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Semiotiek en ethiek
Het object als teken en de ethiek van de presentatie
maker
maker
idee
object
idee
musealisering
museumvoorwerp
museum
gebruiker
(bezoeker)
bezoeker
idee
“conceptual
object”
Museologische
Context
conservator
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Semiosis/signification
conceived object
Joseph Beuys
“Jeder Mensch ein Künstler”
perceived object
twee tradities
• Europese semiotiek (“semiology”)
Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913)
Susan Pearce (Leicester) Barthes
• Amerikaanse semiotiek (“semiotics”)
Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914)
Ivo Maroévic (Zagreb)
“A sign is something which
stands to somebody for
something in some respect or
capacity” (Peirce 1897)
Charles Sanders Peirce 1839-1914
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Semiotiek
• Taal
• Afbeeldingen
• Voorwerpen
• Ruben
• Ruben Smit
• Ruben.Smit@ahk.nl
• Museum
• Museum
• Museum
Ostensief
Van Dale: 1 toonbaar, mededeelbaar; 2 aanschouwelijk
• tekens
• dingen
“Nothing is a sign unless it is interpreted as a sign” (Peirce)
Ostensieve methode
• Dingen als tekens
“Ostension [is] the type of communication
where the reality itself, the thing, the
situation or event itself functions in the role
of message” (Osolsobĕ 1992)
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Ethische uitgangspunten
museale communicatie
Gedragslijn (NMV 1991)
Gedragslijn (NMV 1991)
• (2.6 a) over het algemeen toegankelijk voor
het publiek
• (2.6 b) voor alle lagen van de bevolking
• (2.6 c) aantrekken van nieuwe en bredere
publieksgroepen uit alle lagen van de
gemeenschap
• (2.6 d) actieve betrokkenheid
• (2.7 c) volledig toegang tot de informatie
over de collecties
• (2.8 b) zo waarheidsgetrouw en objectief
mogelijk (…) en geen mythen of stereotype
opvattingen
Committee on Education AAM
1989
Gedragslijn (NMV 1991)
• (6.7 b) [menselijke resten en voorwerpen
met religieuze betekenis] tact en respect
voor de gevoelens voor menselijke
waardigheid van alle volkeren
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
integrity, authenticity and quality of the objects
preservation
accuracy of information
intelligibility and usefulness of information
quality of presentation
recognition of diversity of audience
intellectual integrity
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AAM Code 1993
• founded on scholarship and marked by
intellectual integrity
• accessible
• encouraging participation
• widest possible audience
• respecting pluralistic values, traditions and
concerns
ICOM Code of Ethics 2006
6. Museums work in close collaboration with the
communities from which their collections originate as well
as those they serve
Principle: Museum collections reflect the cultural and natural
heritage of the communities from which they have been
derived. As such they have a character beyond that of
ordinary property which may include strong affinities with
national, regional, local, ethnic, religious or political identity.
It is important therefore that museum policy is responsive to
this possibility.
ICOM Code of Ethics, 2006
ICOM Code of Ethics, 2006
6.5 Contemporary Communities
Where museum activities involve a contemporary community or
its heritage, acquisitions should only be made based on informed
and mutual consent without exploitation of the owner or
informants. Respect for the wishes of the community involved
should be paramount.
4.3 Exhibition of Sensitive Materials
Human remains and materials of sacred significance must be
displayed in a manner consistent with professional standards and,
where known, taking into account the interests and beliefs of
members of the community, ethnic or religious groups from whom
the objects originated. They must be presented with great tact and
respect for the feelings of human dignity held by all peoples.
6.8 Supporting Organisations in the Community
Museums should create a favourable environment for community
support (e.g., Friends of Museums and other supporting
organisations), recognise their contribution and promote a
harmonious relationship between the community and museum
personnel.
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Sensation
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2
3
Chris Ofili: Virgin Mary
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Damien Hirst (1965-)
Away from the flock (1994)
Sarah Lucas (1962-)
Au naturel (1994)
Damien Hirst (1965-)
The physical impossibility of death in the mind
of someone living (1991)
Marcus Harvey (1963-)
Myra (1995)
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13. in Trapholt Museum (Denemarken) februari 2000
Wim Delvoye in het Stedelijk Museum Het Domein, Roermond
(juni 1998)
Marco Evaristi
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