2. By the end of this presentation leaners should be able to :
Define tuberculosis
Identify signs and symptoms of tuberculosis
Demonstrate the causes of tuberculosis
Identify organs that are being infected by tuberculosis
Identfy how tuberculosis is transmitted
Identify mode of transmission
Know how and where infection is being controlled
Describe tuberculin and types of tuberculin tests
Know how to treat tuberculosis and types of treatment
Know how to protect their family and friends
5. WHAT IS TUBERCULOSIS ?
Tuberculosis is the specific communicable disease
caused by the mycobacterium tuberculosis
Tuberculosis, is a common, and in many cases
lethal, infectious disease caused by various strains
of mycobacteria, usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Tuberculosis usually attacks the lungs.
Futhermore is a disease with chronic or acute bacterial
infection that primarily attacks the lungs, but which
may also affect the kidneys, bones, lymph nodes, and
brain
6. Tuberculosis (TB),
.
In 1993 the World Health
Organization (WHO) declared
TB to be a global emergency,
the first such designation ever
made by that organization.
According to WHO, someone
becomes infected with the
bacteria that cause TB every
second.
7. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Tuberculosis may infect any part of the body, but
most commonly occurs in the lungs (known as
pulmonary tuberculosis). Extrapulmonary TB
occurs when tuberculosis develops outside of the
lungs, although extrapulmonary TB may coexist
with pulmonary TB as well.
General signs and symptoms include fever, chills,
night sweats, loss of appetite, weight loss, and
fatigue. Significant finger clubbing may also
occur.
8.
9. CAUSES
The main cause of TB is
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a
small, aerobic, nonmotile
bacillus.[9] The high lipid content
of this pathogen accounts for
many of its unique clinical
characteristics.[18] It divides every
16 to 20 hours, which is an
extremely slow rate compared
with other bacteria, which usually
divide in less than an hour.[19]
Mycobacteria have an outer
membrane lipid bilayer.
10. What organs are
affected?
Tuberculosis usually attacks your lungs. Signs and
symptoms of TB of the lungs include:
Coughing that lasts three or more weeks
Coughing up blood or sputum
Chest pain, or pain with breathing or coughing
Tuberculosis can also affect other parts of your
body, including your kidneys, spine or brain. When TB
occurs outside your lungs, signs and symptoms vary
according to the organs involved. For example,
tuberculosis of the spine may give you back pain,
and tuberculosis in your kidneys might cause blood
in your urine.
11. Transmission
When people with active
pulmonary TB cough, sneeze,
speak, sing, or spit, they expel
infectious aerosol droplets 0.5 to 5.0
µm in diameter. A single sneeze
can release up to 40,000 droplets.
Each one of these droplets may
transmit the disease, since the
infectious dose of tuberculosis is
very low.
12.
People with prolonged, frequent, or close contact with
people with TB are at particularly high risk of becoming
infected, with an estimated 22% infection rate. A person with
active but untreated tuberculosis may infect 10–15 other
people per year. Transmission should only occur from people
with active TB - those with latent infection are not thought to
be contagious.
13. Mode Of The Transmission
Droplet infection (within the range of the 30 cm)
Dust loaded with the sputum (M – Tuberculosis survive for
the year in dry sputum)
Food handled by the infected persons ( Food borne)
Flies sitting on the infected material (Fomite – borne)
Directly by contact with the patients (By kissing the TB pt)
Use of the common smoking huqqa
Contaminated milk
14. Infection Control
Hospitals and clinics take precautions to
prevent the spread of TB, which include
identifying patients with suspected TB and
using ultraviolet light to sterilize the air,
special filters, and special respirators and
masks. By having an infection control plan
in place, healthcare settings can ensure
the prompt detection and treatment of
persons who have suspected or
confirmed TB disease.
15. Tuberculin & Types Of The
Tuberculin Tests
Tuberculin: It is a antigen or test material used for the
tuberculin test it is of the two types
a) Old tuberculin
b) Purified Protein Derivatives
Types Of The Tuberculin Test:
1) Heat Test:
It is usually preferred for the testing the large groups of the
peoples because it is quick and easy to performs thus reliable
and cheep
2) Montoux Test:
It is favorable when a more precise measurement of the
tuberculin sensitivity is required
16. Treatment
Antibiotic
Resistance
and the Importance
of Finishing the TB
Medicine
People who do not take all the
required medicines can become sick
again and spread TB to others.
Additionally, when people do not take
all the prescribed medicines or skip
times when they are supposed to take
them, the TB bacteria evolve to outwit
the TB antibiotics. Soon those
medicines no longer work against the
disease. If this happens, the person
now has drug-resistant TB. Additionally,
some people with TB do not get better
with treatment because their disease is
caused by a strain of the TB bacterium
that is already resistant to one or more
of the standard TB drugs.
17. Treatment
1) Two – phase chemotherapy
2) Different Regimen
a) 6 – Month Durations
b) 9 – Months Duration
c) 12 – Month Duration
18. Treatment Of The 6 –
Months Duration
Initial Phase: (2 – Months)
Ethambutol or streptomycin + Isoniazed + Rifampicine +
Pyrazinamide
Continuation Phase: (4 – Months)
Isoniazed + Rifampicine
19. Treatment Of The 9 –
Months Duration
Initiative Phase: (2 – Months)
Ethambutol or Streptomycin + Isoniazed + Rifampicine +
Pyrazinamide
Continuation Phase: (7 – Months)
Isoniazed + Rifampicine
21. Treatment for Drug Resistant TB
Treatment for drug-resistant TB often
requires the use of special TB drugs, all of
which can produce serious side effects.
People with MDR TB may have to take
several antibiotics, at least three to
which the bacteria still respond, every
day for up to two years. Even with this
treatment, however, between 4 and 6
out of 10 patients with MDR TB will die,
which is the same rate seen with TB
patients who are not treated. Because
XDR TB is resistant to first-line and
second-line drugs, patients are left with
limited treatment options that are much
less effective.
22. Protect
your family and friends
If you have active TB, keep your germs to yourself. It generally takes a
few weeks of treatment with TB medications before you're not
contagious anymore. Follow these tips to help keep your friends and
family from getting sick:
Stay
home. Don't go to work or school or sleep in a room with
other people during the first few weeks of treatment for active
tuberculosis.
Ventilate the room. Tuberculosis germs spread more easily in
small closed spaces where air doesn't move. If it's not too cold
outdoors, open the windows and use a fan to blow indoor air outside.
23. Cover
your mouth. Use a tissue to cover your mouth
anytime you laugh, sneeze or cough. Put the dirty tissue in a bag, seal
it and throw it away.
Wear a mask. Wearing a surgical mask when you're around other
people during the first three weeks of treatment may help lessen the
risk of transmission.
Finish
your entire course of medication
This is the most important step you can take to protect yourself and
others from tuberculosis. When you stop treatment early or skip doses,
TB bacteria have a chance to develop mutations that allow them to
survive the most potent TB drugs. The resulting drug-resistant strains are
much more deadly and difficult to treat.
