The document provides details about a building construction project submitted by Ishfaq Rashid to the Department of Civil Engineering at Ram Devi Jindal Group of Colleges. It discusses the project area of 29 acres located in Global City, Sector 37D, Dwarka Expressway in Gurugram. The project involves constructing a gated low-rise luxury residential complex with a basement, stilt floor, and 4 upper floors along with covered car parking. It provides information on the excavation, plain cement concrete, raft foundation, structural elements like columns, beams, walls and their connections, slabs, terrace, plaster, tiling, and painting work involved in the project.

1. PROJECT
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
SUBMITTED BY SUBMITTED TO
ISHFAQ RASHID DEPTT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
2006662 RAM DEVI JINDAL GROUP OF COLLEGES
LALRU DISTT MOHALI AFFLILIATED TO I.K. GUJRAL
PUNJAB TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY,JALANDHAR
(SESSION :2018-19)

2. CONTENT
1.ABOUT THE PROJECT
I.AREA
II.PHOTOES
2.EXCAVATION
I.SCOPE
3.PCC
4.RAFT
I.SCOPE
II.TYPES
5.COLUMN,BEAM,WALLS AND CONNECTIONS
6.SLAB
I.TYPES
II.SCOPE
7. TERRACE
8.PLASTER

3. CONTENT
I.TYPES
II.PHOTOES
9.TILING
I.SCOPE
II.METHOD
10.PAINTING
I..METHOD
II. NEED
III.PROCESS
SITE PHOTOES

4. PROJECT: SG CITY 37 D
Global City, Sector 37D, Dwarka
Expressway, Gurugram. 24th group housing project by
Signature Global, It is an Independent Gated Low Rise
Luxury Floors: S + 4 Floors with Covered Car Parking.
AREA: 29 ACRE
Concept:- Basement + Stilt + 4 Floors + Terrace
Type A: 3 BHK + 3T + Pooja Room
Type B: 3 BHK + 3T - 1290 sq ft
Type C: 2 BHK + 2T - 1040 sq ft

7. Excavation
Excavation Excavation is the process of moving earth, rock, or other materials with
tools, equipment, or explosives. It includes earthwork, trenching, wall shafts, tunneling,
and underground. Excavation has a number of important applications including
exploration, environmental restoration, mining, and construction.
Drawings Needed for Excavation
Excavation Drawing
This drawing represents the depth, width, and length of the excavation. The excavation
line is marked in a dotted line.
Gridline Drawing or Centerline Drawing
This drawing represents the grids marked in alphabets and numbers whose
measurements are displayed for site marking out reference. These grid lines are so
aligned that they fall on the footing and excavation

8. EXCAVATION
Scope of the work for Excavation
Different kinds of work that need to be done before, while & after excavation are:
Setting out of corner benchmarks.
Survey for ground levels and top levels.
Excavation to approved depth.
Dressing of loose soil.
Making up to the cut-off level
Interconnecting trenches and constructing dewatering wells.
Marking boundaries of the house.
Building protection bunds & drains.
This is all on what is excavation work in construction.

10. PCC
The term PCC refers to plain cement concrete. The amalgamation of cement, fine aggregate,
and coarse aggregate are known as plain cement concrete (PCC). Before beginning R.C.C. or
masonry PCC is done to form an even surface and to avoid mixing with the soil and to avoid
soil extracting water PCC is used.
How does Concrete Plain Cement laying work?
You need to apply layers of the PCC that are no thicker than 150mm. The RCC is completely
vibrated using mechanical vibrators to produce dense concrete.
Perform hand compaction to make sure the concrete is equally pasted in the corners of the
structure.
A wooden tampering rod would ensure perfect corner walking and assist establish
consistency.
Manage the hand compaction and ensure sure it is finished before the initial selling phase
begins. This often occurs 30 minutes after adding water to the dry mixture.
You must be satisfied with my response on PCC full form in civil engineerin

11. PCC
PCC concrete: Properties
Strength
High compressive strength is required for the PCC.
Tensile and shear strengths should be between 8-12 % and 8-10 % of compressive strength,
respectively.
The following factors affect the PCC’s compressive strength:
Cement Content
Water Cement Ratio
Method of mixing, placing, compacting, and curing.
Quality of the materials used
Age of the concrete.
learn about Cement test
Durability
For PCC to be resilient and durable, it must be able to withstand chemical and

12. PCC
environmental effects.
See Also:What is slump test?
Workability
PCC should be very feasible.
Mixing, handling, and transporting it should be simple.
Bleeding and segregation should not be present.
Slump testing can be used to determine workability.
Fire Resistance
To avoid issues like burning, spalling of concrete, etc., PCC should be extremely fire
resistant.
known about about all about: Stone masonry: A complete guide

14. RAFT
RAFT OR MAT FOUNDATIONS
A raft foundation, also called a mat foundation, is essentially a continuous
slab resting on the soil that extends over the entire footprint of the building,
thereby supporting the building and transferring its weight to the ground.
A raft foundation is often used when the soil is weak, as it distributes the
weight of the building over the entire area of the building, and not over
smaller zones (like individual footings) or at individual points (like pile
foundations). This reduces the stress on the soil.
The concept of stress is very basic to civil engineering. Stress is simply weight
divided by area. For example, if a building measuring 5 x 5 weighs 50 tons,
and has a raft foundation, then the stress on the soil is weight / area = 50/25
= 2 tons per square meter.

15. RAFT
If the same building were supported by say 4 individual footings, each of 1 x
1m, then the total area of the foundation would be 4 m2, and the stress on
the soil would be 50/16, which is about 12.5 tons per square meter. So
increasing the total area of the foundation can dramatically lower the stress
on the soil, which is nothing but weight per square meter.
A raft foundation is also very good for basements. Foundations are created by
excavating soil in order to find strong, compact, undisturbed natural soil that
is at least a few feet below ground level. This soil is much stronger than the
loose soil at the surface. If we construct a raft foundation at say 10 feet below
ground, and build concrete walls around the periphery, this makes an
excellent basement. Therefore, an engineer designing a building with a
basement will tend to choose a raft foundation over other types of
foundations.

17. Imposition of Loads
 Loads must be transmitted to structural elements
 Terms associated with imposition:
– Axial load
– Eccentric load
– Torsion load

18. Structural Elements
 Buildings are an assembly of structural elements designed to
transfer loads to the earth
 Can be defined simply as:
– Beams
– Columns
– Walls
– Connections

19. Beams
 Transfers loads perpendicular to its length
 Types of beams:
– Simple beam
– Continuous beam
– Cantilever beam
– Lintel
– Girder
– Joist
– Truss and Purlin

20. Columns
 Any structural component that transmits a compressive force
parallel through its center
 Typically support beams and other columns
 Generally vertical supports of building
 Can be vertical, horizontal, or diagonal

21. Walls
 Really long, but slender, column
 Two categories:
– Load-bearing walls
• Carries weight of beams, other walls, floors, roofs, other
structural elements
• Also carries weight of the wall itself
– Non-load-bearing walls
• Need only support its own weight
• Example: partition wall between two stores in a strip
mall

22. Connections
 Weak link as it relates to structural failure during fires
– Often small, low-mass material that lacks capacity to
absorb heat
 Three categories:
– Pinned
– Rigid
– Gravity

25. STEEL
What is Steel Reinforcement?
Steel reinforcement are steel bars that are provided in combination with plain
cement concrete to make it reinforced concrete. Hence these structures form
steel reinforced cement concrete structure (R.C.C). Steel reinforcement is
commonly called as ‘rebars’.Need for Steel Reinforcement
Plain concrete is weak in tension and strong in compression. Tensile property
for concrete structures is obtained by incorporating steel reinforcement. The
steel reinforcement is strong in both tension and compression. The tensile
property provided by the steel reinforcement will prevent and minimize
concrete cracks under tension loads. The coefficient of thermal expansion of
steel reinforcement and concrete are similar in that they undergo similar
expansions during temperature changes. This property will ensure that the
concrete is subjected to minimal stress during temperature variations.

26. STEEL
The surface of the steel reinforcement bars is patterned to have a proper
bond with the surrounding concrete material. The two main factors that
provide strength to the concrete structures are steel and concrete. The
design engineer will combine both the elements and design the structural
element such a way that the steel resists the induced tensile and shear force,
while the concrete takes up the compressive forces.Types of Steel
Reinforcement
The steel reinforcement used in concrete construction is mainly of 4 types.
They are:
1.Hot Rolled Deformed Steel Bars
2.Cold Worked Steel Bars
3.Mild Steel Plain Bars
4.Prestressing Steel Bars

27. SLAB
Slabs
Slab is an important structural element which is constructed to create flat and
useful surfaces such as floors, roofs, and ceilings. It is a horizontal structural
component, with top and bottom surfaces parallel or near so. To read more
about slab thickness evaluation please click here . Commonly, slabs are
supported by beams, columns (concrete or steel), walls, or the ground. The
depth of a concrete slab floor is very small compared to its span.
Types of Loads on a Slab
Types of loads acting on a slab include
1.Dead load of the slab
2.Live load
3.Floor finish load
4.Snow load in the case of roof slab
5.Earthquake loads

28. SLAB
Load Transfer Mechanism in Slabs
The forces transfer from slab to beams occur either in one way or in two
ways. The total system completely counts on the geometrical dimensions of
the slab. Slabs may be supported by columns only, in this case two way action
will prevail. If the ratio Long side / short side < 2 it is considered as 2-way slab,
and if Longer side to shorter side greater than 2 then it is considered as 1-way
slab. The load transfer mechanism from floor slab to supporting elements for
one way slab and two way slab are shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3. Lastly, Fig. 4
illustrate the transfer of loads from slabs to different types of supporting
elements.

31. Concrete
Concrete is the most commonly used construction material in the
industry. Concrete a thermal mass material; instead of it consisting of one
material, it is a mix of fine aggregate, cement, water, gravel, and stones.
These materials act as the foundation of many structures as well as in
superstructure construction. For example, through architectural features,
concrete is in structural concrete, stair construction, and slab
construction. Now, how is concrete used in construction projects?
How is concrete used in construction projects?
Concrete is used in the following: basic foundations, exterior surfaces,
superstructures, floor construction, wastewater treatment facilities, and
parking lots/structures. To determine the quality of cement, the factors
include the accuracy of placement, appearance, and consolidation.
Although these three are important, the quality of concrete goes much
further.

32. Masonry
 Common term that refers to brick, concrete block, and stone
 Used to form load-bearing walls
 Veneer wall supports its own weight
 Mortar holds units together and have little or no tensile or
shear strength
 Excellent fire-resistive qualities

34. PLASTER
Plaster is a protective coating that is applied to
masonry in order to protect it from external
agents and damage. It consists of a mixture
between a mortar and a binder (hardener) that
allows the plaster to adhere to the wall

37. TILING
Tiles in building construction are thin plates or elements used to cover surfaces like
roofs, floors, and walls. Types of tiles and their applications are discussed. Tiles in the
present scenario are a primary element in bringing building interior as well as exterior
finishing and beauty.
HOW TO TILE
STEP 1: CHOOSING THE MATERIAL
Tile is one of the most popular materials used in both kitchen renovation and
bathroom renovation.
In recent years, its popularity has in fact continued to grow, becoming a frequently
sort after material in all areas of the house. Due to its cost-saving potential and ability
to rejuvenate a room with its beautiful colours, patterns or textures.
When it comes to deciding on the type of tile you want, it can often be a difficult
decision, with an array of different materials, each with their own benefits &
disadvantages.
It’s also important to think about where you plan to place your tiles. If you
are planning on tiling your hallway or kitchen, these are areas with a lot of footfall and
therefore require a material that is durable.

38. TILING
STEP 2: CUTTING CERAMIC TILES
When cutting your tiles, depending on the material you need to cut you’ll need to use
a tile cutter either a manual cutter or an electric cutter.
STEP 3: PREPARING THE SURFACE
Before you start, it’s important to make sure the surfaces you’ll be working on
are clean, dry and most importantly flat.
STEP 4: MIX THE ADHESIVE
One of the most important parts of learning how to tile successfully, is in getting the
adhesive mix right. It’s important to know how to mix adhesive correctly in order to
achieve the strongest bond possible and a long-standing installation.
STEP 5: APPLY THE ADHESIVE
When applying the adhesive, it is essential for there to be minimum 85% total
coverage beneath a tile for dry area placement (such as dry floors, fireplace etc.) and
95% coverage in exterior and wet areas (such as showers, bath surrounds etc.).

39. TILING
STEP 6: LAYING THE CERAMIC TILE
When it comes to finally laying your tile down, make sure that you ‘back-
butter’ your tile with adhesive. Back buttering is extremely effective in
increasing the bond of the mortar on the floor to the mortar on your tile
TOOLS NEEDED FOR TILING
It is important to choose the right tiling tools for the construction work,
depending on the use and the phase of the process.

42. TILING TOOLS

45. PAINTING
Painting is done to protect the surface from the effects of weathering, to
prevent wood from decay and metal from corrosion, to provide a decorative
finish and to obtain a clean, hygienic and healthy living atmosphere.
Functions of Paint:
Paint performs following functions :
(i) It protects wood from decaying.
(ii) It prevents corrosion of metals.
(iii) It renders surface hygienically safe and clean.
(iv) It gives decorative and attractive appearance to the surface.
(v) It also protects the surface from harmful effects of atmospheric agencies.

46. PAINTING
Types of Paint
Oil Paint. Oil paints use white lead as a base, and are applied in
three coats: primer, undercoat and finish coat. ...
Enamel Paint. This type of paint is produced by adding lead or
zinc to varnish. ...
Emulsion Paint. ...
Cement Paint. ...
Bituminous Paint. ...
Aluminium Paint. ...
Anti-Corrosive Paint. ...
Synthetic Rubber Paint.

47. PAINTING
Characteristics of an Ideal Paint:
An ideal paint should have the following characteristics :
(i) The paint should be cheap.
(ii) It should be easy and harmless to the user.
(iii) It should retain its original colour for a long time.
(iv) It should be able to cover maximum area of the surface with minimum quantities.
(v) The painted surface should dry neither too slowly nor too rapidly.
(vi) When applied, the paint should form a thin uniform film on painted surface.
(vii) The paint should form a hard and durable coat on the painted surface.
(viii) The paint should not peel off from painted surface.
(ix) It should be good fire and moisture resistant.
(x) The painted surface should not show any cracks.
(xi) The painted surface should possess attractive and decorative pleasing appearance.
(xii) Atmospheric agencies should not be able to affect the painted surface

51. THANKS