One day Dido and           between the two world wars.
I mounted our horse and rode to the woods for firewood. Dido had a                   Katrina emigrated to Canada in 1927. Wasil emigrated about the
wood axe in his belt so when we arrived we found that the wood axe had         same time. Their families had known each other in the old country.
cut the horse in two and the back half was gone. We retraced our steps         Katrina and Wassil met again in Calgary in the early thirties and married
and found the back half lying there. Dido attached the two ends with           shortly thereafter. Wasil worked as a riveter for Dominion Bridge, and
a stump and we carried on. When we returned to the forest we noticed           Katrina as a cleaning lady. Petrusia was born in 1937.
that the stump had grown into a mighty oak tree.                                     In 1974, Pat Strakowski made a pilgrimage to the homeland of
      “The branches of the tree came all the way to the ground so I            her parents. There the memories of the hardships of war, the ever-
climbed the tree. When I got to the top there was a huge nest with three       shifting borders, and the bitterness associated with ethnic conflicts
large eggs. I carefully put the eggs into my cap and we took them home.        were not far from the surface of people’s minds.
The eggs tasted very good after days of nothing but kasha.                           The Dmytrychyn family moved twice within the Bridgeland-
      “Every day afterwards I would return to the mighty oak and               Riverside area, each time to a larger rental unit, later purchasing a
climb it to the top. And sure enough there were three eggs waiting             home in the Mission district south of the Bow River. Pat has recalled
for me in the nest.”                                                           that for social occasions she and a friend would gravitate back to




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the neighbourhood haunts of their childhood: to the Ukrainian
Community Centre in the east downtown and to the centres of other
ethnic organizations in Bridgeland-Riverside. In 1957, she married
John Strakowski, of a Polish family background. Pat and John have
three daughters: Dorothy, Linda and Shirley.




    Dreaming you call to us, and
    We form out of the mists of
    Exceptional Pass.
    Bearing to the point of origin
    We anticipate and participate in
    This feast of the senses.2

Located on a shelf behind the workbench of Strakowski’s second-
storey Montgomery studio is an outdoors photo of the artist as a
child standing with her mother in the Bridgeland-Riverside district
of Calgary circa 1940. They are both wearing traditional Ukrainian
dresses; the bold colouring and patterning of the outfits is reflected
in the clutter of the studio in which her papier-mâché sculptures
merge in concord with the multitude of found objects, work of like-                Pat Strakowski and her mother, circa 1940.
minded artists, and folk art from North America, Mexico, East India
and Africa.
     But as a whole Pat Strakowski’s work does not refer to any
specific culture or ethnic background. It is more a personal mythology,




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a contemporary hybrid formed of a variety of cultural influences
ranging from aboriginal and classical mythology to folk tales and
the day-to-day experience of life around her. At the same time the
work is informed by her training and immersion in the visual arts.
     These influences were apparent as early as 1985, when Strakowski
included her work Spirit Guides in their Magic Craft in the Myth of
Exceptional Pass exhibition organized by The Whyte Museum of the
Canadian Rockies in Banff, Alberta. Although the work deals with
the shaman theme she had already begun in the early eighties, it
also anticipates the boat series she started later in the decade. In
the sculpture, two spirit guides stand in deep communion atop a
donut-shaped boat. An ancient lady with hair flowing almost to the
ground holds a baton in one hand and gesticulates with the other.
A companion leans back against a staff; she is a vestige, a liminal
being – that is, an entity positioned at the threshold between “here”
and “there”, between “absence” and “presence”, between “becoming”
or “disappearing”.
     Strakowski also exhibited Grandmother Walks Softly, an ances-
tor-figure piece she had just completed, in the Myth of Exceptional
Pass show. The figure is made of papier-mâché over a wire-mesh ar-
mature and embellished with various materials ranging from leather
and fabrics to feathers and acrylic paint. Strakowski’s poem of the
same title that accompanies the illustration of the sculpture in the              Grandmother Walks Softly
exhibition catalogue manifests the mythopoetic nature of both her
own work and the Exceptional Pass series of exhibitions:




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There is a tale grandmothers tell                                       Of the great storm that shook the
    children, ones who are very young                                       earth and the great tree trembled
    and still believe.                                                      causing the souls to fall

    Of a hidden valley, high in the                                         Of the first soul born into a shaman.3
    mountains, where ice-cold streams
    rush past quiet meadows and settle
                                                                       Strakowski used a variety of materials to make Spirit Guides in
    in deep blue silent lakes.
                                                                       their Magic Craft. She wove the boat with string-bean vines from
    Of the most magnificent tree living                                her parents’ garden and used driftwood detailed with papier-mâché
    in this valley, the Great World Tree.                              and painted with acrylic paint to make the figures. Porcupine quills
    An evergreen whose roots reached                                   and gummed silver stars adorn the ancient woman’s blue dress. The
    the earth’s centre and whose                                       woman’s hair is made of un-spun wool wrapped here and there with
    great trunk rose up past the clouds                                unbleached linen thread to define the ponytail. From the upper part
    to pierce the sky.                                                 of the staff of the vestigial spirit, also wrapped with linen thread, is
                                                                       suspended a string prickled with porcupine quills that terminates in
    Of the time when souls, awaiting
                                                                       red and yellow beads. Next to the woman’s baton dangles a string of
    their birth, nested in the branches
                                                                       miniature silver bells Strakowski found at a Cargo Canada shop that
    of this tree.
                                                                       had materials from all over the world.
                                                                            Strakowski takes great care in collecting and selecting the objects
This poem then returns to Spirit Guides in their Magic Craft to        and materials she uses, as she puts it, “to embellish” her figures. For
incorporate that piece into the narrative:                             instance, the linen thread used in Spirit Guides in their Magic Craft
                                                                       “is hard to find and has a nice depth to it when it is pulled tight.” The
    Of the two old spirit guides who                                   objects that she finds must have a personal resonance: “They have
    lived on the very tip of the tree in                               to talk to you.” Her criteria are intuitive. She has repeatedly stated
    a magic craft that could sail over                                 that the objects she uses must have the feel of artefacts, must “have
    the waves we call the Northern Lights.                             a history.” The embellishments contribute to the sense of history




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in her work. She has collected objects as souvenirs from an early              has a magpie feeding her young in a nest immediately under the can-
age. Before attending the Alberta College of Art in the late 1970s             opy; the summer tree is covered at the trunk with butterflies; the
her preference was for natural rather than manmade objects. At the             fall tree is filled with rotting vegetation. The doors of the sideboard
College, however, where she focused her studies on the subject of              open to reveal shelves crammed with a colourful collection of statu-
textiles, there was much emphasis on recycling materials. She began            ettes of Christian personalities and other religious kitsch: of Jesus,
going to goodwill stores and attending garage sales. She saw many              Mary, various saints, and married couples, standing, enthroned or
fabrics that were clothes, tablecloths or curtains but only some of            enshrined. On top of the cabinet are three of Strakowski’s papier-
these “wanted to be something else.” Always she searched for objects           mâché skulls. The outside skulls have apple-bearing trees growing
such as beads or patterns that could be transformed by putting them            out of them. A naked Eve is sitting under the tree on the left; Adam
into the context of creative work.                                             and Eve are entwined in a fiery embrace below the tree on the right.
      This reuse of “found” objects and/or materials or even images            A snake coils around one of its branches. A found statuette of a mar-
in the visual arts, sometimes referred to as “recontextualization”, has        ried couple stands atop the central skull, which is flanked by found
roots that extend back to the collage and assemblage of Cubism                 statuettes of Mary and a nun on the left and Jesus and a nun on the
and Dada and the readymades of Marcel Duchamp early in the 20th                right. Pat Strakowski is not religious and neither were her parents, so
century. Widespread acceptance was confirmed with the advent of                this tableau must be interpreted within the context of her interest in
Pop and Conceptual art movements in the 1950s and 60s; and by                  world mythology. It is a thought-provoking assemblage of Christian
the late 70s, when Strakowski attended the College, the recycling of           myth, highly personal and enmeshed with the material culture of the
everyday objects for creative purposes was already well accepted as a          commonplace or popular in the form of the figurines.
powerful creative tool.                                                              In the studio the objects of popular culture have been used in
      There are many found objects in Strakowski’s studio. Promin-             her work or await their reuse in the service of the artist’s creative
ently situated is a sideboard that her father made. Strakowski has             imagination. Reproductions of ancient Greek ceramic ware stand
painted the sideboard a golden yellow and the central panel inserts            atop a manual pinball machine and inside the open cabinet on
of both the upper and lower pair of doors with representations of the          which the machine rests. Standing along the base of this machine
tree of life during the four seasons. As painted, the trees have heavy         are glass paperweights of various shapes and designs. A closet with
cylindrical trunks quickly tapering at the top to a canopy of branches.        many shelves is jammed with a wide variety of stuffed animals and a
The winter tree has glowing embers deep in its base; the spring tree           variety of metal and plastic toys and figurines.




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The Art of Pat Strakowski




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This sculpture started with the ostrich feathers,
which I found in a dumpster. I thought, obviously
these don’t want to be in the garbage, so I rescued
them, I kept them for years and years and finally
this sculpture came along. This is one of my pieces
where I leave everything open for the viewer. I
like people to make their own interpretation. For
instance, if you look at the head straight on it has
a look of anguish, but if you look at it from the side
view it’s OK – it’s not anguished at all. And why
is the figure taking his head off ? Well, why wouldn’t
he? It’s about imagination pondering freedom from
heavy loads. You want to be free but your hands are
holding you down.




About Angels, Flights of Imagination,
and Other Grey Areas




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This is a creature that provides things you need for
          life. It provides clothing, it provides food.That’s why
          he has a spoon, you won’t go hungry. It can also be
          a guardian figure or protector. I’ve worked in some
          found objects like antlers, some driftwood for the
          spoon. The mane is made out of linen thread. I used
          off-loom weaving techniques to connect the fibres to
          the figure. I like the feel of linen thread, it has a nice
          surface, it doesn’t look machine-made, it knots nicely.




          The Provider




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This is a piece from my first large
                    series , from the early 1980s. I
                    was very interested in costuming
                    and working with textures
                    and reflective surfaces. I’d also
                    started using found objects –
                    trade beads and fragments of
                    fabric and different kinds of
                    embellishments, things I call
                    “neat stuff.” I had an awful lot
                    of things that I could use. I liked
                    the idea of rich colour and rich
                    surface, to suggest affluence,
                    possibly someone who was royal.
                    Then, adding something dull
                    to something that is bright, to
                    something that is soft, you have
                    a flow of one kind of texture to
                    another. But it all depends on
                    how you look at it – when you
                    are working with different types
                    of surfaces you get a different
                    kind of image depending on the
                    lighting and the time of day.




                    Ancestor 12




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This is an odyssey, the ladies are flying to their
          destination. It’s a flying boat, almost like a space ship.
          The ladies look Japanese, I didn’t intend that, that’s
          just the way it turned out. When I visited Japan I
          was influenced by Noh theatre and kabuki. Maybe
          that’s why their faces are so white and they have
          funny hats. The “flame’s vision”, that’s the sun, and
          the ladies are pursuing its vision. They are following
          a path and the sun gives them the light so they can
          find their way. They don’t know their destination,
          they won’t know until they get there. The birds on
          their heads fly off to look for land and when they find
          land they stay. If they don’t find it they’ll come back,
          but they are confident they will find whatever is
          their destination.




          Into the Uncharted Bottomless Go the
          Brave Company, Secure in their Flame’s Vision

          Following page: Details




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In 1988 I was part of a Christmas show at the
Virginia Christopher Gallery in Calgary. For this
exhibition I created at least a dozen figures. Some
were people, some anthropomorphic figures, some
monsters, devils and such. They were about 25-35
cms tall. They were all celebrating the holiday season.




Ginger




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I made Deformed Angel I after the twin towers
in New York were bombed on 9/11. The figure
represents the twin towers and they are going up in
smoke and it’s the whole world looking on and on
the mask you see the hand across the mouth and the
tear because to me it was such a tragedy and I felt
that it was all based on money and this is why you
see coins on the bottom. So this is why to me it is a
representation of 9/11.




Deformed Angel 1




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In a prairie Indian story the great earth goddess
makes this huge cookie and when it’s done she throws
it up in the sky and it becomes the moon. Coyote
wakes at night and he nibbles at the moon and keeps
nibbling and nibbling until the moon is all gone and
then the great goddess looks and there is nothing to
light up the night sky so she makes another moon
and she throws it up and the coyote comes and he
nibbles at the moon again. Now I don’t know how
accurately the sculpture shows the original legend but
I thought I could work with it so I created this piece.
The mask on the coyote’s chest represents the moon,
the full moon, and coyote is getting ready to nibble it.
The four arms are to hang on to the moon. It’s a very
big moon. The decoration on the legs, the squares I
painted on them, that’s strictly my interpretation of
what the prairie’s like when you’re looking from an
airplane. I’m always taken by how much our prairie
looks like a quilt where everything is squared off. The
eyes are these blue sacred beads from Greece. People
wear them because they’re supposed to ward off the
evil eye and they are supposed to be magical. I love
that colour, the cerulean blue. The empty spaces so
you can see through the eyes are intended to create
the feeling of a mask. Because this is a celestial coyote.




Coyote the Moon Nibbler




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Endnotes                                                                                       Acknowledgements
1    Throughout this text I have used much information gleaned from numerous                   The author, photographer and publisher wish to express their
     meetings and conversations with Pat Strakowski spanning the period from the
     spring of 2006 to the winter of 2008. In this case Strakowski’s memories of               appreciation for the invaluable contribution made by innumerable
     the Bridgeland-Riverside district of her childhood are supported by those of              persons and organizations in the publishing of this book.
     Bill Benner in “Growing Up in Bridgeland: The World War II Years”, Heritage
     Connexions: Newsletter of the American Historical Society of Germans from
     Russia, Calgary Chapter, 10/4 (Dec 2002).
                                                                                               •	 Alberta	Crafts	Council,	especially	Joanne	Hamel,	for	assistance	in	
2    Pat Strakowski, in Return to Exceptional Pass (Banff: Whyte Museum of the                    photographing Dwarf Prairie Shorthorn.
     Canadian Rockies, 1992), 4.
                                                                                               •	 Alberta	 Foundation	 of	 the	 Arts,	 especially	 Rowena	 Lunn,	
3    Pat Strakowski, in The Myth of Exceptional Pass (Banff: Whyte Museum of
     the Canadian Rockies, 1985), 33.                                                             Gwyneth MacPherson and Pat Matheson, for assistance in
4    The series began in 1978 with Beyond Exceptional Pass. The second was                        photographing Ancestral Migration, Ancestor 12, Converging to the
     Exceptional Pass: The Quests, The Expeditions, The Explorations in 1982.
     The third was Myth of Exceptional Pass in 1985, and the last was Return to                   Point of Most Familiar Origin, Dwarf Prairie 10 Prong, Mau; Mau,
     Exceptional Pass in 1992.                                                                    Mau: Mau!, Memory Shell - Renewal of the Great Cycle, Sheba, and
5    Ed Cavell citing Jon Whyte, 9 Nov 07. Jon Whyte, late poet and historian of
     the Canadian Rockies, was central in developing the creative rationale for the
                                                                                                  7 Steps before the Plunge of No Return.
     first show. Ed Cavell was curator of photography at the Whyte Museum of the
     Canadian Rockies at this time.
                                                                                               •	 And	again	to	the	Alberta	Foundation	for	the	Arts,	for	a	grant	to	
6    Aldona Jonaitis, Art of the Northern Tlingit (Seattle: University of Washington              support the research and writing of this book.
     Press, 1989), 63.
                                                                                               •	 City	of	Calgary,	especially	Barb	Greendale	and	Rachael	Seupersad,	
7    Ibid., 64.
8    Ibid., 65.
                                                                                                  for assistance in photographing Ritual for the Search of the Inner
9    Ibid., 65.                                                                                   Passage.
10   Margaret Laurence, “Where the World Began”, A Passion for Identity: An                    •	 Greg	 Clarke	 of	 Dallas,	 Texas	 for	 photographing	 The Logical
     Introduction to Canadian Studies, Ed. David Taras, Beverly Jean Rasporich,
     and Eli Mandel (Scarborough, ON: Nelson Canada, 1993), 333-4.                                Nature of Any Voyage is Determined by the Limits of Interpretation to
11   Mark Walton, with Pat Strakowski and Kirsten Abrahamson (interviews),                        the Logical Outcome from the Point of Uncertainty.
     “Death Stalks the Muttart Art Gallery”, Artichoke, 6/3 (Fall/Winter 1994), 35.
12   Ibid., 38.                                                                                •	 Glenbow	Museum,	especially	Steve	Waite,	for	photographing	The
13   Joseph Campbell and Bill Moyers (interviews), The Power of Myth (New York:                   Cohorts.
     Doubleday, 1988), 5.
14   Ibid., 6.
                                                                                               •	 Imperial	Oil	Limited,	especially	Al	Charlton	and	Kathryn	Davies,	
15   Roland Barthes, “Myth Today,” in A Barthes Reader, Ed. Susan Sontag (New                     for assistance in photographing The Provider and Spider Walk.
     York: Hill and Wang, 1991), 93.
                                                                                               •	 Ed	Cavell,	for	sharing	his	recollections	about	the	genesis	of	the	
16   Kaja Silverman, “From Sign to Subject, A Short History,” in The Subject of
     Semiotics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983), 29.                                     Exceptional Pass series of exhibitions at the Whyte Museum of
17   Barthes, 115.                                                                                the Canadian Rockies.
18   Ibid., 115.
                                                                                               •	 Carol	Sheehan,	for	numerous	stimulating	ideas	that	contributed	
19   Ibid., 117.
20   Silverman has described this as, “the signified is endlessly commutable;…                    to the writing of the book, including suggestions for various
     one signified always gives way to another, functions in turn as a signifier,” 38.            research sources.
21   Jeff Collins and Bill Mayblin, Derrida for Beginners, Ed. Richard Appignanesi
     (Cambridge: Icon Books, 1996), 16.                                                        •	 The	Whyte	Museum	of	the	Canadian	Rockies,	especially	Michale	
22   For instance see Henry Glassie, The Spirit of Folk Art: The Girard Collection at             Lang, for providing their archival photograph of The Incredible
     the Museum of International Folk Art (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1989), 88.
                                                                                                  Return of the Spirit Clans Down the Mystical Waters of Exceptional
23   Michael D. Hall, “American Sculpture on the Culture Möbius,” in
     Stereoscopic Perspectives: Reflections on American Fine and Folk Art,                        Pass in Their Magnificent Canoe.
     Contemporary American Art Critics; no. 11, Ed. Donald Kuspit (Ann Arbor:
     UMI Research Press, 1988), 13.                                                            In addition, many private collectors who preferred to remain
24   Donald Kuspit in “Preface” to Hall, xvii.                                                 anonymous provided essential assistance by letting us photograph
                                                                                               Strakowski sculptures in their collection and sharing with us their
                                                                                               enthusiasm for her work.



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The Pieces
All sculptures are papier-mâché constructed over a wire mesh
armature with wooden base and finished with acrylic paint; some
pieces are embellished with found objects. All photographs are by
John W. Heintz unless otherwise noted.




7 Steps Before the Plunge of No          The Bather Emerges from the Tailings           Deformed Angel I                         Enchantment Leads to That Which
Return                                   Pond While Dreaming of the Days                Pages 36-37                              Delights the Eye
Pages 94-95                              When Water was Clean and Sweet-                Height: 63.5 cm (26 inches)              Pages 87, 84-85
Height: 44.5 cm (17.5 inches)            Smelling                                       Date: 2002                               Height: 61 cm (24 inches)
Date: 1995                               Pages 92-93                                    Collection of the artist                 Date: 2001
Collection: Alberta Foundation for the   Height: 63.5 cm (25 inches)                                                             Collection of the artist
Arts                                     Date: 2009                                     Deformed Angel II
                                         Collection of the artist                       Pages 44, 46                             Every Day is a Good Day When You’re
About Angels, Flights of Imagination,                                                   Height: 66 cm (26 inches)                Above Ground
and Other Grey Areas                     Beaver Women                                   Date: 2004                               Pages 81-82
Page 28                                  Pages 48-49                                    Collection of the artist                 Height: 56 cm (22 inches)
Height: 65 cm (25½ inches)               Height: 27cm to 30 cm (10½ inches                                                       Date: 1999
Date: 2006                               to 12 inches)                                  Deformed Angel 3                         Collection of the artist
Private collection                       Date: 1985-86                                  Pages 38-39
                                         Collection of the artist                       Height: 90 cm (35 inches)                Followers to the Edge of the Shock
Altered Ego 2                                                                           Date: 2002                               Front
Page 100                                 The Cat Who Imagines Himself a                 Collection of the artist                 Pages 118-119
Height: 43 cm (17 inches)                Dragon                                                                                  Height: 74 cm (29 inches)
Date: 2007                               Pages 120-121                                  Dwarf Prairie Shorthorn                  Date: 1988
Private collection                       Height: 56 cm (22 inches)                      Page 52                                  Private collection
                                         Date: 1986                                     Height: 25cm (10 inches)
Ancestor 12                              Collection of the artist                       Date: 1985                               Ginger
Pages 30-31                                                                             From the collection of The Alberta       Page 35
Height: 51 cm (20 inches)                The Cohorts                                    Craft Council                            Height: 34 cm (13½ inches)
Date: 1982                               Pages 78-79                                                                             Date: 1988
Collection: Alberta Foundation for the   Length: 66 cm (26 inches)                      Dwarf Prairie 10 Prong                   Private collection
Arts                                     Date: 1989                                     Page 53
                                         Collection of Glenbow Museum; gift of          Height: 46 cm (18 inches)                Grandmaster’s Hat for Non-Existent
Ancestral Migration                      Douglas MacLean and M.B. Laviolette,           Date: 1985-86                            Events
Pages 88-89                              2001                                           Collection: Alberta Foundation for the   Pages 86-87
Height: 101cm (40 inches)                Photo: Glenbow Museum                          Arts                                     Height: 30.5 cm (12 inches)
Date: 1985                                                                                                                       Date: 2007
Collection: Alberta Foundation for the   Converging to the Point of Most                Earth Pauses, Moon Passes                Collection of the artist
Arts                                     Familiar Origin                                Page 80
                                         Pages 50-51                                    Height: 71 cm (28 inches)                Hand Spirit
Balancing the Eye, Heart, Hand           Height: 81 cm (32 inches)                      Date: 2000                               Page 125
Page 111                                 Date: 1989                                     Collection of the artist                 Height: 94 cm (37 inches)
Height: 37 cm (14.5 inches)              Collection: Alberta Foundation for the                                                  Date: circa 1988
Date: 2005                               Arts                                           Eclectic Visionary                       Collection of the artist
Collection of the artist                                                                Pages 40-43
                                         Coyote the Moon Nibbler                        Height: 85 cm (33½ inches)               Harvest Moon
                                         Pages 126-127                                  Date: 1998                               Pages 60-61
                                         Height: 114 cm (45 inches)                     Collection of the artist                 Height: 71 cm (28 inches)
                                         Date: 1992                                                                              Date: 2004
                                         Collection of the artist                                                                Collection of the artist




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Identity Protected by Memory Beads      Mandonna                                       Ritual for the Search of the Inner       Spring Ritual
Pages 74-76                             Page 77                                        Passage                                  Pages 64-65
Height: 62 cm (24½ inches)              Height: 61 cm (24 inches)                      Pages 106-107                            Height: 84 cm (33 inches)
Date: 2006                              Date: 2005                                     Height: 61 cm (24 inches)                Date: 1985
Collection of the artist                Collection of the artist                       Date: 1989                               Collection of the artist
                                                                                       City of Calgary Civic Art Collection
Immaculate Obsession                    Mau; Mau, Mau: Mau!                                                                     Tall Prairie Grass Racer
Page 124                                Page 104                                       Ritual in White                          Pages 90-91
Height: 49.5 cm (19½ inches)            Height: 61 cm (24 inches)                      Pages 112-113                            Height: 72.5 cm (28.5 inches)
 Date: 2000                             Date: 1986                                     Height: 165 cm (65 inches)               Date: 2005
Collection of the artist                Collection: Alberta Foundation for the         Date: 1992                               Collection of the artist
                                        Arts                                           Collection of the artist
In Collaboration                                                                                                                Wisdom Comes from Seeing the World
Pages 54-56                             Memory Shell - Renewal of the Great            Saint Luna of the Night Light            from a Different Point of View
Height: 101 cm (40 inches)              Cycle                                          Pages 66-67                              Pages 44-47
Date: 1990                              Pages 48-59                                    Height: 112 cm (44 inches)               Height: 73.5 cm (29 inches)
Collection of the artist                Height: 35.5 cm (14 inches)                    Date: 1999                               Date: 2005
                                        Date: 1995                                     Collection of the artist                 Collection of the artist
The Incredible Return of the Spirit     Collection: Alberta Foundation for the
Clans Down the Mystical Waters of       Arts                                           Season of Renewal
Exceptional Pass in their Magnificent                                                  Pages 90-91
Canoe                                   Meredonna                                      66 cm (26 inches)
Pages 102-103                           Pages 114-115                                  Date: 1998
Length: 130 cm (51 inches)              Height: 40.5 cm (16 inches)                    Collection of the artist
Date: 1991                              Date: 2000
Private collection                      Collection of the artist                       Sedna’s Fashion Statement
Photo: The Whyte Museum of the                                                         Pages 72-73
Canadian Rockies                        Momdonna II                                    Length: 30.5 cm (12 inches)
                                        Pages 81-83                                    Date: 2009
Into the Uncharted Bottomless Go        Height: 48 cm (19 inches)                      Collection of the artist
the Brave Company, Secure in their      Date: 2006
Flame’s Vision                          Private collection                             The Sentinel
Pages 32-35                                                                            Pages 122-123
Length: 104 cm (41 inches)              Moondonna II                                   Height: 79 cm (31 inches)
Date: 1994                              Page 101                                       Date: 2001
Collection: Frontenac House Ltd.        Height: 48 cm (19 inches)                      Private collection
                                        Date: 2006
Lady in Black                           Private collection                             Sheba
Page 57                                                                                Pages 96-99
Height: 74 cm (29 inches)               Muddonna                                       Height: 51 cm (20 inches)
Date: 1998                              Pages 116-117                                  Date: 1988
Collection of the artist                Height: 45.5 cm (18 inches)                    Collection: Alberta Foundation for the
                                        Date: 1991                                     Arts
Lilith: Third Transformation            Collection of the artist
Pages 44-45                                                                            Spider Walk
Height: 66 cm (26 inches)               Odyssey: Flowing with One’s Innate             Pages 68-69
Date: 2004                              Sense of Direction, Life’s Stage Moves         Height: 122 cm (48 inches)
Collection of the artist                On While the Actors Wait for their Cue         Date: 1985
                                        Pages 108-110                                  Collection of Imperial Oil Limited
The Logical Nature of Any Voyage        Length: 915 cm (36 inches)
is Determined by the Limits of          Date: 2007, modified 2009                      Spirit Guide
Interpretation to the Logical Outcome   Private collection                             Pages 62-63
from the Point of Uncertainty                                                          Height: 51 cm (20 inches)
Page 105                                The Provider                                   Date: 1983
Length: 51 cm (20 inches)               Page 29                                        Private collection
Date: 1998                              Height: 61 cm (24 inches)
Private collection                      Date: 1990                                     Spirit Guides in their Magic Craft
Photo: Greg Clarke                      Collection of Imperial Oil Limited             Pages 70-71
                                                                                       Height: 30.5 cm (12 inches)
                                                                                       Date: 1985
                                                                                       Private collection




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Index




7 Steps Before the Plunge                 Festival of the Dead: 20, 21, 55, 58            Mr. T: 24-25                                  found objects: 11-12, 17, 20,
  of No Return: 94-95                     Followers to the Edge of                        Muttart Gallery: 21, 82                       23, 38, 70, 74, 101,
9/11 attack: 36, 46                         the Shock Front: 118-119                      Muddonna: 116-117                           Description of studio: 12
About Angels, Flights of Imagination,                                                     Myth, role in modern society: 15, 18,       Aboriginal art and myth, influence
  and Other Grey Areas: 22, 28            Ginger: 35                                       21-23                                        on her work: 15-16, 48, 52, 62,
Abrahamson, Kirsten: 21                   Grandmaster’s Hat for                                                                         79, 125, 126
Alberta College of Art: 12-13, 15, 22,      Non-Existent Events: 86-87                    Odyssey:Flowing with One’s Innate           Asian culture, influence on her
Alberta Craft Council: 74                 Grandmother Walks Softly: 10                     Sense of Direction, Life’s Stage             work: 19, 33, 68
Alberta Society of Artists: 87, 100,      Going Green travelling show: 74                  Moves on While the Actors Wait for         Mexican culture, influence on her
  111                                                                                      their Cue: 19-20, 108-110                    work: 20, 21, 58, 82
Altered Ego 2: 100                        Hall, Michael: 26                                                                           Sources of inspiration: 21
Ancestor 12: 17, 30-31                    Hand Spirit: 125                                Papier-mâché, history of : 13               Work as product of its time: 23
Ancestral Migration: 88-89                Harvest Moon: 60-61                             Paré, Georgette & family: 19-20, 108        Global perspective: 24
Anysas-Salkauskas, Ilse: 54                                                               Pedersen, Liv: 54                           Interest in folk art: 25-26
                                          Identity Protected by                           Pop art: 23-24                              Creates ‘Madonna’ series: 77, 83,
Balancing the Eye, Heart, Hand: 111         Memory Beads: 74-76                           The Provider: 29                              77, 101, 115
Barthes, Roland: 22, 24-25                The Incredible Return of the Spirit                                                         Use of ritual: 64, 113
The Bather Emerges from the Tailings        Clans Down the Mystical Waters of             Revival exhibition: 21, 82                  Holds workshop in Iqaluit: 73
  Pond While Dreaming of the Days           Exceptional Pass in their Magnificent         Ritual in White: 112-113
  When Water was Clean and                  Canoe: 18, 102-103                            Ritual for the Search for the           Tall Prairie Grass Racer, 25, 90-91
  Sweet-Smelling : 92-93                  Immaculate Obssession: 124                        Inner Passage: 19, 106-107            ‘The Three Muses’: 54
Beaver Women: 48-49                       In Collaboration: 54-56                         Rock Magician’s Pouch: 13-14
                                          Into the Unchartered Bottomless Go                                                      ‘Undecidables’: 23-24
Campbell, Joseph: 21                        the Brave Company Secure in their             Saint Luna of the Night Light: 66-67
The Cat Who Imagines                        Flame’s Vision: 19, 32-35                     Saints and Angels series: 90            Virginia Christopher Gallery: 35
  Himself a Dragon: 120-121                                                               Saints and Sinners show: 77
The Cohorts: 78-79                        Jonaitis, Aldona: 15-16                         San Simón: 24-25
Converging to the Point of Most                                                           Season of Renewal: 25, 90-91            Warhol, Andy: 13
Familiar Origin: 50-51                    Kabuki theatre: 35                              Sedna’s Fashion Statement,              Whyte Museum of the Canadian
Coyote the Moon Nibbler: 126-127          Klimt, Gustave: 96                                sedna figures: 72-73, 114              Rockies: 13, 18, 70, 103
                                          Kuspit, Donald: 26                              Semiotics: 22                           Wisdom Comes from Seeing the
Day of the Dead: 82                                                                       Sentinel, The: 16-17, 122-123            World from a Different Point of View:
Decidedly Jazz Danceworks: 100            Lady in Black: 57                               Shamans, shamanism: 16, 19, 24,          44, 47
Deformed Angel I: 36-37                   Laurence, Margaret: 17                            62, 122
Deformed Angel II: 44, 46                 Lilith: Third Transformation: 44-45             Sheba: 96-99
Deformed Angel 3: 38-39                   The Logical Nature of Any Voyage                Sorcerer’s War Oracle: 13-14
Derrida, Jacques: 22-23                     is Determined by the Limits of                ‘Soul Catchers’ dance performance:
Dmytrychyn, Wasil & family: 7-8             Interpretation to their Logical                 125
Dwarf Prairie Shorthorn: 52                 Outcome from the Point of                     Spider Walk: 68-69
Dwarf Prairie 10 Prong: 53                  Uncertainty: 18, 105                          Spirit Guide: 15-17, 62-63
                                                                                          Spirit Guides in their Magic Craft:
Earth Pauses, Moon Passes: 80                                                               10-11, 17-18, 24, 70-71
Eclectic Visionary: 26, 40-43             Mandonna: 77                                    Spring Ritual: 64-65
Enchantment Leads to That Which           Markel, George: 24-25
  Excites the Eye: 81, 84-85              Mau; Mau, Mau: Mau! : 104                       Strakowski, Pat
Every Day is a Good Day When You’re       Memory Shell – Renewal of the                       Childhood: 7-8
  Above Ground: 81-82                      Great Cycle: 58-59                                 Family: 9
Exceptional Pass exhibition series: 10,   Meredonna: 114-115                                  Myth, influence on her work: 9,
  13, 15, 18, 70, 103                     Momdonna II: 25, 81, 83                               22, 79
                                          Moondonna II: 101                                   Method of working, use of




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Moon Nibbler: The Art of Pat Strakowski (sample pages)

  • 1. MOON NIBBLER The Art of Pat Strakowski ANDREW OKO Photography by John W. Heintz http://frontenachouse.com
  • 2. Preface What I value most about the art of Pat Strakowski is the mythic influences and sources of ideas that affected her art, the concepts that imagination that has led to a body of extraordinary work. she was embodying in the pieces – all these elements were touched The opportunity to write this book has been a twofold challenge upon in our discussions. About half way through the publication for me. From the moment I first entered Pat’s studio I have been process we hit upon the idea of simply recording her observations entranced by her ideas, which are as varied as they are extensive. and converting the transcripts into a series of sculpture-by-sculpture Over a period of approximately 30 years, she has produced an commentaries of the pieces in the book. This proved easy to do – impressive range of amazing sculptures; I know from my study of with little or no editing, the commentaries performed admirably as her slide library that the pieces illustrated here represent but a small descriptions both of the pieces themselves and the creative impetus fraction of her output. behind them. In view of this output, it is perhaps surprising that relatively As I continued my study of Pat’s work I became increasingly little has been written of an interpretive, analytical or critical nature aware of the multi-layered subtleties in design and execution that are about her work. When discussing this project with numerous seldom obvious on first viewing. That of course is not unusual with admirers of her sculpture we often heard comments to the effect any examination of works of art, but I did find it interesting that the of “at last, a book is being written about Pat Strakowski.” Thus I photographer, John Heintz, experienced similar feelings during his understood that my first challenge would be to develop at least an photography sessions. Over and over again he would comment that initial understanding of her artistry, of its scope and insight, of its each time he shot a piece from a different angle, or with different originality of imagination and concept. lighting, or in close-up mode rather than from a distance, he would The second challenge would be to place her work within pick up on some detail or feature that he hadn’t noticed in earlier the context of mythology in the contemporary world. Of course photo sessions. this study was necessary in furthering my understanding of Pat And that may well be the most important point of all – that Strakowski’s world view, but inevitably it was personal as well. Pat with Pat Strakowski’s sculpture, as with any complex work of art, understood this and was always patient with my questions, often repeated observation yields ever-expanding insight. asserting that her art is open to interpretation. I fondly recall our numerous meetings in her studio over the course of a year and a half. During this time she contributed her own personal insights about the various pieces in this publication. Her methods of working, the http://frontenachouse.com
  • 3. Moon Nibbler The Art of Pat Strakowski A vision of the Calgary of Pat Strakowski’s childhood is coming to centre of Calgary to the south via the Langevin Bridge, originally mind. It is a summer evening in the Bridgeland-Riverside district built in 1885.1 early in the 1940s. To the west the sun is sinking under the mountains It is a culturally diverse neighbourhood. Bridgeland has a large with a golden-scarlet glow that ripples the surface of the Bow River Italian population, and a German community is prominent in Riverside, on the south with myriad reflections. but there are also Ukrainian, Russian, Polish, and Asian groups. For The district is nestled in the river valley. A resident is bringing many immigrants the district is their first Canadian home, but for home a cow he had tethered to graze on the hills behind. Many others it is a place to stop off before continuing their Canadian journey. of the residents keep chickens or rabbits, which are now settling A two-storey brick house stands on the sloping southeast down for the night in their backyard coops or pens. Rhubarb and corner of Centre Avenue and Sixth Street Northeast. There are four horseradish choke the sides of the back alleys and the backyards victory gardens in the backyard. Four families and an elderly widow are filled to their margins with victory gardens. The streets are occupy the premises. Ukrainian immigrants Katarina (née Krupa) dirt and gravel but First Avenue North is paved and many of the and Wasil Dmytrychyn live with their daughter Petrusia in the front sidewalks are concrete, bearing the date 1912, a remnant of the of the ground floor. The Drahanchuk family, of Russian origin, lives Calgary boom years immediately predating the First World War. in the back. The second floor is occupied by the Rogalski family and It was during this boom period that the General Hospital was the Kunch family, who are Polish and German respectively. A Polish built in the area and a streetcar connected the district with the widow known as Mrs. Miller lives in the attic. 7 http://frontenachouse.com
  • 4. The Dmytrychyns have readied their daughter for bed. Now as Later, Petrusia grew curious about her family background and Katarina settles to embroider roses on a blouse, Wasil sits besides the war. Both Katrina Krupa, born in 1909, and Wasil Dmytrychyn, Petrusia’s bed to tell a bedtime story. Pat Strakowski remembers her born in 1903, had come from the vicinity of Vola Zaleska, a farming father as a storyteller, an inherited trait that she asserts is central village in Galicia. This part of Galicia is now in southeastern Poland to her own work but in the visual rather than the verbal realm. The near the border with the Ukraine. Prior to the Great War, Galicia following tale, among her earliest personal recollections, offers a belonged to Austria; it suffered great degradation, initially during magic stemming from a suspension of disbelief that comes easily for the First World War from the forces of Austria-Hungary, Russia, a listening child. However, the adult cultivation and practice of such Germany-Austria, and the Bolsheviks; and afterwards through an imagination requires a commitment to living in an extraordinary the Red army, the White army, the Allied expeditionary force, the world. The magic recalled from childhood now resonates in the work Ukrainian army, and the Polish army. Finally in 1921 with the Treaty of the mature artist. of Riga, Poland recognized the Soviet Ukraine and annexed the “When I was a little boy we were so poor that I didn’t have a western Ukraine. This included Galicia, which belonged to Poland mother and father so I lived with Babusia and Dido. One day Dido and between the two world wars. I mounted our horse and rode to the woods for firewood. Dido had a Katrina emigrated to Canada in 1927. Wasil emigrated about the wood axe in his belt so when we arrived we found that the wood axe had same time. Their families had known each other in the old country. cut the horse in two and the back half was gone. We retraced our steps Katrina and Wassil met again in Calgary in the early thirties and married and found the back half lying there. Dido attached the two ends with shortly thereafter. Wasil worked as a riveter for Dominion Bridge, and a stump and we carried on. When we returned to the forest we noticed Katrina as a cleaning lady. Petrusia was born in 1937. that the stump had grown into a mighty oak tree. In 1974, Pat Strakowski made a pilgrimage to the homeland of “The branches of the tree came all the way to the ground so I her parents. There the memories of the hardships of war, the ever- climbed the tree. When I got to the top there was a huge nest with three shifting borders, and the bitterness associated with ethnic conflicts large eggs. I carefully put the eggs into my cap and we took them home. were not far from the surface of people’s minds. The eggs tasted very good after days of nothing but kasha. The Dmytrychyn family moved twice within the Bridgeland- “Every day afterwards I would return to the mighty oak and Riverside area, each time to a larger rental unit, later purchasing a climb it to the top. And sure enough there were three eggs waiting home in the Mission district south of the Bow River. Pat has recalled for me in the nest.” that for social occasions she and a friend would gravitate back to 8 http://frontenachouse.com
  • 5. the neighbourhood haunts of their childhood: to the Ukrainian Community Centre in the east downtown and to the centres of other ethnic organizations in Bridgeland-Riverside. In 1957, she married John Strakowski, of a Polish family background. Pat and John have three daughters: Dorothy, Linda and Shirley. Dreaming you call to us, and We form out of the mists of Exceptional Pass. Bearing to the point of origin We anticipate and participate in This feast of the senses.2 Located on a shelf behind the workbench of Strakowski’s second- storey Montgomery studio is an outdoors photo of the artist as a child standing with her mother in the Bridgeland-Riverside district of Calgary circa 1940. They are both wearing traditional Ukrainian dresses; the bold colouring and patterning of the outfits is reflected in the clutter of the studio in which her papier-mâché sculptures merge in concord with the multitude of found objects, work of like- Pat Strakowski and her mother, circa 1940. minded artists, and folk art from North America, Mexico, East India and Africa. But as a whole Pat Strakowski’s work does not refer to any specific culture or ethnic background. It is more a personal mythology, 9 http://frontenachouse.com
  • 6. a contemporary hybrid formed of a variety of cultural influences ranging from aboriginal and classical mythology to folk tales and the day-to-day experience of life around her. At the same time the work is informed by her training and immersion in the visual arts. These influences were apparent as early as 1985, when Strakowski included her work Spirit Guides in their Magic Craft in the Myth of Exceptional Pass exhibition organized by The Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies in Banff, Alberta. Although the work deals with the shaman theme she had already begun in the early eighties, it also anticipates the boat series she started later in the decade. In the sculpture, two spirit guides stand in deep communion atop a donut-shaped boat. An ancient lady with hair flowing almost to the ground holds a baton in one hand and gesticulates with the other. A companion leans back against a staff; she is a vestige, a liminal being – that is, an entity positioned at the threshold between “here” and “there”, between “absence” and “presence”, between “becoming” or “disappearing”. Strakowski also exhibited Grandmother Walks Softly, an ances- tor-figure piece she had just completed, in the Myth of Exceptional Pass show. The figure is made of papier-mâché over a wire-mesh ar- mature and embellished with various materials ranging from leather and fabrics to feathers and acrylic paint. Strakowski’s poem of the same title that accompanies the illustration of the sculpture in the Grandmother Walks Softly exhibition catalogue manifests the mythopoetic nature of both her own work and the Exceptional Pass series of exhibitions: 10 http://frontenachouse.com
  • 7. There is a tale grandmothers tell Of the great storm that shook the children, ones who are very young earth and the great tree trembled and still believe. causing the souls to fall Of a hidden valley, high in the Of the first soul born into a shaman.3 mountains, where ice-cold streams rush past quiet meadows and settle Strakowski used a variety of materials to make Spirit Guides in in deep blue silent lakes. their Magic Craft. She wove the boat with string-bean vines from Of the most magnificent tree living her parents’ garden and used driftwood detailed with papier-mâché in this valley, the Great World Tree. and painted with acrylic paint to make the figures. Porcupine quills An evergreen whose roots reached and gummed silver stars adorn the ancient woman’s blue dress. The the earth’s centre and whose woman’s hair is made of un-spun wool wrapped here and there with great trunk rose up past the clouds unbleached linen thread to define the ponytail. From the upper part to pierce the sky. of the staff of the vestigial spirit, also wrapped with linen thread, is suspended a string prickled with porcupine quills that terminates in Of the time when souls, awaiting red and yellow beads. Next to the woman’s baton dangles a string of their birth, nested in the branches miniature silver bells Strakowski found at a Cargo Canada shop that of this tree. had materials from all over the world. Strakowski takes great care in collecting and selecting the objects This poem then returns to Spirit Guides in their Magic Craft to and materials she uses, as she puts it, “to embellish” her figures. For incorporate that piece into the narrative: instance, the linen thread used in Spirit Guides in their Magic Craft “is hard to find and has a nice depth to it when it is pulled tight.” The Of the two old spirit guides who objects that she finds must have a personal resonance: “They have lived on the very tip of the tree in to talk to you.” Her criteria are intuitive. She has repeatedly stated a magic craft that could sail over that the objects she uses must have the feel of artefacts, must “have the waves we call the Northern Lights. a history.” The embellishments contribute to the sense of history 11 http://frontenachouse.com
  • 8. in her work. She has collected objects as souvenirs from an early has a magpie feeding her young in a nest immediately under the can- age. Before attending the Alberta College of Art in the late 1970s opy; the summer tree is covered at the trunk with butterflies; the her preference was for natural rather than manmade objects. At the fall tree is filled with rotting vegetation. The doors of the sideboard College, however, where she focused her studies on the subject of open to reveal shelves crammed with a colourful collection of statu- textiles, there was much emphasis on recycling materials. She began ettes of Christian personalities and other religious kitsch: of Jesus, going to goodwill stores and attending garage sales. She saw many Mary, various saints, and married couples, standing, enthroned or fabrics that were clothes, tablecloths or curtains but only some of enshrined. On top of the cabinet are three of Strakowski’s papier- these “wanted to be something else.” Always she searched for objects mâché skulls. The outside skulls have apple-bearing trees growing such as beads or patterns that could be transformed by putting them out of them. A naked Eve is sitting under the tree on the left; Adam into the context of creative work. and Eve are entwined in a fiery embrace below the tree on the right. This reuse of “found” objects and/or materials or even images A snake coils around one of its branches. A found statuette of a mar- in the visual arts, sometimes referred to as “recontextualization”, has ried couple stands atop the central skull, which is flanked by found roots that extend back to the collage and assemblage of Cubism statuettes of Mary and a nun on the left and Jesus and a nun on the and Dada and the readymades of Marcel Duchamp early in the 20th right. Pat Strakowski is not religious and neither were her parents, so century. Widespread acceptance was confirmed with the advent of this tableau must be interpreted within the context of her interest in Pop and Conceptual art movements in the 1950s and 60s; and by world mythology. It is a thought-provoking assemblage of Christian the late 70s, when Strakowski attended the College, the recycling of myth, highly personal and enmeshed with the material culture of the everyday objects for creative purposes was already well accepted as a commonplace or popular in the form of the figurines. powerful creative tool. In the studio the objects of popular culture have been used in There are many found objects in Strakowski’s studio. Promin- her work or await their reuse in the service of the artist’s creative ently situated is a sideboard that her father made. Strakowski has imagination. Reproductions of ancient Greek ceramic ware stand painted the sideboard a golden yellow and the central panel inserts atop a manual pinball machine and inside the open cabinet on of both the upper and lower pair of doors with representations of the which the machine rests. Standing along the base of this machine tree of life during the four seasons. As painted, the trees have heavy are glass paperweights of various shapes and designs. A closet with cylindrical trunks quickly tapering at the top to a canopy of branches. many shelves is jammed with a wide variety of stuffed animals and a The winter tree has glowing embers deep in its base; the spring tree variety of metal and plastic toys and figurines. 12 http://frontenachouse.com
  • 9. The Art of Pat Strakowski http://frontenachouse.com
  • 10. This sculpture started with the ostrich feathers, which I found in a dumpster. I thought, obviously these don’t want to be in the garbage, so I rescued them, I kept them for years and years and finally this sculpture came along. This is one of my pieces where I leave everything open for the viewer. I like people to make their own interpretation. For instance, if you look at the head straight on it has a look of anguish, but if you look at it from the side view it’s OK – it’s not anguished at all. And why is the figure taking his head off ? Well, why wouldn’t he? It’s about imagination pondering freedom from heavy loads. You want to be free but your hands are holding you down. About Angels, Flights of Imagination, and Other Grey Areas 28 http://frontenachouse.com
  • 11. This is a creature that provides things you need for life. It provides clothing, it provides food.That’s why he has a spoon, you won’t go hungry. It can also be a guardian figure or protector. I’ve worked in some found objects like antlers, some driftwood for the spoon. The mane is made out of linen thread. I used off-loom weaving techniques to connect the fibres to the figure. I like the feel of linen thread, it has a nice surface, it doesn’t look machine-made, it knots nicely. The Provider 29 http://frontenachouse.com
  • 12. 30 http://frontenachouse.com
  • 13. This is a piece from my first large series , from the early 1980s. I was very interested in costuming and working with textures and reflective surfaces. I’d also started using found objects – trade beads and fragments of fabric and different kinds of embellishments, things I call “neat stuff.” I had an awful lot of things that I could use. I liked the idea of rich colour and rich surface, to suggest affluence, possibly someone who was royal. Then, adding something dull to something that is bright, to something that is soft, you have a flow of one kind of texture to another. But it all depends on how you look at it – when you are working with different types of surfaces you get a different kind of image depending on the lighting and the time of day. Ancestor 12 31 http://frontenachouse.com
  • 14. 32 http://frontenachouse.com
  • 15. This is an odyssey, the ladies are flying to their destination. It’s a flying boat, almost like a space ship. The ladies look Japanese, I didn’t intend that, that’s just the way it turned out. When I visited Japan I was influenced by Noh theatre and kabuki. Maybe that’s why their faces are so white and they have funny hats. The “flame’s vision”, that’s the sun, and the ladies are pursuing its vision. They are following a path and the sun gives them the light so they can find their way. They don’t know their destination, they won’t know until they get there. The birds on their heads fly off to look for land and when they find land they stay. If they don’t find it they’ll come back, but they are confident they will find whatever is their destination. Into the Uncharted Bottomless Go the Brave Company, Secure in their Flame’s Vision Following page: Details 33 http://frontenachouse.com
  • 16. 34 http://frontenachouse.com
  • 17. In 1988 I was part of a Christmas show at the Virginia Christopher Gallery in Calgary. For this exhibition I created at least a dozen figures. Some were people, some anthropomorphic figures, some monsters, devils and such. They were about 25-35 cms tall. They were all celebrating the holiday season. Ginger 35 http://frontenachouse.com
  • 18. I made Deformed Angel I after the twin towers in New York were bombed on 9/11. The figure represents the twin towers and they are going up in smoke and it’s the whole world looking on and on the mask you see the hand across the mouth and the tear because to me it was such a tragedy and I felt that it was all based on money and this is why you see coins on the bottom. So this is why to me it is a representation of 9/11. Deformed Angel 1 36 http://frontenachouse.com
  • 19. 37 http://frontenachouse.com
  • 20. In a prairie Indian story the great earth goddess makes this huge cookie and when it’s done she throws it up in the sky and it becomes the moon. Coyote wakes at night and he nibbles at the moon and keeps nibbling and nibbling until the moon is all gone and then the great goddess looks and there is nothing to light up the night sky so she makes another moon and she throws it up and the coyote comes and he nibbles at the moon again. Now I don’t know how accurately the sculpture shows the original legend but I thought I could work with it so I created this piece. The mask on the coyote’s chest represents the moon, the full moon, and coyote is getting ready to nibble it. The four arms are to hang on to the moon. It’s a very big moon. The decoration on the legs, the squares I painted on them, that’s strictly my interpretation of what the prairie’s like when you’re looking from an airplane. I’m always taken by how much our prairie looks like a quilt where everything is squared off. The eyes are these blue sacred beads from Greece. People wear them because they’re supposed to ward off the evil eye and they are supposed to be magical. I love that colour, the cerulean blue. The empty spaces so you can see through the eyes are intended to create the feeling of a mask. Because this is a celestial coyote. Coyote the Moon Nibbler 126 http://frontenachouse.com
  • 21. 127 http://frontenachouse.com
  • 22. Endnotes Acknowledgements 1 Throughout this text I have used much information gleaned from numerous The author, photographer and publisher wish to express their meetings and conversations with Pat Strakowski spanning the period from the spring of 2006 to the winter of 2008. In this case Strakowski’s memories of appreciation for the invaluable contribution made by innumerable the Bridgeland-Riverside district of her childhood are supported by those of persons and organizations in the publishing of this book. Bill Benner in “Growing Up in Bridgeland: The World War II Years”, Heritage Connexions: Newsletter of the American Historical Society of Germans from Russia, Calgary Chapter, 10/4 (Dec 2002). • Alberta Crafts Council, especially Joanne Hamel, for assistance in 2 Pat Strakowski, in Return to Exceptional Pass (Banff: Whyte Museum of the photographing Dwarf Prairie Shorthorn. Canadian Rockies, 1992), 4. • Alberta Foundation of the Arts, especially Rowena Lunn, 3 Pat Strakowski, in The Myth of Exceptional Pass (Banff: Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies, 1985), 33. Gwyneth MacPherson and Pat Matheson, for assistance in 4 The series began in 1978 with Beyond Exceptional Pass. The second was photographing Ancestral Migration, Ancestor 12, Converging to the Exceptional Pass: The Quests, The Expeditions, The Explorations in 1982. The third was Myth of Exceptional Pass in 1985, and the last was Return to Point of Most Familiar Origin, Dwarf Prairie 10 Prong, Mau; Mau, Exceptional Pass in 1992. Mau: Mau!, Memory Shell - Renewal of the Great Cycle, Sheba, and 5 Ed Cavell citing Jon Whyte, 9 Nov 07. Jon Whyte, late poet and historian of the Canadian Rockies, was central in developing the creative rationale for the 7 Steps before the Plunge of No Return. first show. Ed Cavell was curator of photography at the Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies at this time. • And again to the Alberta Foundation for the Arts, for a grant to 6 Aldona Jonaitis, Art of the Northern Tlingit (Seattle: University of Washington support the research and writing of this book. Press, 1989), 63. • City of Calgary, especially Barb Greendale and Rachael Seupersad, 7 Ibid., 64. 8 Ibid., 65. for assistance in photographing Ritual for the Search of the Inner 9 Ibid., 65. Passage. 10 Margaret Laurence, “Where the World Began”, A Passion for Identity: An • Greg Clarke of Dallas, Texas for photographing The Logical Introduction to Canadian Studies, Ed. David Taras, Beverly Jean Rasporich, and Eli Mandel (Scarborough, ON: Nelson Canada, 1993), 333-4. Nature of Any Voyage is Determined by the Limits of Interpretation to 11 Mark Walton, with Pat Strakowski and Kirsten Abrahamson (interviews), the Logical Outcome from the Point of Uncertainty. “Death Stalks the Muttart Art Gallery”, Artichoke, 6/3 (Fall/Winter 1994), 35. 12 Ibid., 38. • Glenbow Museum, especially Steve Waite, for photographing The 13 Joseph Campbell and Bill Moyers (interviews), The Power of Myth (New York: Cohorts. Doubleday, 1988), 5. 14 Ibid., 6. • Imperial Oil Limited, especially Al Charlton and Kathryn Davies, 15 Roland Barthes, “Myth Today,” in A Barthes Reader, Ed. Susan Sontag (New for assistance in photographing The Provider and Spider Walk. York: Hill and Wang, 1991), 93. • Ed Cavell, for sharing his recollections about the genesis of the 16 Kaja Silverman, “From Sign to Subject, A Short History,” in The Subject of Semiotics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983), 29. Exceptional Pass series of exhibitions at the Whyte Museum of 17 Barthes, 115. the Canadian Rockies. 18 Ibid., 115. • Carol Sheehan, for numerous stimulating ideas that contributed 19 Ibid., 117. 20 Silverman has described this as, “the signified is endlessly commutable;… to the writing of the book, including suggestions for various one signified always gives way to another, functions in turn as a signifier,” 38. research sources. 21 Jeff Collins and Bill Mayblin, Derrida for Beginners, Ed. Richard Appignanesi (Cambridge: Icon Books, 1996), 16. • The Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies, especially Michale 22 For instance see Henry Glassie, The Spirit of Folk Art: The Girard Collection at Lang, for providing their archival photograph of The Incredible the Museum of International Folk Art (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1989), 88. Return of the Spirit Clans Down the Mystical Waters of Exceptional 23 Michael D. Hall, “American Sculpture on the Culture Möbius,” in Stereoscopic Perspectives: Reflections on American Fine and Folk Art, Pass in Their Magnificent Canoe. Contemporary American Art Critics; no. 11, Ed. Donald Kuspit (Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press, 1988), 13. In addition, many private collectors who preferred to remain 24 Donald Kuspit in “Preface” to Hall, xvii. anonymous provided essential assistance by letting us photograph Strakowski sculptures in their collection and sharing with us their enthusiasm for her work. 128 http://frontenachouse.com
  • 23. The Pieces All sculptures are papier-mâché constructed over a wire mesh armature with wooden base and finished with acrylic paint; some pieces are embellished with found objects. All photographs are by John W. Heintz unless otherwise noted. 7 Steps Before the Plunge of No The Bather Emerges from the Tailings Deformed Angel I Enchantment Leads to That Which Return Pond While Dreaming of the Days Pages 36-37 Delights the Eye Pages 94-95 When Water was Clean and Sweet- Height: 63.5 cm (26 inches) Pages 87, 84-85 Height: 44.5 cm (17.5 inches) Smelling Date: 2002 Height: 61 cm (24 inches) Date: 1995 Pages 92-93 Collection of the artist Date: 2001 Collection: Alberta Foundation for the Height: 63.5 cm (25 inches) Collection of the artist Arts Date: 2009 Deformed Angel II Collection of the artist Pages 44, 46 Every Day is a Good Day When You’re About Angels, Flights of Imagination, Height: 66 cm (26 inches) Above Ground and Other Grey Areas Beaver Women Date: 2004 Pages 81-82 Page 28 Pages 48-49 Collection of the artist Height: 56 cm (22 inches) Height: 65 cm (25½ inches) Height: 27cm to 30 cm (10½ inches Date: 1999 Date: 2006 to 12 inches) Deformed Angel 3 Collection of the artist Private collection Date: 1985-86 Pages 38-39 Collection of the artist Height: 90 cm (35 inches) Followers to the Edge of the Shock Altered Ego 2 Date: 2002 Front Page 100 The Cat Who Imagines Himself a Collection of the artist Pages 118-119 Height: 43 cm (17 inches) Dragon Height: 74 cm (29 inches) Date: 2007 Pages 120-121 Dwarf Prairie Shorthorn Date: 1988 Private collection Height: 56 cm (22 inches) Page 52 Private collection Date: 1986 Height: 25cm (10 inches) Ancestor 12 Collection of the artist Date: 1985 Ginger Pages 30-31 From the collection of The Alberta Page 35 Height: 51 cm (20 inches) The Cohorts Craft Council Height: 34 cm (13½ inches) Date: 1982 Pages 78-79 Date: 1988 Collection: Alberta Foundation for the Length: 66 cm (26 inches) Dwarf Prairie 10 Prong Private collection Arts Date: 1989 Page 53 Collection of Glenbow Museum; gift of Height: 46 cm (18 inches) Grandmaster’s Hat for Non-Existent Ancestral Migration Douglas MacLean and M.B. Laviolette, Date: 1985-86 Events Pages 88-89 2001 Collection: Alberta Foundation for the Pages 86-87 Height: 101cm (40 inches) Photo: Glenbow Museum Arts Height: 30.5 cm (12 inches) Date: 1985 Date: 2007 Collection: Alberta Foundation for the Converging to the Point of Most Earth Pauses, Moon Passes Collection of the artist Arts Familiar Origin Page 80 Pages 50-51 Height: 71 cm (28 inches) Hand Spirit Balancing the Eye, Heart, Hand Height: 81 cm (32 inches) Date: 2000 Page 125 Page 111 Date: 1989 Collection of the artist Height: 94 cm (37 inches) Height: 37 cm (14.5 inches) Collection: Alberta Foundation for the Date: circa 1988 Date: 2005 Arts Eclectic Visionary Collection of the artist Collection of the artist Pages 40-43 Coyote the Moon Nibbler Height: 85 cm (33½ inches) Harvest Moon Pages 126-127 Date: 1998 Pages 60-61 Height: 114 cm (45 inches) Collection of the artist Height: 71 cm (28 inches) Date: 1992 Date: 2004 Collection of the artist Collection of the artist 129 http://frontenachouse.com
  • 24. Identity Protected by Memory Beads Mandonna Ritual for the Search of the Inner Spring Ritual Pages 74-76 Page 77 Passage Pages 64-65 Height: 62 cm (24½ inches) Height: 61 cm (24 inches) Pages 106-107 Height: 84 cm (33 inches) Date: 2006 Date: 2005 Height: 61 cm (24 inches) Date: 1985 Collection of the artist Collection of the artist Date: 1989 Collection of the artist City of Calgary Civic Art Collection Immaculate Obsession Mau; Mau, Mau: Mau! Tall Prairie Grass Racer Page 124 Page 104 Ritual in White Pages 90-91 Height: 49.5 cm (19½ inches) Height: 61 cm (24 inches) Pages 112-113 Height: 72.5 cm (28.5 inches) Date: 2000 Date: 1986 Height: 165 cm (65 inches) Date: 2005 Collection of the artist Collection: Alberta Foundation for the Date: 1992 Collection of the artist Arts Collection of the artist In Collaboration Wisdom Comes from Seeing the World Pages 54-56 Memory Shell - Renewal of the Great Saint Luna of the Night Light from a Different Point of View Height: 101 cm (40 inches) Cycle Pages 66-67 Pages 44-47 Date: 1990 Pages 48-59 Height: 112 cm (44 inches) Height: 73.5 cm (29 inches) Collection of the artist Height: 35.5 cm (14 inches) Date: 1999 Date: 2005 Date: 1995 Collection of the artist Collection of the artist The Incredible Return of the Spirit Collection: Alberta Foundation for the Clans Down the Mystical Waters of Arts Season of Renewal Exceptional Pass in their Magnificent Pages 90-91 Canoe Meredonna 66 cm (26 inches) Pages 102-103 Pages 114-115 Date: 1998 Length: 130 cm (51 inches) Height: 40.5 cm (16 inches) Collection of the artist Date: 1991 Date: 2000 Private collection Collection of the artist Sedna’s Fashion Statement Photo: The Whyte Museum of the Pages 72-73 Canadian Rockies Momdonna II Length: 30.5 cm (12 inches) Pages 81-83 Date: 2009 Into the Uncharted Bottomless Go Height: 48 cm (19 inches) Collection of the artist the Brave Company, Secure in their Date: 2006 Flame’s Vision Private collection The Sentinel Pages 32-35 Pages 122-123 Length: 104 cm (41 inches) Moondonna II Height: 79 cm (31 inches) Date: 1994 Page 101 Date: 2001 Collection: Frontenac House Ltd. Height: 48 cm (19 inches) Private collection Date: 2006 Lady in Black Private collection Sheba Page 57 Pages 96-99 Height: 74 cm (29 inches) Muddonna Height: 51 cm (20 inches) Date: 1998 Pages 116-117 Date: 1988 Collection of the artist Height: 45.5 cm (18 inches) Collection: Alberta Foundation for the Date: 1991 Arts Lilith: Third Transformation Collection of the artist Pages 44-45 Spider Walk Height: 66 cm (26 inches) Odyssey: Flowing with One’s Innate Pages 68-69 Date: 2004 Sense of Direction, Life’s Stage Moves Height: 122 cm (48 inches) Collection of the artist On While the Actors Wait for their Cue Date: 1985 Pages 108-110 Collection of Imperial Oil Limited The Logical Nature of Any Voyage Length: 915 cm (36 inches) is Determined by the Limits of Date: 2007, modified 2009 Spirit Guide Interpretation to the Logical Outcome Private collection Pages 62-63 from the Point of Uncertainty Height: 51 cm (20 inches) Page 105 The Provider Date: 1983 Length: 51 cm (20 inches) Page 29 Private collection Date: 1998 Height: 61 cm (24 inches) Private collection Date: 1990 Spirit Guides in their Magic Craft Photo: Greg Clarke Collection of Imperial Oil Limited Pages 70-71 Height: 30.5 cm (12 inches) Date: 1985 Private collection 130 http://frontenachouse.com
  • 25. Index 7 Steps Before the Plunge Festival of the Dead: 20, 21, 55, 58 Mr. T: 24-25 found objects: 11-12, 17, 20, of No Return: 94-95 Followers to the Edge of Muttart Gallery: 21, 82 23, 38, 70, 74, 101, 9/11 attack: 36, 46 the Shock Front: 118-119 Muddonna: 116-117 Description of studio: 12 About Angels, Flights of Imagination, Myth, role in modern society: 15, 18, Aboriginal art and myth, influence and Other Grey Areas: 22, 28 Ginger: 35 21-23 on her work: 15-16, 48, 52, 62, Abrahamson, Kirsten: 21 Grandmaster’s Hat for 79, 125, 126 Alberta College of Art: 12-13, 15, 22, Non-Existent Events: 86-87 Odyssey:Flowing with One’s Innate Asian culture, influence on her Alberta Craft Council: 74 Grandmother Walks Softly: 10 Sense of Direction, Life’s Stage work: 19, 33, 68 Alberta Society of Artists: 87, 100, Going Green travelling show: 74 Moves on While the Actors Wait for Mexican culture, influence on her 111 their Cue: 19-20, 108-110 work: 20, 21, 58, 82 Altered Ego 2: 100 Hall, Michael: 26 Sources of inspiration: 21 Ancestor 12: 17, 30-31 Hand Spirit: 125 Papier-mâché, history of : 13 Work as product of its time: 23 Ancestral Migration: 88-89 Harvest Moon: 60-61 Paré, Georgette & family: 19-20, 108 Global perspective: 24 Anysas-Salkauskas, Ilse: 54 Pedersen, Liv: 54 Interest in folk art: 25-26 Identity Protected by Pop art: 23-24 Creates ‘Madonna’ series: 77, 83, Balancing the Eye, Heart, Hand: 111 Memory Beads: 74-76 The Provider: 29 77, 101, 115 Barthes, Roland: 22, 24-25 The Incredible Return of the Spirit Use of ritual: 64, 113 The Bather Emerges from the Tailings Clans Down the Mystical Waters of Revival exhibition: 21, 82 Holds workshop in Iqaluit: 73 Pond While Dreaming of the Days Exceptional Pass in their Magnificent Ritual in White: 112-113 When Water was Clean and Canoe: 18, 102-103 Ritual for the Search for the Tall Prairie Grass Racer, 25, 90-91 Sweet-Smelling : 92-93 Immaculate Obssession: 124 Inner Passage: 19, 106-107 ‘The Three Muses’: 54 Beaver Women: 48-49 In Collaboration: 54-56 Rock Magician’s Pouch: 13-14 Into the Unchartered Bottomless Go ‘Undecidables’: 23-24 Campbell, Joseph: 21 the Brave Company Secure in their Saint Luna of the Night Light: 66-67 The Cat Who Imagines Flame’s Vision: 19, 32-35 Saints and Angels series: 90 Virginia Christopher Gallery: 35 Himself a Dragon: 120-121 Saints and Sinners show: 77 The Cohorts: 78-79 Jonaitis, Aldona: 15-16 San Simón: 24-25 Converging to the Point of Most Season of Renewal: 25, 90-91 Warhol, Andy: 13 Familiar Origin: 50-51 Kabuki theatre: 35 Sedna’s Fashion Statement, Whyte Museum of the Canadian Coyote the Moon Nibbler: 126-127 Klimt, Gustave: 96 sedna figures: 72-73, 114 Rockies: 13, 18, 70, 103 Kuspit, Donald: 26 Semiotics: 22 Wisdom Comes from Seeing the Day of the Dead: 82 Sentinel, The: 16-17, 122-123 World from a Different Point of View: Decidedly Jazz Danceworks: 100 Lady in Black: 57 Shamans, shamanism: 16, 19, 24, 44, 47 Deformed Angel I: 36-37 Laurence, Margaret: 17 62, 122 Deformed Angel II: 44, 46 Lilith: Third Transformation: 44-45 Sheba: 96-99 Deformed Angel 3: 38-39 The Logical Nature of Any Voyage Sorcerer’s War Oracle: 13-14 Derrida, Jacques: 22-23 is Determined by the Limits of ‘Soul Catchers’ dance performance: Dmytrychyn, Wasil & family: 7-8 Interpretation to their Logical 125 Dwarf Prairie Shorthorn: 52 Outcome from the Point of Spider Walk: 68-69 Dwarf Prairie 10 Prong: 53 Uncertainty: 18, 105 Spirit Guide: 15-17, 62-63 Spirit Guides in their Magic Craft: Earth Pauses, Moon Passes: 80 10-11, 17-18, 24, 70-71 Eclectic Visionary: 26, 40-43 Mandonna: 77 Spring Ritual: 64-65 Enchantment Leads to That Which Markel, George: 24-25 Excites the Eye: 81, 84-85 Mau; Mau, Mau: Mau! : 104 Strakowski, Pat Every Day is a Good Day When You’re Memory Shell – Renewal of the Childhood: 7-8 Above Ground: 81-82 Great Cycle: 58-59 Family: 9 Exceptional Pass exhibition series: 10, Meredonna: 114-115 Myth, influence on her work: 9, 13, 15, 18, 70, 103 Momdonna II: 25, 81, 83 22, 79 Moondonna II: 101 Method of working, use of 131 http://frontenachouse.com