Chapter five

Title Photo Page “ Who has seen the wind? Neither you nor I but when the trees bow down their heads, the wind is passing by.” —Christina Rossetti (Brainyquote.com)

Chapter Five Vocabulary pressure gradient (p. 109) ridge (p. 109) Rossby waves (p. 122) Santa Ana winds (p. 131) sea breeze (p. 128) Southern Oscillation (p. 133) subpolar lows (p. 124) subtropical high (STH) (p. 116) teleconnection (p. 136) thermal high (p. 109) thermal low (p. 109) thermocline (p. 134) trade winds (p. 117) trough (p. 109) valley breeze (p. 130) Walker Circulation (p. 133) westerlies (p. 121) wind (p. 110) horse latitudes (p. 117) intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) (p. 121) isobar (p. 109) jet stream (p. 122) katabatic winds (p. 130) land breeze (p. 128) La Niña (p. 134) low (p. 109) millibar (p. 109) monsoon (p. 126) mountain breeze (p. 130) offshore flow (p. 126) onshore flow (p. 126) polar easterlies (p. 124) polar front (p. 124) polar high (p. 124) anticyclone (p. 112) antitrade winds (p. 125) atmospheric pressure (p. 107) barometer (p. 109) chinook (p. 131) cyclone (p. 112) doldrums (p. 121) dynamic high (p. 109) dynamic low (p. 109) El Niño (p. 131) ENSO (El Niño–Southern Oscillation) (p. 133) foehn (p. 131) friction layer (p. 111) geostrophic wind (p. 111) Hadley cells (p. 115) high (p. 109)

The Impact of Pressure and Wind on the Landscape ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The Nature of Atmospheric Pressure ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The Nature of Atmospheric Pressure ,[object Object],[object Object]

Factors Influencing Atmospheric Pressure ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Density and Pressure ,[object Object],[object Object]

Temperature and Pressure ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Dynamic Influences on Air Pressure ,[object Object],[object Object]

Dynamic Influences on Air Pressure ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Mapping Pressure with Isobars ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object]

Mapping Pressure with Isobars ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The Nature of Wind ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Direction of Movement ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Direction of Movement ,[object Object],[object Object]

Cyclones and Anticyclones ,[object Object],[object Object]

Cyclones and Anticyclones ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Cyclones and Anticyclones ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Wind Speed ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Vertical Variations in Pressure and Wind ,[object Object],[object Object]

The General Circulation of the Atmosphere ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The General Circulation of the Atmosphere ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6 7

Subtropical Highs ,[object Object],[object Object]

Subtropical Highs ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Trade Winds ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Trade Winds ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Intertropical Convergence Zone ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Intertropical Convergence Zone ,[object Object],[object Object]

The Westerlies ,[object Object]

Jet Streams ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Rossby Waves ,[object Object],[object Object]

Polar Highs ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Polar Easterlies ,[object Object],[object Object]

Polar Front ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Vertical Patterns of the General Circulation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Modifications of the General Circulation ,[object Object]

Seasonal Variations in Location ,[object Object],[object Object],Mumbai (Bombay) is slowly limping back to life after days of being under water.

Monsoons ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Monsoons ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Localized Wind Systems ,[object Object]

Sea and Land Breezes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Valley and Mountain Breezes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Katabatic Winds ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Foehn/Chinook Winds ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

El Niño-Southern Oscillation ,[object Object],[object Object]

El Niño-Southern Oscillation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],Source: NOAA (http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/) - Fig. 5-B

[object Object],Source: NOAA (http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/proj_over/diagrams/buoy.html)

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Pacific Decadal Oscillation Fig. 5.42

Normal Pattern ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

El Niño Pattern ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

El Niño Pattern ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

La Niña ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Causes of ENSO ,[object Object],[object Object]

Teleconnections ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Other Multi-Year Atmospheric and Oceanic Cycles ,[object Object],[object Object]

Pacific Decadal Oscillation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The North Atlantic Oscillation and the Arctic Oscillation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The North Atlantic Oscillation and the Arctic Oscillation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

People and the Environment: Forecasting El Niño ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],Heat Gain 90º S 90º N 30º N 30º S 60º S 60º N 0º S Heat Loss Heat Loss

[object Object],L Pressure Belts Equatorial Low (ITCZ*) *Intertropical Convergence Zone Also area of the doldrums **Horse latitudes 90º S 90º N 30º N 30º S 60º S 60º N 0º S L L H H H H Subtropical High (STH)** Subtropical High (STH)** Polar Front Zone Polar Front Zone Polar High Polar High 1 1 1 – Hadley cell 2 2 2 – Ferrel cell 3 3 3 – Polar cell

[object Object],L L L H H H H Global Winds Expected path (PGF) Coriolis effect 90º S 90º N 30º N 30º S 60º S 60º N 0º S NE Trades SE Trades Westerlies Westerlies Polar Easterlies Polar Easterlies

Chapter five

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Chapter five

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