This document provides an overview of key concepts in the chapter on economic development from a human geography textbook. It discusses patterns of economic development including GDP, GNI, and PPP. It also addresses topics like the division of labor, resources and their relationship to development, different types of economic activities and structures, globalization, and potential future geographies. Figures and tables throughout provide visual examples to illustrate economic development concepts.

1. Chapter 7 Lecture
Human Geography: Places and
Regions in Global Context
Sixth Edition
Geographies of
Economic
Development
Wendy A. Mitteager
State University of New York, Oneonta

2. Key Concepts
• Economic development
• Carrying capacity
• Sustainable development
• Division of labor
• Fair trade
• Deindustrialization
• Economic globalization
• Flexible production systems
Figure: Chapter 7 Opener Migrant workers in China boarding a train home.
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3. Patterns of Economic Development
• Three types of changes • Unevenness
– Structure of region’s • Gross domestic product
economy
– Forms of economic (GDP)
organization • Gross national income
– Availability & use of (GNI)
technology
• Purchasing power parity
(PPP)
Apply your knowledge: What kind of statistics besides
GNI provide an indication of international disparities in
economic development?
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4. Patterns of Economic Development, (cont’d)
Figure 7.1 GNI is one of the best single measures of economic development. Use this map to
compare the core countries with the peripheral and semiperipheral countries.
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5. Resources and Development
• Cultivable land
• Carrying capacity
• Industrial resources
Figure 7.3 Deforestation of rainforest in Figure 7.2 Major sources of energy are
Cameroon. unevenly distributed.
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6. Resources and Development, (cont’d)
Figure 7.4 Some countries are fortunate in having a broad range of cultivable land. Others
must rely on exploitation of one major resource for economic development.
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7. Resources and Development, (cont’d)
• Sustainable development
• Ecological footprint
• Obstacles
– Reliance on fossil fuels
– Rate of growth in periphery
– Institutional framework
Figure 7.6 Promoting local economies
Apply your knowledge: Provide examples of renewable
energy projects in the U.S. How can they change the
ecological footprint? How might their growth be impeded?
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8. Economic Structure
• Primary, secondary, • Newly industrializing
tertiary, and quaternary countries (NIC’s)
activities
• Foreign direct
• Division of labor
investment
• Manufacturing value
• Transnational
added (MVA)
corporations (TNCs)
Apply your knowledge: Consider a product you own and
map out the product’s development through the primary,
secondary, and tertiary activities.
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9. Primary Economic Activities, 2002
Figure 7.7 The geography of primary economic activities
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10. China’s Economic Development
Figure 7.B The city of Shenzhen
Figure 7.C New affluence Figure 7.D Real estate boom
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11. Economic Structure, (cont’d)
• Trading blocs
• Autarky
• Neoliberal polices
Figure 7.8 Manufacturing in South Korea
Figure 7.9 World economic forum in
Switzerland, 2011
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12. Economic Structure, (cont’d)
Figure 7.10 One reflection of dependency: the index of commodity concentration of
exports, 2002
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13. Economic Structure, (cont’d)
• International debt
• Elasticity of demand
• Terms of trade
– Ratio of prices
• Import substitution
Figure 7.12 Cocoa production, Ghana
Apply your knowledge: Determine the current debt of three
countries. What main factors have contributed to each
countries’ debt?
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14. Economic Structure, (cont’d)
Figure 7.11 The 2008 debt crisis
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15. Fair Trade
Figure 7.13 Fair trade coffee in Uganda Figure 7.14 A fair trade shop in Canterbury, England
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16. Stages of Economic Development
Figure 7.15 A model based on the idea of
successive stages of economic development, now
regarded as overly simplistic.
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17. Regional Economic Development
• Regional inequalities
• Geographical path dependence
• Initial advantage
• External economies
• Localization economies
Apply your knowledge: Identify an example of localized
economics functioning in your own community. What
industries are clustering together and how can this result in
cost savings?
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18. Regional Economic Development, (cont’d)
• Webs of functional interdependence
• Agglomeration effects
• Backward and forward linkages
• Ancillary industries
• Cumulative causation
• Backwash effects
Apply your knowledge: Identify and research three cities
that have experienced a backwash effect and the reasons
for the backwash effect in each locale.
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19. Regional Economic Development, (cont’d)
• Modification of regional
core-periphery
patterns
• Spread effects
• Import substitution
• Agglomeration
diseconomies
• Deindustrialization
Figure 7.18 An abandoned Packard automobile
• Creative destruction plant in Detroit, Michigan.
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20. Regional Economic Development, (cont’d)
• Government
intervention
• Growth poles
Figure 7.19 The London congestion charge was
introduced in 2003.
Apply your knowledge: Identify two regions that have
experienced deindustrialization. What industries were lost?
Did they experience creative destruction? Has government
intervention played a role?
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21. Globalization and Economic Development
Figure 7.20 The impact of containerization on Figure 7.21 24-hour trading between major
world trade financial markets
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22. Globalization and Economic Development,
(cont’d)
Figure 7.22 Banks in trouble: customers in line in Santa Figure 7.23 U.S. President
Monica, 2008. George W. Bush addresses the
nation about the financial crisis on
October 10, 2008.
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23. Economic Globalization
• Global assembly lines
and supply chains
• Conglomerate
corporations
• TNCs and globalization
• Flexible production
systems
– Fordism
Figure 7.26 Nestle is the main food company
– Neo-Fordism for Disneyland Paris
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24. Economic Globalization
• Just-in-time production • Export-processing zones
• Vertical disintegration • Homogenization of
• Strategic alliances consumption
• Experience economy
Figure 7.27 Principal maquiladora centers on the United
States–Mexico border
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25. Wal-Mart’s Economic Landscape
Figure 7.E Wal-Mart locations in the Atlanta metropolitan region
Apply your knowledge: Consider the eateries you dine at
most often. Are they locally owned or chains owned by large
corporations? If they are chains, research what business
they replaced in that location.
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26. Geographies of Office Employment
• Decentralization
– Back-office functions
• Outsourcing
• Clusters of
specialized offices
• Offshore financial
centers
Figure 7.30 Workers at a call center in India.
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27. The Pleasure Periphery
• Tourism
• Alternative tourism
Figure 7.32 Ecotourism:
birdwatchers in Panama
Apply your knowledge: Choose a popular tourist location
and list costs and benefits of tourism for this place and its
inhabitants.
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28. Future Geographies
• Availability of
resources
• Expansion of world
economy
• Globalization of
industry
• Transportation
technologies Figure 7.34 Energy-consuming goods: in an Apple
– High-speed rail Store in Beijing, China
systems
– Smart roads
– Smart cars
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29. End of Chapter 7
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