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Lecture # 3 compounding factors effects of inflation
1.
Lecture # 3 1.
Compounding Factors 2. Effect of Inflation 1-1 Dr. A. Alim
2.
Determination of Unknown
Interest Rate Class of problems where the interest rate, i%, is the unknown value For simple, single payment problems (i.e., P and F only), solving for i% given the other parameters is not difficult For annuity and gradient type problems, solving for i% can be tedious Trial and error method Use EXCEL Slide Sets to accompany Blank & Tarquin, Engineering Economy, 7th Edition, 2012 1-2 © 2012 by McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y All Rights Reserved
3.
The IRR and
RATE Spreadsheet Functions Define the total cash flow as a column of values within Excel Apply the IRR function: =IRR(first_cell:last_cell, guess value) If the cash flow series is an A value then apply the RATE function: =RATE(number_years, A,P,F) Slide Sets to accompany Blank & Tarquin, Engineering Economy, 7th Edition, 2012 1-3 © 2012 by McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y All Rights Reserved
4.
The IRR and
RATE Spreadsheet Functions Slide Sets to accompany Blank & Tarquin, Engineering Economy, 7th Edition, 2012 1-4 © 2012 by McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y All Rights Reserved Example 1 End of Year Cash Flow 0 (1,200.00)$ 1 354.00$ IRR = 26.3% 2 700.00$ 3 216.00$ 4 953.00$ Example 2 End of Year Cash Flow 0 (1,200.00)$ 1 400.00$ Rate = 12.6% 2 400.00$ 3 400.00$ IRR = 12.6% 4 400.00$
5.
Determination of Unknown
Number of Years Class of problems where the number of time periods (years) is the unknown In single payment type problems, solving for n is straight forward In other types of cash flow profiles, solving for n requires trial and error. In Excel, given A, P, or F, and i% values apply: =NPER(i%,A,P,F) to return the value of n Slide Sets to accompany Blank & Tarquin, Engineering Economy, 7th Edition, 2012 1-5 © 2012 by McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y All Rights Reserved
6.
Determination of Unknown
Number of Years Slide Sets to accompany Blank & Tarquin, Engineering Economy, 7th Edition, 2012 1-6 © 2012 by McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y All Rights Reserved Example: P -1200 A 400 i 12.60% Number of periods = 4
7.
In practice –
interest rates do not stay the same over time unless by contractual obligation. There can exist “variation” of interest rates over time – quite normal! If required, how do we handle that situation? Interest rates that vary over time Slide Sets to accompany Blank & Tarquin, Engineering Economy, 7th Edition, 2012 1-7 © 2012 by McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y All Rights Reserved
8.
Interest Rates that
vary over time Best illustrated by an example. Assume for now that interest rate is constant 7% for the whole 4 years period: 0 1 2 3 4 $70,000 $70,000 $35,000 $25,000 7% 7% 7% 7% Slide Sets to accompany Blank & Tarquin, Engineering Economy, 7th Edition, 2012 1-8 © 2012 by McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y All Rights Reserved
9.
Interest Rates that
vary over time Best illustrated by an example. Assume for now that interest rate is constant 7% for the whole 4 years period: 0 1 2 3 4 $70,000 $70,000 $35,000 $25,000 7% 7% 7% 7% P = Slide Sets to accompany Blank & Tarquin, Engineering Economy, 7th Edition, 2012 1-9 © 2012 by McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y All Rights Reserved
10.
Interest Rates that
vary over time Best illustrated by an example. Assume for now that interest rate is constant 7% for the whole 4 years period: 0 1 2 3 4 $70,000 $70,000 $35,000 $25,000 7% 7% 7% 7% P = 70,000(P/A,7%,2) + 35,000(P/F,7%,3) + 25,000(P/F,7%,4) Slide Sets to accompany Blank & Tarquin, Engineering Economy, 7th Edition, 2012 1-10 © 2012 by McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y All Rights Reserved
11.
Interest Rates that
vary over time Best illustrated by an example. Now, assume the following future profits: 0 1 2 3 4 $70,000 $70,000 $35,000 $25,000 7% 7% 9% 10% (P/F,7%,1) (P/F,7%,1) (P/F,9%,1) (P/F,10%,1) (P/F,7%,1) (P/F,7%,1) (P/F,7%,1) (P/F,7%,1) (P/F,7%,1) (P/F,9%,1) Slide Sets to accompany Blank & Tarquin, Engineering Economy, 7th Edition, 2012 1-11 © 2012 by McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y All Rights Reserved
12.
Varying Rates: Present
Worth To find the Present Worth: Bring each cash flow amount back to the appropriate point in time at the interest rate according to: P = F1(P/F,i1,1) + F2(P/F,i1,1)(P/F,i2,1) + … + Fn(P/F,i1,1)(P/F,i2,1)(P/F,i3,1)…(P/F,in,1) This Process can get computationally involved! Slide Sets to accompany Blank & Tarquin, Engineering Economy, 7th Edition, 2012 1-12 © 2012 by McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y All Rights Reserved
13.
Period-by-Period Analysis P0
= $7000(P/F,7%,1) + $7000(P/F,7%,1)(P/F,7%,1) + $35000(P/F,9%,1)(P/F,7%,1)2 + $25000(P/F,10%,1)(P/F,9%,1)(P/F,7%,1)2 Equals: $172,816 at t = 0… Work backwards one period at a time until you get to “0”. Slide Sets to accompany Blank & Tarquin, Engineering Economy, 7th Edition, 2012 1-13 © 2012 by McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y All Rights Reserved
14.
Period-by-Period Analysis To
obtain the equivalent uniform series A over all n years, substitute the symbol A for each Fi, then solve for A: Slide Sets to accompany Blank & Tarquin, Engineering Economy, 7th Edition, 2012 1-14 © 2012 by McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y All Rights Reserved
15.
Period-by-Period Analysis P0
= $172,816 = $A (P/F,7%,1) + $A (P/F,7%,1)(P/F,7%,1) + $A (P/F,9%,1)(P/F,7%,1)2 + $A (P/F,10%,1)(P/F,9%,1)(P/F,7%,1)2 Solve for A = $51,777 per year Slide Sets to accompany Blank & Tarquin, Engineering Economy, 7th Edition, 2012 1-15 © 2012 by McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y All Rights Reserved
16.
Varying Rates: Approximation
An alternative approach that approximates the present value: Average the interest rates over the appropriate number of time periods. In the previous example {7% + 7% + 9% + 10%} / 4 = 8.25% This approach is only an approximation. Students MUST NOT use this method in solving problems in quizzes or examinations. Slide Sets to accompany Blank & Tarquin, Engineering Economy, 7th Edition, 2012 1-16 © 2012 by McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y All Rights Reserved
17.
Inflation - Definition
The increase in the amount of money necessary to obtain the same amount of product or service before the inflated price was present; Social Phenomena where too much money chases too few goods/services; Harmful impact because the purchasing power of the currency changes downward in value. Slide Sets to accompany Blank & Tarquin, Engineering Economy, 7th Edition, 2012 1-17 © 2012 by McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y All Rights Reserved
18.
Deflation Where the
value , i.e. the purchasing power of the currency increases over time. Less amounts of the currency can purchase more goods and services than before. Not very commonly seen……2009 was the first year with deflation (or zero inflation) in a very long time! Slide Sets to accompany Blank & Tarquin, Engineering Economy, 7th Edition, 2012 1-18 © 2012 by McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y All Rights Reserved
19.
Inflation rate -
f The measure of the annual rate of change in the value of a currency. Similar to an interest rate but should not be viewed as an interest rate. f is a percentage value similar to the interest rate. Let n represent the period of time between now and a future date, then: Future cost = Current cost (1 +f )n Note: this does not involve time value of money (compounding) Slide Sets to accompany Blank & Tarquin, Engineering Economy, 7th Edition, 2012 1-19 © 2012 by McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y All Rights Reserved
20.
Example to Consider
Assume a firm desires to purchase a productive asset that costs $209,000 in today’s dollars. Assume an inflation rate of say, 4% per year; In 10 years, that same piece of equipment would cost: $209,000(1.04)10 = $309,371! Does not include an interest rate or rate of return consideration. The $309,371 are called “future dollars”. Slide Sets to accompany Blank & Tarquin, Engineering Economy, 7th Edition, 2012 1-20 © 2012 by McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y All Rights Reserved
21.
Inflation can be
Significant From the previous example we see that even at a modest 4% rate of inflation, the future impact on cost can be and often is significant! The previous example does not consider the time value of money. A proper engineering economy analysis should consider both inflation and the time value of money. Slide Sets to accompany Blank & Tarquin, Engineering Economy, 7th Edition, 2012 1-21 © 2012 by McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y All Rights Reserved
22.
How is inflation
measured*? Consumer Price Index (CPI) - a government measure of the price change of a “market basket” of goods and services (national inflation rate) Producer Price Indices – a government measure of price changes for specific industries Chemical and Petrochemical Process Plants Farm Products Consulting Engineering Services Price Indexes Residential Building Construction Input Price Indexes Industrial product price indexes Raw materials price indexes Energy consumer price indices * Ref. : J.C. Paradi, Centre for Management of Technology and Entrepreneurship ( 1996-2004) 1-22Slide Sets to accompany Blank & Tarquin, Engineering Economy, 7th Edition, 2012 © 2012 by McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y All Rights Reserved
23.
CPI The CPI for
a given period relates the average price of a fixed “basket” of goods in the given period to the average price of the same basket of goods in a base period. Current CPI base year is 1982 -84. Base year index is set at 100. The index for any other year indicates the number of dollars needed in that year to buy the basket of goods that cost $100 in 1982-84. 1-23Slide Sets to accompany Blank & Tarquin, Engineering Economy, 7th Edition, 2012 © 2012 by McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y All Rights Reserved
24.
Historical CPI Consumer Price
Index historical summary – 1982-84 = 100% Year CPI % Change Year CPI % Change Year CPI % Change 1972 41.8 3.2 1983 99.6 3.2 1994 148.2 2.6 1973 44.4 6.2 1984 103.9 4.3 1995 152.4 2.8 1974 49.3 11.0 1985 107.6 3.6 1996 156.9 3.0 1975 53.8 9.1 1986 109.6 1.9 1997 160.5 2.3 1976 56.9 5.8 1987 113.6 3.6 1998 163.0 1.6 1977 60.6 6.5 1988 118.3 4.1 1999 166.6 2.2 1978 65.2 7.6 1989 124.0 4.8 2000 172.2 3.4 1979 72.6 11.3 1990 130.7 5.4 2001 177.1 2.8 1980 82.4 13.5 1991 136.2 4.2 2002 179.9 1.6 1981 90.9 10.3 1992 140.3 3.0 2003 184.0 2.3 1982 96.5 6.2 1993 144.5 3.0 2004 188.9 2.7 2005 195.3 3.4 2006 201.6 3.2 2007 207.3 2.9 2008 215.3 3.8 2009 214.5 -0.4 2010 218.1 1.7 2011 224.9 3.2 2012 230.0 2.2 1-24Slide Sets to accompany Blank & Tarquin, Engineering Economy, 7th Edition, 2012 © 2012 by McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y All Rights Reserved
25.
Inflation rate -
f Defined as the percent change in CPI from year to year. For example, from the previous table: CPI in 2009 is 214.5 CPI in 2010 is 218.1 Inflation rate in 2010 is: 100 x (218.1 – 214.4)/214.5 = approx 1.7% Slide Sets to accompany Blank & Tarquin, Engineering Economy, 7th Edition, 2012 1-25 © 2012 by McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y All Rights Reserved
26.
Annual Inflation rate CPI 1-26Slide Sets
to accompany Blank & Tarquin, Engineering Economy, 7th Edition, 2012 © 2012 by McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y All Rights Reserved
27.
1-27Slide Sets to
accompany Blank & Tarquin, Engineering Economy, 7th Edition, 2012 © 2012 by McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y All Rights Reserved
28.
Accounting for inflation There
are two ways to make meaningful economic calculations when the currency is changing in value, that is when inflation is considered: 1. Convert the amounts that occur in different time periods into constant value dollars. This is accomplished before any time value of money calculation is made using the real interest rate. 2. Change the interest rate used to account for inflation plus the time value of money. This is called the inflation-adjusted or market interest rate. Slide Sets to accompany Blank & Tarquin, Engineering Economy, 7th Edition, 2012 28© 2012 by McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y All Rights Reserved
29.
• Future Dollars
= Today’s dollars(1+f)n • Dollars at present time are termed: – Constant-value or today’s dollars • Dollars in time period t are termed: – Future Dollars or,… – Then-current Dollars. 1) Constant value dollars vs. future dollars Slide Sets to accompany Blank & Tarquin, Engineering Economy, 7th Edition, 2012 29© 2012 by McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y All Rights Reserved
30.
Critical Relationships to
Remember • Constant-value Dollars (Today’s dollars) • Future Dollars n future dollars Constant-Value dollars = (1+f) n Future dollars = today's dollars(1+f) . Slide Sets to accompany Blank & Tarquin, Engineering Economy, 7th Edition, 2012 30© 2012 by McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y All Rights Reserved
31.
Three Important Rates
Inflation-free interest rate. Denoted as “i”. Inflation-adjusted interest rate. Denoted as “if” Inflation rate. Denoted as “f”. 2) Adjusting interest rate to include inflation Slide Sets to accompany Blank & Tarquin, Engineering Economy, 7th Edition, 2012 1-31 © 2012 by McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y All Rights Reserved
32.
Real or Inflation-free
Interest Rate - i • Rate at which interest is earned. • Effects of any inflation have been removed. • Represents the actual or real gain received/charged on investments or borrowing. Slide Sets to accompany Blank & Tarquin, Engineering Economy, 7th Edition, 2012 32© 2012 by McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y All Rights Reserved
33.
Inflation-adjusted rate –
if • The interest rate that has been adjusted to include inflation. • Common Term – – Market Interest Rate. – Interest rate adjusted for inflation. • The if rate is the combination of the real interest rate i, and the inflation rate f. • Also called the inflated interest rate. Slide Sets to accompany Blank & Tarquin, Engineering Economy, 7th Edition, 2012 33© 2012 by McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y All Rights Reserved
34.
Defining if • if
is derived from f and i as follows: if = (i + f + if ) Or: 1 fi f i f Slide Sets to accompany Blank & Tarquin, Engineering Economy, 7th Edition, 2012 34© 2012 by McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y All Rights Reserved
35.
Example • Assume i
= 10%/ year; • f = 4% per year; • if is then calculated as: if = 0.10 + 0.04 + 0.10(0.04) = 0.144 = 14.4%/year Slide Sets to accompany Blank & Tarquin, Engineering Economy, 7th Edition, 2012 35© 2012 by McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y All Rights Reserved
36.
Which interest rate
to use? • Either rate is correct when the correct dollar value is selected: Cash flow in Interest rate to use Today’s dollar (constant value) i Future dollars if Slide Sets to accompany Blank & Tarquin, Engineering Economy, 7th Edition, 2012 36© 2012 by McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y All Rights Reserved
37.
Example 14.1, Blank
(6th ed.), page 477 Slide Sets to accompany Blank & Tarquin, Engineering Economy, 7th Edition, 2012 37© 2012 by McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y All Rights Reserved
38.
Slide Sets to
accompany Blank & Tarquin, Engineering Economy, 7th Edition, 2012 38© 2012 by McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y All Rights Reserved
39.
Effect of Inflation
on the MARR When inflation is expected during the life of a project, the MARR needs to be increased to avoid accepting poor projects. Inflated MARR = minimum acceptable rate of return when cash flows are in actual dollars (future dollars). If investors expect inflation, they require higher actual rates of return on their investments than if inflation were not expected. Inflated MARR = real MARR (without inflation) + upwards adjustment which reflects the effect of inflation. So, following from the definition, we have: if = (i + f + if ) MARRinflated = MARRR + f + MARRR * f where MARRinflated(if) is inflated MARR and MARRR (i) is real MARR (without inflation). Slide Sets to accompany Blank & Tarquin, Engineering Economy, 7th Edition, 2012 1-39 © 2012 by McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y All Rights Reserved
40.
Abbott Mining Systems
wants to determine whether it should buy now or buy later a piece of equipment used in deep mining operations. If the company selects plan N, the equipment will be purchased now for $200,000. However, if the company selects plan L, the purchase will be deferred for 3 years when the cost is expected to rise rapidly to $340,000. Abbott is ambitious; it expects a real MARR of 12% per year. The inflation rate in the country has averaged 6.75% per year. From only an economic perspective, determine whether the company should purchase now or later (a) when inflation is not considered and (b) when inflation is considered. Solution a) Inflation not considered: The real rate, or MARR, is i = 12% per year. The cost of plan L is $340,000 three years hence. Calculate the FW value for plan N three years from now: FWN = -200,000(F/P,12%,3) = $-280,986 FWL = $-340,000 Hence buy now Example 14.4, Blank (6th ed.), page 483: Slide Sets to accompany Blank & Tarquin, Engineering Economy, 7th Edition, 2012 1-40 © 2012 by McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y All Rights Reserved
41.
b) Inflation considered:
There is a real rate (12%), and inflation is 6.75%. First, compute the inflation-adjusted MARR : MARRf = 0.12 + 0.0675 + 0.12(0.0675) = 0.1956 Compute the FW value for plan N in future dollars. FWN = -200,000(F/P,19.56%,3) = $-341,812 FWL = $-340,000 Purchasing later is selected, because it requires fewer equivalent future dollars. The inflation rate of 6.75% per year has raised the equivalent future worth of costs by 21.6% to $341,812. Slide Sets to accompany Blank & Tarquin, Engineering Economy, 7th Edition, 2012 1-41 © 2012 by McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y All Rights Reserved
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