Ce36 construction techniques, equipments

www.rejinpaul.com © Einstein College of Engineering

EINSTEIN COLEGE OF ENGINEERING

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

NOTES OF LESSIONS

SUBJECT NAME: CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES, EQUIPMENTS
AND PRACTICES

SUBJECT CODE: CE 36

YEAR&SEMESTER: II, III

OBJECTIVE:

The main objective of this course is to make the students aware of the various

omm
construction techniques, practices and equipments needed for different types of

..c o
construction activities. At end this course students gain the knowledge about construction

ll c
procedures for sub and super structures and equipment needed for construction of various
types of structures from foundation to super structures.

np
iinp au
au UNIT-1

ejj
1. CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES 15 HRS

..rre
SPECIFICATION
1. General specification

ww
ww 2. Detailed specification

w
w
General specification
It give only general idea of the whole work and are useful in estimating the
approximate cost of construction .They give general description of the different part of
the building. This specification depends upon the types of building to be built.

Detailed specification
It gives details of each of the different types of work in the order in which the work is
carried out at the site.

DETAILS AND SEQUENCES OF ACTIVITIES
1. Site clearance
2. Marking
3. Earth work
4. Masonary
5. Flooring
6. Damp proofing courses


Site clearance
a) Surface cleaning of grass, trees, and hillocks.
b) Cleaning of all obstruction on site

Marking
Marking is the setting out of building works
It consists of two operations.
a) setting out centre line
b) Setting out of trenches
.
Earth work

After setting out of trenches, we proceed with the excavation for the
foundation. The earthworks have been classified following.
a)soft or loose soil
b) Hard or dense soil

omm
c) Ordinary rock not requiring blasting

..c o
d) Hard rock where blasting is allowed

ll c
e) Hard rock where blasting is not allowed

au
au
MASONRY

np
iinp
The masonry is a wall it built of individual blocks of material such as

ejj
stone, brick.concrete, hollow blocks, celluar concrete, laterite etc, usually in
horizontal courses cemented together some form of mortar.

w ..rre
1. Stone masonry

w
www
w
The construction are made by using stone blocks is called stone masonry.

Tools used in masonry
1.Trowel
2.Square
3.Plump rule
4.Spirit level
5.Line and pins
6.Bevel
7.Pick Axe
8.Crow Bar

Classification of masonry
a). Rubble masonry
b). Ashlars masonry


a). Rubble masonry
In this category the stones used either undressed or rough dressed
having wider joint.
The following are the classication of rubble masonry
1. Uncoursed rubble masonry
2. Uncoursed random masonry
3. Uncoursed squared rubble
4. Coursed random rubble
5. Polymer rubble masonry
6. Ploygonal rubble masonry
7. Dry rubble masonry

b). Ashlars masonry

This is a costlier, high grade and superior quality of masonry. This is built
from accurately dressed stones with uniform and very fine joints of about 3mm
thickness.

om
..c om
The following are the classication of Ashlars masonry`

ll c
1. Ashlar fine masonry
2. Ashlar rough tooled

au
au
3. Ashlar rock
4. Ashlar chamfered

np
iinp
5. Ashlar facing

ejj
6. Ashlar block in course

..rre
2. Brick masonry
The construction are made by using stone blocks is called brick masonry.

ww
ww Tools used in masonry

w
w 1. Trowel
2. Square
3. Plump rule
4. Spirit level
5. Line and pins
6. Bloster
7. Brick Hammer
8. Scutch
The following are the classication of bonds in masonry
1. Stretcher bond
2. Header bond
3. English bond
4. Double Flemish bond
5. Single Flemish bond
6. Garden wall bond


7. Facing bond
8. Dutch bond
9. Racking bond

3. Concrete hollow block masonry

The construction are made by using hollow blocks is called concrete
hollow block masonry.
The common size generally adopted for building blocks are:
1.39cm*19cm*30cm
2.39cm*19cm*20cm
3.39cm*19cm*10cm

FLOORING

Floors are the horizontal elements of a building structure which divide the
building into different levels for the purpose of creating more accommodation

omm
with in a restricted space one above the other and provide support for the

..c o
occupants.

au
au ll c
Types of flooring

1. Mud flooring

np
iinp
2 . Muram flooring

ejj
3. Stone flooring
4. Cement concrete flooring

..rre
5. Glass flooring
6. Marble flooring

ww
ww 7. Plastic flooring

w
w
Materials used

1. Wooden blocks
2. Stones
3. Bricks
4. Concrete

DAMP PROOFING COURCES

The damp proofing is a treatment of a building, against dampness.

Causes of dampness
1. Faulty design of structure,
2. Faulty construction
3. Use of poor quality materials in construction.


Materials used for damp proofing
1. Flexible materials
2. Semi Rigid materials
3. Rigid materials

CONSTRACTION JOINTS

Joints provided in reinforcement concrete construction can be classified as
follows:
1. Construction joints
2. Expansion joints
3. Contraction joints
4. Sliding joints

Construction joints
These joints are provided at places where places of concrete has to be
stopped for some reasons during construction.

Expansion joints

om
..c om
ll c
This joints permit expansion and construction. They are provided to allow
for the movement of the structure and hence they come under the movement

au
au
joint.

np
iinp
Contraction joints

ejj
These joints allow only contraction. They generally consist of a simple butt
joint without any bond. They are shrinkage joints to allow shrinkage.

..rre
Sliding joints

w
ww
These joints are usually formed by introducing smooth layer of plastic

w
between the two surfaces.

w
w BUILDING FOUNDATIONS

a) Shallow foundation
b) Deep foundation

Shallow foundation

The depth of foundation is less than the breadth of foundation is called
Shallow foundation.

Types of shallow foundation

1. Wall footing
2. Isolated footing
3. Combined footing


4. Continious footing
5. Strap footing
6. Grilllage footing
7. Raft foundation

Deep foundation
The depth of foundation is greater than the breadth of foundation is called
deep foundation.

Types of deep foundation

1. Classification based on function
2. Classification based on materials and composition
3. Well and caissons foundation

Classification based on function

omm
1. Bearing piles

..c o
2. Friction piles

ll c
3. Screw piles
4. Compaction piles

au
au
5. Uplift piles
6. Sheet piles

ejj np
iinp
Classification based on materials and composition
1. Cement concrete piles

..rre
2. Cast in situ piles
3. under reamed piles

ww
ww 4. Bored compaction piles

w
w
TEMPOARY WORKS
a) Centering
Temporary work used for construction of arches is called centering

b) Shuttering (form work) and de-shuttering
Temporary work used as a mould in which fresh concrete is poured for it
to harden is called shuttering and removing of shuttering work is called
deshutering.

c) Scaffolding
Temporary works erected for construction of masonry works, plastering,
Painting, etc is called scaffolding.

FABRICATION AND ERECTION OF STEEL STRUCTURES
The commonly used steel section in a structure as follows
1. Plate


2. Flats
3. Angles
4. Channels
5. Joist
6. Tees
7. Z-bars
8. Rails

Equipments used in erection process

The following equipments are mainly used for steel erection process.
Such as Trusses, Frames, Braced domes
1. Cranes
2. Derrick poles
3. Power driven scotch derricks
4. Hand operated driven scotch derricks
5. Guy derricks cranes

omm
6. Mobile cranes

..c o
7. Winches, Blocks and Jacks

ll c
8. Crawer tracks

au
au
Erection of building
Most of the buildings are purpose made and hence rarely identical. Even when

np
iinp
Identical building have to be erected, the chances are that site conditions will vary

ejj
to such extent that different erection procedures have to be adopted.
The following facts to be consider while selecting tackle for any construction.

..rre
1. Proposed method of erection
2. Speed of erection desired

ww
ww 3. Height of the structures
4. Reach required of the tackle

w
w
5. Weight and number of maximum lifts

WATER PROOFING
Application of water proofing materials makes the stone masonry free from
Efflorescence, dampness, frost action, etc.Generally heavy petroleum
Distillates, fatty oils, are excellent for waterproofing. These materials are
Applied as washing coat and they may cause some temporary discoloration.

Methods of water proofing
1. Brick jelly lime concrete terracing with or without tiles
2. Membrane water proofing with bituminous membrane
3. Thermal insulation combined with waterproofing for flat concrete roof
4. Water proofing and insulating Roofs by elastic membrane
5. Water proofing and insulating by mud phuska terracing with
Tile brick paving


ROOF FINISHES
The upper part of the building is called roof. It protect from weathering
agent.
Roof covering
1. Tatch covering
2. Shingles
3. Tiles
4. Asbestos-cement sheets
5. Slates

AIR CONDITIONING OF BUILDING

It is the process of treating air as to control simultaneously its temperature,
humity, purity and distribution to meet the requirements of the conditioned
Space such comfort and health of human beings, needs of industrial process,
efficient working of commercial premises etc.

omm
Purposes

..c o
1. It is required to preserve and maintained the health,

ll c
comfort, and convenient Of the occupants.

au
au
2. Improve the working condition of theatre,offices,
Banks, shops, etc.

np
iinp
3. Controlling the quality of air in the aero planes,

ejj
Railway coaches, road-car etc.

w ..rre
Classification air conditioning

ww
1. Comfort air conditioning

w
2. Industrial air conditioning

w
w
3. Summer air conditioning
Principles of comfort Air conditioning
A feeling of comfort is a good indication of healthier atmospheric
Condition but this atmospheric condition, in turn, depends upon
The temperature, air motion and humity change for different season
Of the year
Hence the principle of air conditioning should involve the proper control
of temperature ,humity, and air velocity so as to suit the majority of people
throughout the year,givining the comfortable condition..

ACOUSTIC AND FIRE PROTECTION
Acoustic
The term ‘acoustic” may be defined as the science of sound and it describes
the orgion, propagation and sensation of sound.

Fire protection


It is practically impossible to eliminate completely the changes of fire in a
Building as it is a facts no building material is fully fire –proof. Every
Building has some materials which catches the fire quickly.
Fire resisting materials
1. Stone
2. Brick
3. Timber
4. Glass
5. Cast iron
6. Steel
7. Concrete
General guide lines for fire resisting building
1. Alaram system
2. Protection of opening
3. Common wall
4. Stairs
5. Floors

om
..c om
au
au ll c
np
iinp
ejj
w ..rre
w
www
w


UNIT-II

2. SUB STRUCTURE CONSTUCTION 15HRS

SUB STRUCTURE CONSTRUCTION

Pipe Jacking method

In a situation where the sewerage pipes have to be laid in deeper ground (3 to 7
meters),the pipe jacking method will be adopted. This method not only minimizes the
digging of the trench to lay the new pipes but also alleviates disruption to the public.

. To form the pipe jacking or pipe

omm
receiving station, a temporary shaft will

..c o
be set up at the proposed new manhole

ll c
location.

au
au
2. The soil in the temporary shaft is
excavated

ejj np
iinp
3. The pipe jacking machine is then set
up at the base of the shaft. Upon confirmation of the alignment, the roller cutter at the

..rre
face of the cutting head machine cuts the soil in front of it.

www
4. The excavated soil is then fed to the crusher through a pipe and further crushed to

w
smaller pieces, after which it is transported up to the ground surface in a fluid form using

w
w
a slurry pump.

5. The excavated soil in slurry form is treated by passing it through a number of screens.

6. The dry spoil is then removed from site, so as to keep the works area clean.

7. The new pipe is lowered in sections behind the cutting head machine and gradually
pushed behind the cutting head machine into the area excavated. The excavation and pipe
installation cycle continues until the cutting head machine reaches the receiving station
with the new pipeline laid behind it.

8. A new manhole structure is then constructed in the receiving shaft.

9. Once the manhole construction is completed, the temporary shaft is backfilled and
surrounding area reinstated.


10. Finally the manhole is cleaned and inspected by the relevant agency for handing
over and commissioning of the new line.

Pipe Jacking, also known as pipejacking or pipe-jacking, is a method of tunnel
construction where hydraulic jacks are used to push specially made pipes through the
ground behind a tunnel boring machine or shield. This technique is commonly used to
create tunnels under existing structures, such as roads or railways.
Tunneling

Tunnel Basics
A tunnel is a horizontal passageway located underground. While erosion and other forces
of nature can form tunnels, in this article we'll talk about man made tunnels -- tunnels
created by the process of excavation. There are many different ways to excavate a tunnel,
including manual labor, explosives, rapid heating and cooling, tunneling machinery or a
combination of these methods

omm
Types of Tunnels

..c o
1. Mine tunnels

ll c
2. Public works tunnels

au
Mine tunnels are used during ore extraction, enabling laborers or equipment to access

au
mineral and metal deposits deep inside the earth. These tunnels are made using similar

np
iinp
techniques as other types of tunnels, but they cost less to build. Mine tunnels are not as
safe as tunnels designed for permanent occupation, however.

ejj
Public works tunnels carry water, sewage or gas lines across great distances. The

..rre
earliest tunnels were used to transport water to, and sewage away from, heavily populated

w
regions. Roman engineers used an extensive network of tunnels to help carry water from

ww
mountain springs to cities and villages. These tunnels were part of aqueduct systems,

w
w w
which also comprised underground chambers and sloping bridge-like structures
supported by a series of arches. By A.D. 97, nine aqueducts carried approximately 85
million gallons of water a day from mountain springs to the city of Rome.

Before there were trains and cars, there were transportation tunnels such as canals --
artificial waterways used for travel, shipping or irrigation. Just like railways and
roadways today, canals usually ran above ground, but many required tunnels to pass
efficiently through an obstacle, such as a mountain. Canal construction inspired some of
the world's earliest tunnels.
The Underground Canal, located in Lancashire County and Manchester, England, was
constructed from the mid- to late-1700s and includes miles of tunnels to house the
underground canals. One of America's first tunnels was the Paw Paw Tunnel, built in
West Virginia between 1836 and 1850 as part of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal.


Although the canal no longer runs through the Paw Paw, at 3,118 feet long it is still one
of the longest canal tunnels in the United States.

omm
Photo courtesy Eric and Edith Matson Photograph

..c o
Collection/Library of Congress Prints and Photographs

ll c
Division

au
au
A Roman aqueduct that runs from the Pools of Solomon
to Jerusalem

np
iinp
ejj
w ..rre
w
www
w

Photo courtesy Kmf164/ Creation Commons Attribution Share-alike
License
Traveling through the Holland Tunnel from Manhattan to New
Jersey


By the 20th century, trains and cars had replaced canals as the primary form of
transportation, leading to the construction of bigger, longer tunnels. The Holland Tunnel,
completed in 1927, was one of the first roadway tunnels and is still one of the world's
greatest engineering projects. Named for the engineer who oversaw construction, the
tunnel ushers nearly 100,000 vehicles daily between New York City and New Jersey.
Tunnel construction takes a lot of planning. We'll explore why in the next section.

Tunneling technique

Principal Benefits

The principal benefits of jacked box tunneling are:




omm
A non-intrusive construction method

..c o
Minimal disturbance to surface infrastructure

ll c
 Traffic flows maintained throughout the construction period

au
 Traffic flows maintained with only minor restrictions during box installation

au
 An efficient structural form incorporating a low bearing pressure foundation

np


iinp
A high quality maintenance free structure

ejj
Historical development

w ..rre
Jacked box tunneling in the UK developed from the. pipe jacking of the mid-1960s

ww
Initially, small precast concrete boxes were jacked to form pedestrian subways and

w
portal bridge foundations. Later small boxes were jacked one on top Of another and filled

w
w
with concrete to form bridge abutments. In recent years, the development of high
capacity jacking equipment and sophisticated techniques for controlling ground
disturbance has led to the jacking of very large boxes each Capable of accommodating a
highway, railway or flood defense channel. Several large box structures have now been
installed in a wide variety of ground conditions.
Anti-drag systems
Referring to Fig. 1b, it can be seen that as the box is jacked forward it will tend to
drag the ground along with it. In the case of a wide box at shallow cover the mass of
ground on top of the box could be dragged forward, causing major disturbance and
possible disruption to the infrastructure above. Similarly, the underside of the box will
tend to drag and Shear the ground, resulting in remolding accompanied by a loss in
volume that will cause the box to dive. These effects are minimized by the use of a
proprietary anti-drag system (ADS) at the top and bottom of the box.


Jacked box tunneling

The method in outline

Jacked box tunneling is a non-intrusive method for constructing a new under-bridge,
culvert or subway beneath existing surface infrastructure, for example railways and
highways.
The method enables traffic flows to be maintained throughout the construction period,
and maintained with only minor restrictions during the brief period of tunneling. The
inconvenience and costs of disruption to infrastructure and traffic flows experienced with
traditional construction methods can be avoided.

An example of the method is illustrated simply in Fig. 1. An open ended reinforced
concrete box is cast on a jacking base adjacent to a railway embankment, see Fig. 1a. A
purpose designed tunneling shield is provided at its leading end, and thrust jacks are
provided at its rear end reacting against a jacking slab. The box is then jacked slowly

omm
through the ground under the railway in a carefully controlled tunneling operation, see

..c o
Fig. 1b. Excavation and jacking take place alternately in small increments of advance.

ll c
Measures are taken to ensure stability of the tunnel face and to prevent the ground from

au
being dragged forward by the advancing box. When the box has reached its final position,

au
Fig. 1c, the shield and jacking equipment are removed, and bridge construction is

np
completed with the addition of wing walls and road pavement.

iinp
ejj
..rre
ww
ww
w
w

www.rejinpaul.com
© Einstein College of Engineering

om
..c om
au
au ll c
np
iinp
ejj
w ..rre
w
www
w


om
..c om
au
au ll c
np
iinp
Tunnel Construction: Soft Ground and Hard Rock

ejj
Workers generally use two basic techniques to advance a tunnel. In the full-face method,

..rre
they excavate the entire diameter of the tunnel at the same time. This is most suitable for
tunnels passing through strong ground or for building smaller tunnels. The second

www
technique, shown in the diagram below, is the top-heading-and-bench method. In this

w
technique, workers dig a smaller tunnel known as a heading. Once the top heading has

w
wadvanced some distance into the rock, workers begin excavating immediately below the
floor of the top heading; this is a bench. One advantage of the top-heading-and-bench
method is that engineers can use the heading tunnel to gauge the stability of the rock
before moving forward with the project.

Notice that the diagram shows tunneling taking place from both sides. Tunnels through
mountains or underwater are usually worked from the two opposite ends, or faces, of the
passage. In long tunnels, vertical shafts may be dug at intervals to excavate from more
than two points.
Now let's look more specifically at how tunnels are excavated in each of the four primary
environments: soft ground, hard rock, soft rock and underwater.
Soft Ground (Earth)
Workers dig soft-ground tunnels through clay, silt, sand, gravel or mud. In this type of


tunnel, stand-up time -- how long the ground will safely stand by itself at the point of
excavation -- is of paramount importance. Because stand-up time is generally short when
tunneling through soft ground, cave-ins are a constant threat. To prevent this from
happening, engineers use a special piece of equipment called a shield. A shield is an iron
or steel cylinder literally pushed into the soft soil. It carves a perfectly round hole and
supports the surrounding earth while workers remove debris and install a permanent
lining made of cast iron or precast concrete. When the workers complete a section, jacks
push the shield forward and they repeat the process.
Marc Isambard Brunel, a French engineer, invented the first tunnel shield in 1825 to
excavate the Thames Tunnel in London, England. Brunel's shield comprised 12
connected frames, protected on the top and sides by heavy plates called staves. He
divided each frame into three workspaces, or cells, where diggers could work safely. A
wall of short timbers, or breasting boards, separated each cell from the face of the
tunnel. A digger would remove a breasting board, carve out three or four inches of clay

m
and replace the board. When all of the diggers in all of the cells had completed this

om
..c o
process on one section, powerful screw jacks pushed the shield forward

au
au ll c
np
iinp
ejj
w ..rre
w
www
w
.


om
..c om
au
au ll c
np
iinp
In 1874, Peter M. Barlow and James Henry Greathead improved on Brunel's design by

ejj
constructing a circular shield lined with cast-iron segments. They first used the newly-

..rre
designed shield to excavate a second tunnel under the Thames for pedestrian traffic.
Then, in 1874, the shield was used to help excavate the London Underground, the world's

www
first subway. Greathead further refined the shield design by adding compressed air

w
pressure inside the tunnel. When air pressure inside the tunnel exceeded water pressure

w
woutside, the water stayed out. Soon, engineers in New York, Boston, Budapest and Paris
had adopted the Greathead shield to build their own subways.
Hard Rock
Tunneling through hard rock almost always involves blasting. Workers use a scaffold,
called a jumbo, to place explosives quickly and safely. The jumbo moves to the face of
the tunnel, and drills mounted to the jumbo make several holes in the rock. The depth of
the holes can vary depending on the type of rock, but a typical hole is about 10 feet deep
and only a few inches in diameter. Next, workers pack explosives into the holes, evacuate
the tunnel and detonate the charges. After vacuuming out the noxious fumes created
during the explosion, workers can enter and begin carrying out the debris, known as
muck, using carts. Then they repeat the process, which advances the tunnel slowly
through the rock.


Fire-setting is an alternative to blasting. In this technique, the tunnel wall is heated with
fire, and then cooled with water. The rapid expansion and contraction caused by the
sudden temperature change causes large chunks of rock to break off. The Cloaca
Maxima, one of Rome's oldest sewer tunnels, was built using this technique.
The stand-up time for solid, very hard rock may measure in centuries. In this
environment, extra support for the tunnel roof and walls may not be required. However,
most tunnels pass through rock that contains breaks or pockets of fractured rock, so
engineers must add additional support in the form of bolts, sprayed concrete or rings of
steel beams. In most cases, they add a permanent concrete lining.
We'll look at tunnel driving through soft rock and driving underwater next

Other tunneling methods include:

 Drilling and blasting
 Slurry-shield machine


omm
Wall-cover construction method.

..c o
ll c
Other uses

au
au
Excavation techniques, as well as the construction of underground bunkers and other
habitable areas, are often associated with military use during armed conflict, or civilian

np
iinp
responses to threat of attack. The use of tunnels for mining is called drift mining. One of

ejj
the strangest uses of a tunnel was for the storage of chemical weapons

..rre
Natural tunnel

w
ww
 Natural Tunnel State Park (Virginia, USA) features an 850 feet (259 m) natural

w
w w 
tunnel, really a limestone cave, that has been used as a railroad tunnel since 1890.
Punarjani Guha Kerala, India. Hindus believe that crawling through the tunnel
(which they believe was created by a Hindu god) from one end to the other will
wash away all of one’s sins and thus attain rebirth, although only men are
permitted to crawl through the cave.

Snow tunnels are created by voles, chipmunks and other rodents for protection and
access to food sources. Larger versions are created by humans, usually for fun.
For more information regarding tunnels built by animals, see Burrow

Temporary Way

During construction of a tunnel it is often convenient to install a temporary railway
particularly to remove spoil. This temporary railway is often narrow gauge so that it can
be double track, which facilitates the operation of empty and loaded trains at the same


time. The temporary way is replaced by the permanent way at completion, thus
explaining the term Perway.

The diagram below shows the relationship between these underground structures in a
typical mountain tunnel. The opening of the tunnel is a portal. The "roof" of the tunnel,
or the top half of the tube, is the crown. The bottom half is the invert. The basic
geometry of the tunnel is a continuous arch. Because tunnels must withstand
tremendous pressure from all sides, the arch is an ideal shape. In the case of a tunnel, the
arch simply goes all the way around

om
..c om
au
au ll c
np
iinp
ejj
w ..rre
w
www
w
Diaphragm Walls

A diaphragm wall is a reinforced concrete wall constructed in the ground using under
slurry techniques. Walls with widths of between 300mm and 1500mm can be formed in
this way to depths in excess of 60 meters.

Positive Features

 Walls can be installed to considerable depths
 Walls with substantial thickness can be formed


 The system is flexible in plan layout
 The wall can easily be incorporated into the permanent works
 The wall, or certain sections, can be designed to carry vertical load
 Basement construction time can be reduced
 Economical, positive solution for large, deep basements in saturated and unstable
soil profiles
 Noise levels limited to engine noise only
 No vibration during installation

Other Considerations

 Not normally economical for small, shallow basements
 The system needs a relatively large site area

Under certain conditions diaphragm walls may be used as cantilever, braced or tie-back
walls. Diaphragm walls are necessary :



omm
in very unstable soil profiles below the water-table where continuous support and

..c o
watertight conditions are required to prevent mud flows, piping and erosion of the

ll c
soils;
 where construction time is important and the use of a diaphragm wall can shorten

au
au
the programme;
 in conditions where deeper than normal cantilever support may be required. These

np
iinp
conditions could occur where the wall is to act only as a cantilever, or where a

ejj
very deep initial excavation is required before the first braced or tie-back supports
can be installed.

w ..rre
ww
Diaphragm wall is a kind of retaining wall which appropriate for using in a limited area

w
of work and better protection than the "Sheet Pile" type. Diaphragm wall can deep

w
w
penetrate vertically and perform as a pile in carrying the weight. Then this wall is best for
the building which has a deep foundation or many storeys of underground level. With
selected and carefully quality control for materials used such as concrete, steel bar, and
bentonite for stronger and better reinforcement.


Typical Details for Diaphragm Wall Construction

om
..c om
au
au ll c
np
iinp
ejj
w ..rre
w
www
w


om
..c om
au
au ll c
np
iinp
ejj
w ..rre
w
www
w
Diaphragm Wall Construction photos


SHORING

Shoring is the process of placing props against the side of a structure, or beneath or above
anything, to prevent sinking or sagging.

During and after battle, ships may have occasion to support ruptured decks, to strengthen
weakened bulkheads, to build up temporary bulkheads against the sea, to support hatches
and doors, and to provide props for equipment that has broken loose. This is done largely
by shoring.

A shore is a portable beam. A wedge is a block, triangular on the sides and
rectangular on the butt end. A shole is a flat plate which may be placed under the end of a
shore to distribute weight or pressure. A strongback is a bar or beam, often shorter than a
shore, and used to distribute pressure or to serve as an anchor for a patch over a hole. Any
of the foregoing items can be made of metal or of wood.

Tools used for shoring

omm
In addition to shores, wedges, Sholes, and strong-backs, the following tools, materials

..c o
and equipment are often used in connection with shoring

ll c
1. Axes.
2. Battens (wooden).

au
au
3. Bolts, nuts and washers.
4. Canvas.

np
iinp
5. Chain falls.

ejj
6. Chisels (cold).
7. Chisels (wood).

..rre
8. Electric welding machine.
9. Hammers (claw).

www
10. Hatchets.

w
11. Hydraulic jacks.

w
w
12. Mattresses.
13. Mauls and sledges.
14. Nails.
15. Oxyacetylene cutting torches.
16. Pillows.
17. Plugs (wooden).
18. Sand.
19. Saws (carpenter's hand).
20. Saws (lumberjack's cross-cut).
21. Screw jacks
22. Sheet packing.
23. Turnbuckles.
24. Wire (binding).
25. Wire hawser.
26. Wood clamps

Ce36 construction techniques, equipments

Recomendados

Recomendados

Mais conteúdo relacionado

Mais procurados

Mais procurados (19)

Semelhante a Ce36 construction techniques, equipments

Semelhante a Ce36 construction techniques, equipments (20)

Ce36 construction techniques, equipments