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Chapter 12 independent projects & budget limitation
1.
12-1 Lecture slides to
accompany Engineering Economy 7th edition Leland Blank Anthony Tarquin Chapter 12Chapter 12 IndependentIndependent Projects withProjects with Budget LimitationBudget Limitation © 2012 by McGraw-Hill All Rights Reserved
2.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES 12-2 ©
2012 by McGraw-Hill All Rights Reserved 1. Capital rationing basics 2. Projects with equal lives 3. Projects with unequal lives 4. Linear program model 5. Ranking options
3.
Overview of Capital
Rationing • Capital is a scarce resource; never enough to fund all projects • Each project is independent of others; select one, two, or more projects; don’t exceed budget limit b • ‘Bundle’ is a collection of independent projects that are mutually exclusive (ME) • For 3 projects, there are 23 = 8 ME bundles, e.g., A, B, C, AB, AC, BC, ABC, Do nothing (DN) 12-3 © 2012 by McGraw-Hill All Rights Reserved
4.
Capital Budgeting Problem
Each project selected entirely or not selected at all Budget limit restricts total investment allowed Projects usually quite different from each other and have different lives Reinvestment assumption: Positive annual cash flows reinvested at MARR until end of life of longest-lived project 12-4 © 2012 by McGraw-Hill All Rights Reserved Objective of Capital Budgeting Maximize return on project investments using a specific measure of worth, usually PW
5.
Capital Budgeting for
Equal-Life Projects Procedure Develop ≤ 2m ME bundles that do not exceed budget b Determine NCF for projects in each viable bundle Calculate PW of each bundle j at MARR (i) 12-5 © 2012 by McGraw-Hill All Rights Reserved Note: Discard any bundle with PW < 0; it does not return at least MARR Select bundle with maximum PW (numerically largest)
6.
Bundle, j Projects
NCFj0 , $ NCFjt , $ SV, $ PWj , $ 1 A -25,000 +6,000 +4,000 -5,583 2 B -20,000 +9,000 0 +5,695 3 C -50,000 +15,000 +20,000 +4,261 4 A, B 45,000 +15,000 +4,000 +112 5 B, C 70,000 +24,000 +20,000 +9,956 6 DN 0 0 0 0 Example: Capital Budgeting for Equal Lives Select projects to maximize PW at i = 15% and b = $70,000 12-6 © 2012 by McGraw-Hill All Rights Reserved Project Initial investment, $ Annual NCF, $ Life, years Salvage value, $ A -25,000 +6,000 4 +4,000 B -20,000 +9,000 4 0 C -50,000 +15,000 4 +20,000 Solution: Five bundles meet budget restriction. Calculate NCF and PW values Conclusion: Select projects B and C with max PW value
7.
Capital Budgeting for
Unequal-Life Projects LCM is not necessary in capital budgeting; use PW over respective lives to select independent projects Same procedure as that for equal lives Example: If MARR is 15% and b = $20,000 select projects 12-7 © 2012 by McGraw-Hill All Rights Reserved
8.
Example: Capital Budgeting
for Unequal Lives Solution: Of 24 = 16 bundles, 8 are feasible. By spreadsheet: 12-8 © 2012 by McGraw-Hill All Rights Reserved Reject with PW < 0 Conclusion: Select projects A and C
9.
Capital Budgeting Using
LP Formulation Why use linear programming (LP) approach? -- Manual approach not good for large number of projects as 2m ME bundles grows too rapidly Apply 0-1 integer LP (ILP) model to: Objective: Maximize Sum of PW of NCF at MARR for projects Constraints: Sum of investments ≤ investment capital limit Each project selected (xk = 1) or not selected (xk = 0) LP formulation strives to maximize Z 12-9 © 2012 by McGraw-Hill All Rights Reserved
10.
Example: LP Solution
of Capital Budgeting Problem MARR is 15%; limit is $20,000; select projects using LP LP formulation for projects A, B, C, D labeled k = 1, 2, 3, 4 and b = $20,000 is: Maximize: 6646x1 - 1019x2 + 984x3 - 748x4 Constraints: 8000x1 + 15,000x2 +8000x3 + 8000x4 ≤ 20,000 x1, x2, x3, and x4 = 0 or 1 12-10 © 2012 by McGraw-Hill All Rights Reserved PW @ 15%, $ 6646 -1019 984 -748
11.
Example: LP Solution
of Capital Budgeting Problem Use spreadsheet and Solver tool to solve LP problem Select projects A (x1 = 1) and C (x3 = 1) for max PW = $7630 12-11 © 2012 by McGraw-Hill All Rights Reserved
12.
Different Project Ranking
Measures Possible measures to rank and select projects: ‡ PW (present worth) – previously used to solve capital budgeting problem; maximizes PW value) ‡ IROR (internal ROR) – maximizes overall ROR; reinvestment assumed at IROR value ‡ PWI (present worth index) – same as PI (profitability index); provides most money for the investment amount over life of the project, i.e., maximizes ‘bang for the buck’. PWI measure is: 12-12 © 2012 by McGraw-Hill All Rights Reserved Projects selected by each measure can be different since each measure maximizes a different parameter
13.
Summary of Important
Points 12-13 © 2012 by McGraw-Hill All Rights Reserved Capital budgeting requires selection from independent projects. The PW measure is commonly maximized with a limited investment budget Manual solution requires development of ME bundles of projects Solution using linear programming formulation and the Solver tool on a spreadsheet is used to maximize PW at a stated MARR Projects ranked using different measures, e.g., PW, IROR and PWI, may select different projects since different measures are maximized Equal service assumption is not necessary for a capital budgeting solution
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