Comme de nombreux secteurs, l’industrie automobile est confrontée à une transformation radicale sous l’action de la pression des défis que la société doit relever pour la prochaine décennie. C’est dans ce contexte de changements, que l’Université de Liège a réalisé le livre blanc « FUTURE MOVE » au sein du projet Pôle Automobile Européen (PAE). Outre la crise sanitaire, l’électrification, l’essor de la mobilité douce, l’automatisation de la conduite et la digitalisation, la décarbonisation du secteur automobile s’impose comme une des lignes de force à l’horizon 2030-2035. Ces transformations posent de nombreux défis techniques, juridiques ou sociologiques pour lesquels des solutions restent à trouver. En particulier, le livre blanc a identifié le développement des véhicules à hydrogène comme un des axes importants de la relance et de la décarbonisation des transports dans la Grande Région. Les constructeurs voient dans l’hydrogène un axe prometteur pour les véhicules lourds et les véhicules utilitaires. L’émergence de cette nouvelle motorisation va de paire avec la mise sur pied de la filière de production d’hydrogène vert et avec l’installation d’un réseau de distribution. Comment cette technologie sera-t-elle intégrée par l’industrie automobile européenne ? Quelles sont les opportunités pour les PME et la recherche universitaire ? Quels seront les nouveaux acteurs de demain dans cette nouvelle filière ? Comment relever le challenge de la formation du personnel ?

1. Mercredi, 1er
juin 2022
Hydrogène : promesses et défis dans l'industrie automobile
Pierre Duysinx Professeur Ordinaire (Ingénierie des Véhicules,
ULiège)
Dimitra Papadimitriou Assistante (Faculté des Sciences Appliquées,
Ingénierie des Véhicules, ULiège)
Arnaud Sneessens Technical Project Manager (H2 Mobility)
Patrick Hendrick Professeur, Directeur du Département ATM, Aéro
Thermo Mécanique (ULB)
En collaboration avec les partenaires du Projet Pôle Automobile Européen

2. LIEGE CREATIVE, en partenariat avec :

3. Europäisches Automobilcluster
Pôle Automobile Européen
Assoziierte Partner /
Partenaires associés
Homburg
5/04/2022
WHITE PAPER
International Strategy for Automobile Industry
Pierre DUYSINX, Full Professor
Dimitra PAPADIMITRIOU, Research Assistant
Automotive Engineering – Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering
University of Liege
1

4. Pôle Automobile Européen (PAE)
Ø Project funded by the Interreg Va Grande Région
program
Ø 3 objectifs clés
o Strengthen the presence of SMEs in the Greater
Region and adjacent regions on foreign markets
o To improve the competitiveness of companies at
cross-border and international level
o To increase cooperation between groups of
automotive manufacturers and suppliers in the
Greater Region
Assoziierte Partner /
Partenaires associés
With the financial support of
* Associated Partners
(without Budget)
*
*
*
Mulhouse
Saint-Dizier
Stuttgart
2

5. Action 7: White Paper for International Strategy in Automobile Industry
➢Strategic studies:
• Car manufacturer and tier
one supplier
• Consulting offices: BCG,
Deloitte, McKinsey…
• International public
bodies: IEA, OECD
➢High patronage
Committee: Interviews of
a panel of experts from
the four contributing
regions (BE, GDL, FR, DE)
• Industry people
• Professional union
• Representative of public
bodies…
➢Literature review
• Scientific publications
and published works
➢White paper
• Summary of dominating and emerging
technologies
• Trends at horizon 2025-2035
• Suggestions to companies and stakeholders
3

6. The starting point: the world megatrends
– The COVID 19 crisis: a break event point
4

7. Electrified vehicles : pitch point / battery cost indicator / charging issues /
industrial reconversion)
The break event point
The reduction of the battery cost
Forecast of vehicle
sales before and
after COVID
PSA Trémery: opening of the new mass production
plant of electric motors (e-GMP)
5

8. The individual micro-mobility: the great winner
6

9. Truck powertrain: electric, natural gas, hydrogen
7
BCG, ‘The future of commercial vehicles’, October 2019

10. The autonomous vehicles: Towards a shared mobility, connected,
autonomous, and electrified (CASE)
➢Attractiveness of autonomous driving:
• Societal benefits: traffic congestion,
mobility of the elderly...
• Economic and environmental benefits:
road optimization, vehicle sharing.
• Road safety benefits: reduction of
accidents.
➢A new look at infrastructure
➢A new look at transport consumption
8
The connected autonomous shuttle by Bosch

11. Mobility As A Service (MAAS)
➢ Source : http://www.nadtc.org - National
Aging and Disability Transportation Center
9

12. Digitalization of Automotive Industry
➢The industry needs to accelerate its digital transformation with a clear focus on
integrated system solutions, data management and analytics to create value
from data.
➢Improvement of the entire value chain through new technologies such as
automation, advanced robotics, machine vision, IOT, data management and
analytics, digital twins...
Source: https://www.t-systems.com/fr/fr/industries/automotive
10

13. Future Mobility Services: Flying cars
➢The automotive industry is interested.
➢Many regulatory challenges remain
➢The world's first electric flying vehicle
airport near Coventry, UK, will open for
one month in November 2021
➢This is a concept demonstration of a zero-
emission platform. Source: Huyndai Motor Group
Source: IDTechEx "Air Taxis: Electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing Aircraft 2021-
2041", Graphics: FEV.com 11

14. Future Mobility Services: Drones
12

15. Smart and sustainable cities
➢Astypalea island (Greece): the first lab of
smart and sustainable of Europe
Source - Greek City Times
13

16. Fuel cell vehicles at ULiège
➢Recherche sur les piles à
combustibles et les véhicules à pile
à combustible
• Simulation & Optimisation
• Tests des composants
• Développements de prototypes
14
➢Fuel cell prototypes in vehicles:
• Since 2003, participation in the
Shell Eco Marathon, hydrogen
category
• Best result: top 10 with a
record of 2136 km/eq. Liter of
gasoline

17. Fuel cell vehicles at Uliège: SWARM Project (JTI)
➢Vehicles
• Small series of fuel cell vehicles
manufactured by MICROCAB and H20
➢Microcab
• Hybrid series with Fuel Cell
• Range 250-350 km
• Maximum speed 90 km/h
• Tested on the Spa-Francorchamps circuit
15
➢Hydrogen Refueling Station
• Zaventem: HRS Air Liquide
• Spa Francorchamps: portable station

18. Many thanks for attending
Questions?
16

19. Sie wollen von den PAE Projektaktivitäten profitieren?
Vous voulez bénéficier des actions du projet PAE ?
Sprechen Sie mit Ihrem Clusterverantwortlichen!
Projektleiter: Herr Vincent CAREL - v.carel@grandest.cci.fr
Kommunikationsverantwortlicher: Frau Clotilde NADE - cn@vehiculedufutur.com
Parlez-en avec l’interlocuteur de votre cluster !
Coordinateur du projet : M. Vincent CAREL - v.carel@grandest.cci.fr
Chargé de communication du projet : Mme Clotilde NADE – cn@vehiculedufutur.com
17

20. H2 Mobility –
Liege Creative Conference
1st June 2022
02/06/2022
▪ 1
Arnaud Sneessens
H2 Mobility Technical Manager

21. JO H N CO C K E R IL L GR O U P A T A G L A N C E
2
10/05/2022
5000+
EMPLOYEES WORLDWIDE
MOTIVATED TALENTS
1000+
H2 D E LIV E R E D
REFERENCES
25+ Y E AR S
OF EXPERIENCE AND EXPERTISE
IN HYDROGEN SOLUTIONS
PRIVATELY HELD
GROUP SINCE 2002
STABLE SHAREHOLDING
€1,014 M IO
2021 SALES
50+
WORLDWIDE SUBSIDIARIES
LOCALLY ANCHORED
EXTENDED NETWORK
TRUSTED LOCAL PARTNERS
6 B AL AN C E D S E C T O R S
WILLING TO MOVE THE
WORLD FORWARD
INNOVATION DRIVEN
ENTREPRENEURSHIP SPIRIT
ENERGY TRANSITION
TOP RANKING PLAYER

22. COMPRESSORS
AIRPORT HEAT
NETWORK
John Cockerill’ scope covers the whole
mobility value chain
3
ELECTROLYZING UNIT
HEAT
SOLAR PV
GRID
WATER
BACK-UP
H2
O2
H2
H2
H2
H2
H2
H2
INDUSTRIES
L A N D S I D E
PRODUCTION DISTRIBUTION

23. H2 Mobility
4
02/06/2022

24. H2 Mobility
End of 2021 :
! 682 stations worldwide
! 228 in EU
! More than 32000 active vehicles
Target EU 2030 (AFIR) :
! More than 1600 stations
! Every 100 km on main corridors (2t/day)
! 2 stations per main European cities
02/06/2022 ▪ 5
Active Stations
Planned Stations
Source: H2 tools & ACEA

25. H2 consideration in mobility
02/06/2022 ▪ 6
42 kg/m³@ 700 bar
24 kg/m³ @ 350 bar
Source: US department of Energy
1 Kg H2 = 33,6 kWh = 3,8 L gazole = 11.000 L H2 (Patm)
Autonomy : 500 km " 5 Kg H2
" 125 L storage
H2
Need compression
Autonomy : 350 km " 35 Kg H2
" 1.250 L storage
Fuel type Price
Hydrogen 9 Euro / 100 km
Diesel 8,8 Euro / 100 km
Essence 10,1 Euro / 100 km
Electricity 4,6 Euro / 100 km
Source: SPF Economie 2022

26. 02/06/2022 ▪ 7
Fuel Cell vs Battery Electric
Source: Traton Group

27. 02/06/2022 ▪ 8
Why Hydrogen for mobility ?
Storable
Autonomy
Fast Refueling
Cheaper cost of Infrastructure

28. Centralized vs Decentralized Production
9
Decentralized
Centralized

29. How to distribute Hydrogen ?
10
Joule Thomson effect " Heating
Challenges :
! Safe
! Fast
! SOC (>95%)
How ?
! Pressure storage
(cascading refueling)
! Cooling (-33°C)
! Controlling speed of
refuelling
" SAEJ Standard

31. P R O J E C T
S U M M A R Y
Starting date: December 2021
Start in operation: Q1 2023
Location: Seraing, Miris platform
SERENHYTY
• Pilot Hydrogen Refueling Station (HRS) to be located on John Cockerill facility.
• Testing facility for future HRS related developments (new fueling protocols, dispensers, etc.).
Refueling pressure : 350 & 700 bar
H2 Supply : Tube-trailer
Max daily capacity : 200 kg

32. John Cockerill Hydrogen
arnaud.sneessens@johncockerill.com
John Cockerill Hydrogen Belgium SA
Rue Jean Potier 1
4100 Seraing
Belgium
T. +32 4 330 2444
F. +32 4 330 2582
welcome@johncockerill.com
h2.johncockerill.com
Thank you
13

33. What hopes for Mobility using
Green Hydrogen ?
Prof. Patrick Hendrick
Belgian Rep at HER and EERA JP FCH
Chairman BERA TG H2&FC
Workshop 01/6/2022 Liège Créative patrick.hendrick@ulb.be
Research
021
esident and Treasurer
mbly, 14 December 2020

34. 2
Airplanes
Applications
Ferries
1 T/day
Trains
150 kg/day
per train
Trucks
100 kg/day
per truck
Buses
20 kg/day
per bus
Bicycles
& scooters
Material
handling
vehicles
100 kg/day
per site
Drones
Individual cars
100-200 kg/day
per station
Hydrogen for
mobility markets:
Ready to scale
TODAY
Cruise ships
10 T/day

35. 3
Fuel Cell – Green H2 – Pure H2 – Expensive (today)

36. 4
Context…
https://fuelcellsworks.com/news/germany-22-new-hydrogen-
fuel-cell-powered-buses-for-the-streets-of-frankfurt/
https://www.hamburg-news.hamburg/en/unternehmen/hochbahn-
purchase-50-hydrogen-buses
28 février 2020
5 août 2020
3 fév. 2020
https://www.london.gov.uk/what-we-do/environment/pollution-
and-air-quality/cleaner-buses
https://www.masstransitmag.com/bus/vehicles/hybrid-hydrogen-electric-
vehicles/article/21123872/octa-debuts-hydrogen-fuel-cell-buses-and-
nations-largest-hydrogen-fueling-station
Brussels
COBRACE plan
No new buses
with fuel
combustion
from 2025

37. FCEV-buses advantages
w.r.t. BEV-buses
• Charging time much shorter (5 to 10 times)
• Lower « exchange rate » with diesel buses (1/1
compared with 1.15 to 1.2 for e-buses) (depot surface)
• No change in autonomy in the cold seasons (6-8
months in Central Europe) (50% reduction with e-
buses)
• Operational flexibility (e.g. no 18 m BEV-bus)
• But more expensive (25% compared with BEV-bus)
5

38. Big ques(on – H2 storage and refilling ?
6

39. Fuel Costs to be considered
7
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
LH2 GH2 Pipeline
H2 price in €/kg @ delivery point
Prix au détail Transport CAPEX OPEX

40. H2 FCEV for taxi applica2ons ? Vans ?
• P(car) = Proll frict + Paero + Pslope + Paccel
• Proll frict = f(mass) + f(V2) => high for taxi
• Pslope = f(mass)
• Paero = f(V2) => high for most taxis
• If P => autonomy => BEV not ideal for taxis !
• Even more when refilling capability is low …
8
UTILITAIRE À HYDROGÈNE
LISTE DES MODÈLES COMMERCIALISÉS ET À VENIR
P
A
R
C
P
O

41. Not only a question of CO2 but also of
efficiency
SPF-FOD Economie 24.3.2014 - M.Meeus
Well to Tank Tank to Wheel Well to Wheel
Fuel Cell* 60% 62% 37%
Battery** 43% 67% 29%
Gasoline Hybrid (HEV) 82% 30% 25%
Diesel 89% 18% 16%
Gasoline 82% 15% 12%
* Methane Steam Reforming
**Japan Energy Mix
25% with green H2

42. Ideal
solution Densité
d’énergie
(Wh/kg)
Densité de puissance (W/kg)
1 heure
PACs
Ultracaps
Capacités
10 heures
1 seconde
0.03 seconde
PAC
Supercap
Batterie
Toyota M
Commerc

43. Heavy duty
vehicles
all use cases
14 bin lorries ordered with several
truck configurations
3 bin lorries collecting garbage in NL
Better working conditions of workers
Urban bin lorries
9 trucks and bin
orries
3 sites
countries
FC suppliers
Bin lorries
Trucks and Bin lorries (BE)

44. Brussel Net- Bruxelles Propreté- Tests
• Interreg Waste / Garbage Truck project HECTOR
7 FC garbage trucks (Zoeller) in 7 ciAes
H2 @ 700 bar
Brussels truck now cerAfied
and immatriculated
nweurope.eu/hector

45. Standard HRS … very safe

46. & Methanol
40 kg/h
5 kg/h
(non-stop delivery during 15-20 years !!!)
NH3 8.000 kg/h
CH3OH 1.000 kg/h
NH3 400 MW
CH3OH 50 MW
2 MW
0,25 MW
Hydrogen market today (~70 Mton/yr)
UNIT REACTOR/PROCESS SIZE
+ 40.000 kg/h (H2 reduction) (+ 2000 MW)
+ 300 kg/h (H2 combustion) (+ 150 MW)
ELECTROLYSER
CAPACITY
(50 kWh/kg @100% CF)
40 kg/h
50x 2 MW

47. STIB – MIVB demo and trials
in 2022 & 2023

48. 1
Hydrogène : promesses et défis dans l'industrie automobile
Nicolas Paris
Liege, 01/06/2022

49. 2
Hydrogène: une
promesse de
“fuel vert” qui
permet avant tout
de conserver nos
habitudes ?

50. 3
Le véhicule à hydrogène (pile à combustible) est un véhicule à moteur électrique,
qui stocke l’électricité sous la forme d’hydrogène.
“Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) are zero emissions vehicles that
convert hydrogen stored on-board using a fuel cell to power an electric
motor.
Although FCEV cars have been commercially available for
about a decade, registrations remain more than two orders of
magnitude lower than EVs.
This is in part because hydrogen refuelling
stations (HRS) are not widely available and unlike EVs, FCEVs cannot
be charged at home. In addition, few commercial FCEV models are
available, and high fuel costs and purchase prices result in a higher
total cost of ownership than EVs.”
– International Energy Agency

51. 4
Hydrogène pour la mobilité: un problème intrinsèque de rendement, 2x inférieur à
son alternative, le véhicule électrique à batterie Lithium Ion

52. 5
Le véhicule à batterie Li-Ion : choix clair de l’industrie automobile

53. 6
Hydrogène: avant tout un problème aujourd’hui, à résoudre avant
d’augmenter la demande au travers d’autres usages
Black
Hydrogen
(from fossil
fuels), 98%
Green
Hydrogen
(from
electrolysis)
, 2%
Hydrogen
consumed
on
production
site, 85%
Hydrogen
consumed
after
transport,
15%

54. 7
L’hydrogène n’est pas le nouveau “fuel vert” qui remplacera le diesel.
C’est par contre une solution prometteuse pour décarboner certains secteurs.

55. 8
www.edi.be
Merci
https://www.linkedin.com/in/nicolas-paris-1863075/