1. Mr. LeightonMr. Leighton

2. VirginiaVirginia

3. The Charter of the Virginia Company:The Charter of the Virginia Company:
 Guaranteed toGuaranteed to
colonists the samecolonists the same
rights as Englishmenrights as Englishmen
as if they had stayedas if they had stayed
in England.in England.
 This provision wasThis provision was
incorporated intoincorporated into
future colonists’future colonists’
documents.documents.
 Colonists felt that, even in the Americas,Colonists felt that, even in the Americas,
they had the rights of Englishmen!they had the rights of Englishmen!
English ColonizationEnglish Colonization

4. Late 1606Late 1606  VA Co. sends out 3 shipsVA Co. sends out 3 ships
Spring 1607Spring 1607  land at mouth ofland at mouth of
Chesapeake Bay.Chesapeake Bay.
 Attacked by Indians and move on.Attacked by Indians and move on.
May 24, 1607May 24, 1607  about 100 colonists [allabout 100 colonists [all
men] land at Jamestown, along banks ofmen] land at Jamestown, along banks of
James RiverJames River
 Easily defended, but swarming withEasily defended, but swarming with
disease-causing mosquitoes.disease-causing mosquitoes.
England Plants theEngland Plants the
Jamestown “Seedling”Jamestown “Seedling”

5. JamestownJamestown
Settlement, 1609Settlement, 1609

6. Chesapeake BayChesapeake Bay
Geographic/environmental problems??Geographic/environmental problems??

7. Jamestown Fort &Jamestown Fort &
SettlementSettlement MapMap

8. Jamestown Fort &Jamestown Fort &
SettlementSettlement
(Computer Generated)(Computer Generated)

9. JamestownJamestown
HousingHousing

10. JamestownJamestown
SettlementSettlement

11. Jamestown Chapel,Jamestown Chapel,
16111611

12. 1606-16071606-1607  40 people died on the40 people died on the
voyage to the New World.voyage to the New World.
16091609  another ship from England lostanother ship from England lost
its leaders and supplies in a shipwreckits leaders and supplies in a shipwreck
off Bermuda.off Bermuda.
Settlers died by the dozens!Settlers died by the dozens!
““Gentlemen” colonists would not workGentlemen” colonists would not work
themselves.themselves.
 Game in forests & fish in river uncaught.Game in forests & fish in river uncaught.
Settlers wasted time looking for goldSettlers wasted time looking for gold
instead of hunting or farming.instead of hunting or farming.
The JamestownThe Jamestown
NightmareNightmare

13. Captain John Smith:Captain John Smith:
The Right Man for the Job??The Right Man for the Job??
There was no talk…but digThere was no talk…but dig goldgold, wash, wash
goldgold, refine, refine goldgold, load, load goldgold……

14. PocahontasPocahontas
A 1616A 1616
engravingengraving
Pocahontas “saves”Pocahontas “saves”
Captain John SmithCaptain John Smith

15. English Migration: 1610-English Migration: 1610-
16601660

16. River SettlementRiver Settlement
PatternPattern
Large plantations [>100 acres].Large plantations [>100 acres].
Widely spread apart [>5 miles].Widely spread apart [>5 miles].
Social/EconomicSocial/Economic
PROBLEMS???PROBLEMS???

17. Jamestown ColonizationJamestown Colonization
Pattern:Pattern:
1620-16601620-1660

18. High Mortality RatesHigh Mortality Rates
The “Starving Time”:The “Starving Time”:
1607: 104 colonists1607: 104 colonists
By spring, 1608: 38 survivedBy spring, 1608: 38 survived
1609: 300 more immigrants1609: 300 more immigrants
By spring, 1610: 60 survivedBy spring, 1610: 60 survived
1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrants1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrants
1624 population: 1,2001624 population: 1,200
Adult life expectancy: 40 yearsAdult life expectancy: 40 years
Death of children before age 5: 80%Death of children before age 5: 80%

19. ““WidowarchyWidowarchy
””
High mortalityHigh mortality
among husbandsamong husbands
and fathers leftand fathers left
many womenmany women
in the Chesapeakein the Chesapeake
colonies withcolonies with
unusual autonomyunusual autonomy
and wealth!and wealth!

20. Chief PowhatanChief Powhatan
Powhatan ConfederacyPowhatan Confederacy
 Powhatan dominated aPowhatan dominated a
few dozen small tribesfew dozen small tribes
in the James Riverin the James River
area when the Englisharea when the English
arrived.arrived.
 The English called allThe English called all
Indians in the areaIndians in the area
Powhatans.Powhatans.
 Powhatan probably sawPowhatan probably saw
the English as allies in his struggles tothe English as allies in his struggles to
control other Indian tribes in the region.control other Indian tribes in the region.

21. PowhatanPowhatan
ConfederacyConfederacy

22. PowhatanPowhatan
Indian VillageIndian Village

23. Indian FoodsIndian Foods

24. Relations between Indians & settlersRelations between Indians & settlers
grew worse.grew worse.
 General mistrust because of differentGeneral mistrust because of different
cultures & languages.cultures & languages.
 English raided Indian food suppliesEnglish raided Indian food supplies
during the starving times.during the starving times.
1610-16141610-1614  First Anglo-Powhatan WarFirst Anglo-Powhatan War
 De La Warr had orders to make war onDe La Warr had orders to make war on
the Indians.the Indians.
 Raided villages, burned houses, tookRaided villages, burned houses, took
supplies, burned cornfields.supplies, burned cornfields.
Culture Clash in theCulture Clash in the
ChesapeakeChesapeake

25. Smith’sSmith’s
PortrayalPortrayal
ofof
NativeNative
AmericansAmericans

26. 1614-16221614-1622 peace between Powhatanspeace between Powhatans
and the English.and the English.
 1614 peace sealed by the marriage of1614 peace sealed by the marriage of
Pocahontas to Englishman John Rolfe.Pocahontas to Englishman John Rolfe.
1622-16441622-1644  periodic attacks betweenperiodic attacks between
Indians and settlers.Indians and settlers.
 16221622  Indians attacked the English,Indians attacked the English,
killing 347 [including John Rolfe].killing 347 [including John Rolfe].
 Virginia Co. called for a “perpetual war”Virginia Co. called for a “perpetual war”
against the Native Americans.against the Native Americans.
 Raids reduced native population and droveRaids reduced native population and drove
them further westward.them further westward.
Culture Clash in theCulture Clash in the
ChesapeakeChesapeake

27. Powhatan UprisingPowhatan Uprising
of 1622of 1622

28. 1644-16461644-1646  Second Anglo-PowhatanSecond Anglo-Powhatan
WarWar
 Last effort of natives to defeat English.Last effort of natives to defeat English.
 Indians defeated again.Indians defeated again.
Peace Treaty of 1646Peace Treaty of 1646
 Removed the Powhatans from theirRemoved the Powhatans from their
original land.original land.
 Formally separated Indian and EnglishFormally separated Indian and English
settlement areas!settlement areas!
Culture Clash in theCulture Clash in the
ChesapeakeChesapeake

29. John RolfeJohn Rolfe
What finally made the colony prosperous??What finally made the colony prosperous??

30. Tobacco PlantTobacco Plant
Virginia’sVirginia’s goldgold andand silversilver..
-- John Rolfe, 1612-- John Rolfe, 1612

31. Early ColonialEarly Colonial
TobaccoTobacco16181618 — Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of
tobacco.
16221622 — Despite losing nearly one-third of
its colonists in an Indian attack,
Virginia produces 60,000 pounds of
tobacco.
16271627 — Virginia produces 500,000 pounds
of tobacco.
16291629 — Virginia produces 1,500,000 pounds
of tobacco.

32. Tobacco Prices: 1618-Tobacco Prices: 1618-
17101710
Why did tobacco prices decline so precipitously?Why did tobacco prices decline so precipitously?

33. IndentureIndenture
dd
ServitudeServitude
HeadrightHeadright
SystemSystem

34. Indentured ServitudeIndentured Servitude
Headright System:Headright System:
 Each Virginian got 50 acres forEach Virginian got 50 acres for
each person whose passage theyeach person whose passage they
paid.paid.
Indenture Contract:Indenture Contract:
 5-7 years.5-7 years.
 Promised “freedom dues” [land, £]Promised “freedom dues” [land, £]
 Forbidden to marry.Forbidden to marry.
 1610-1614: only 1 in 10 outlived their1610-1614: only 1 in 10 outlived their
indentured contracts!indentured contracts!

35. RichardRichard
Frethorne’sFrethorne’s
1623 Letter1623 LetterIn-Class ActivityIn-Class Activity::
 Identify the FACTS presented in yourIdentify the FACTS presented in your
section of the document.section of the document.
 Be skepticalBe skepticalIs there any obviousIs there any obvious
bias/POV?bias/POV?
 What conclusions can you draw from theWhat conclusions can you draw from the
facts presented?facts presented?
• Anticipate a problem/future issue?Anticipate a problem/future issue?
• See any historical relationshipsSee any historical relationships
between past events or future ones?between past events or future ones?

36. Tobacco’s effect on Virginia’sTobacco’s effect on Virginia’s
economy:economy:
 Vital role in putting VA on a firmVital role in putting VA on a firm
economic footing.economic footing.
 Ruinous to soil when continuouslyRuinous to soil when continuously
planted.planted.
 Chained VA’s economy to a single crop.Chained VA’s economy to a single crop.
Tobacco promoted the use of theTobacco promoted the use of the
plantation system.plantation system.
 Need for cheap, abundant labor.Need for cheap, abundant labor.
Virginia: “Child ofVirginia: “Child of
Tobacco”Tobacco”

37. Why wasWhy was 16191619
a pivotal yeara pivotal year
for thefor the
ChesapeakeChesapeake
settlement?settlement?

38. VirginiaVirginia
House of BurgessesHouse of Burgesses

39. The House of Burgesses establishedThe House of Burgesses established
inin 16191619 & began to assume the role of& began to assume the role of
the House of Commons in Englandthe House of Commons in England
 Control over finances, militia, etc.Control over finances, militia, etc.
By the end of the 17By the end of the 17cc
, H of B was able, H of B was able
to initiate legislation.to initiate legislation.
A Council appointed by royal governorA Council appointed by royal governor
 Mainly leading planters.Mainly leading planters.
 Functions like House of Lords.Functions like House of Lords.
 High death rates ensured rapidHigh death rates ensured rapid
turnover of members.turnover of members.
Growing Political PowerGrowing Political Power

40. James I grew hostile to VirginiaJames I grew hostile to Virginia
 He hated tobacco.He hated tobacco.
 He distrusted the House ofHe distrusted the House of
Burgesses which he called aBurgesses which he called a seminaryseminary
of seditionof sedition..
16241624  he revoked the charter ofhe revoked the charter of
the bankrupt VA Company.the bankrupt VA Company.
 Thus, VA became a royal colony,Thus, VA became a royal colony,
under the king’s direct control!under the king’s direct control!
Virginia Becomes aVirginia Becomes a
Royal ColonyRoyal Colony

41. English TobaccoEnglish Tobacco
LabelLabel
First Africans arrived in Jamestown inFirst Africans arrived in Jamestown in
16191619..
 Their status was not clearTheir status was not clear  perhapsperhaps
slaves, perhaps indentured servants.slaves, perhaps indentured servants.
 Slavery not that important until the end ofSlavery not that important until the end of
the 17the 17cc
..

42. 1717cc
PopulationPopulation
in the Chesapeakein the Chesapeake
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
1607 1630 1650 1670 1690
White
Black
WHY this large increase in black popul.??WHY this large increase in black popul.??

43. The Atlantic SlaveThe Atlantic Slave
TradeTrade

44. The “Middle Passage”The “Middle Passage”

45. As the number of slaves increased,As the number of slaves increased,
white colonists reacted to put downwhite colonists reacted to put down
perceived racial threat.perceived racial threat.
 Slavery transformed from economicSlavery transformed from economic
to economic and racial institution.to economic and racial institution.
 Early 1600sEarly 1600s  differences betweendifferences between
slave and servant were unclear.slave and servant were unclear.
By the mid-1680s, black slavesBy the mid-1680s, black slaves
outnumbered white indenturedoutnumbered white indentured
servants.servants.
Colonial SlaveryColonial Slavery

46. Beginning in 1662Beginning in 1662  “Slave Codes”“Slave Codes”
 Made blacks [and their children]Made blacks [and their children]
property, orproperty, or chattelchattel for life of whitefor life of white
masters.masters.
 In some colonies, it was a crime to teachIn some colonies, it was a crime to teach
a slave to read or write.a slave to read or write.
 Conversion toConversion to
Christianity didChristianity did
not qualify thenot qualify the
slave forslave for
freedom.freedom.
Colonial SlaveryColonial Slavery

47. Late 1600sLate 1600s  large numbers oflarge numbers of
young, poor, discontented men in theyoung, poor, discontented men in the
Chesapeake area.Chesapeake area.
 Little access to land or women forLittle access to land or women for
marriage.marriage.
16701670  The Virginia AssemblyThe Virginia Assembly
disenfranchised most landless men!disenfranchised most landless men!
Frustrated FreemenFrustrated Freemen

48. Led 1,000 Virginians inLed 1,000 Virginians in
a rebellion againsta rebellion against
Governor BerkeleyGovernor Berkeley
 Rebels resentedRebels resented
Berkeley’s closeBerkeley’s close
relations with Indians.relations with Indians.
 Berkeley monopolizedBerkeley monopolized
the fur trade withthe fur trade with
the Indians in thethe Indians in the
area.area.
 Berkley refused toBerkley refused to
retaliate for Indianretaliate for Indian
attacks on frontierattacks on frontier
settlements.settlements.
Nathaniel Bacon’sNathaniel Bacon’s
Rebellion: 1676Rebellion: 1676
NathanielNathaniel
BaconBacon
GovernorGovernor
WilliamWilliam
BerkeleyBerkeley

49. Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676

50. Rebels attacked Indians, whetherRebels attacked Indians, whether
they were friendly or not to whites.they were friendly or not to whites.
Governor Berkeley driven fromGovernor Berkeley driven from
Jamestown.Jamestown.
They burned the capital.They burned the capital.
 Rebels went on a rampage ofRebels went on a rampage of
plundering.plundering.
Bacon suddenly died of fever.Bacon suddenly died of fever.
Berkeley brutally crushed the rebellionBerkeley brutally crushed the rebellion
and hanged 20 rebels.and hanged 20 rebels.
Bacon’s RebellionBacon’s Rebellion

51. Governor Berkeley’sGovernor Berkeley’s
“Fault Line”“Fault Line”

52. It exposed resentments betweenIt exposed resentments between
inland frontiersmen and landlessinland frontiersmen and landless
former servants against gentry onformer servants against gentry on
coastal plantations.coastal plantations.
 Socio-economic classSocio-economic class
differences/clashes between rural anddifferences/clashes between rural and
urban communities would continueurban communities would continue
throughout American history.throughout American history.
Upper class planters searched forUpper class planters searched for
laborers less likely to rebellaborers less likely to rebel  BLACKBLACK
SLAVES!!SLAVES!!
Results of Bacon’sResults of Bacon’s
RebellionRebellion

53. MarylandMaryland

54. A royal charter wasA royal charter was
granted to Georgegranted to George
Calvert, LordCalvert, Lord
Baltimore,Baltimore,
in 1632.in 1632.
AA proprietaryproprietary colonycolony
created in 1634.created in 1634.
A healthier locationA healthier location
than Jamestown.than Jamestown.
 Tobacco would be theTobacco would be the
main crop.main crop.
His plan was to govern as an absenteeHis plan was to govern as an absentee
proprietor in a feudal relationship.proprietor in a feudal relationship.
 Huge tracts of land granted to his CatholicHuge tracts of land granted to his Catholic
relatives.relatives.
The Settlement ofThe Settlement of
MarylandMaryland

55. Colonization ofColonization of
MarylandMaryland

56. St Mary’s CitySt Mary’s City (1634)(1634)

57. Currency in EarlyCurrency in Early
MarylandMaryland

58. Colonists only willing to come to MD if theyColonists only willing to come to MD if they
received land.received land.
Colonists who did come received modestColonists who did come received modest
farms dispersed around the Chesapeakefarms dispersed around the Chesapeake
area.area.
 Catholic land barons surrounded by mostlyCatholic land barons surrounded by mostly
Protestant small farmers.Protestant small farmers.
 Conflict between barons and farmers led toConflict between barons and farmers led to
Baltimore losing proprietary rights at theBaltimore losing proprietary rights at the
end of the 17end of the 17cc
..
In the late 1600s, black slaves began to beIn the late 1600s, black slaves began to be
imported.imported.
A Haven for CatholicsA Haven for Catholics

59. Baltimore permitted high degree ofBaltimore permitted high degree of
freedom of worship in order to preventfreedom of worship in order to prevent
repeat of persecution of Catholics byrepeat of persecution of Catholics by
Protestants.Protestants.
 High number of Protestants threatenedHigh number of Protestants threatened
because of overwhelming rights given tobecause of overwhelming rights given to
Catholics.Catholics.
Toleration Act of 1649Toleration Act of 1649
 Supported by the Catholics in MD.Supported by the Catholics in MD.
 Guaranteed toleration to all CHRISTIANS.Guaranteed toleration to all CHRISTIANS.
 Decreed death to those who denied theDecreed death to those who denied the
divinity of Jesus [like Jews, atheists, etc.].divinity of Jesus [like Jews, atheists, etc.].
 In one way, it was less tolerant than beforeIn one way, it was less tolerant than before
the law was passed!!the law was passed!!
A Haven for CatholicsA Haven for Catholics

60. MD Toleration Act,MD Toleration Act, 16491649

61. The Toleration Act ofThe Toleration Act of
16491649...whatsoever person or persons shall from henceforth...whatsoever person or persons shall from henceforth
upon any occasion of offence otherwise in aupon any occasion of offence otherwise in a
reproachfull manner or way declare call or denominatereproachfull manner or way declare call or denominate
any person or persons whatsoever inhabiting, residing,any person or persons whatsoever inhabiting, residing,
traficking, trading or comercing within this province ortraficking, trading or comercing within this province or
within any ports, harbours, creeks or havens to thewithin any ports, harbours, creeks or havens to the
same belonging, an Heretick, Schismatick, Idolator,same belonging, an Heretick, Schismatick, Idolator,
Puritan, Independent Presbyterian, Antenomian,Puritan, Independent Presbyterian, Antenomian,
Barrowist, Roundhead, Separatist, Popish Priest,Barrowist, Roundhead, Separatist, Popish Priest,
Jesuit, Jesuited Papist, Lutheran, Calvenist,Jesuit, Jesuited Papist, Lutheran, Calvenist,
Anabaptist, Brownist or any other name or term in aAnabaptist, Brownist or any other name or term in a
reproachful manner relating to matters of Religionreproachful manner relating to matters of Religion
shall for every such offence foreit and lose the sum ofshall for every such offence foreit and lose the sum of
ten shillings Sterling or the value thereof to be leviedten shillings Sterling or the value thereof to be levied
on the goods and chattels of every such offender andon the goods and chattels of every such offender and
offenders...offenders...
and if they could not pay, they were to be "publicklyand if they could not pay, they were to be "publickly
whipt and imprisoned without bail" until "he, she, orwhipt and imprisoned without bail" until "he, she, or
they shall satisfy the party so offended or grieved bythey shall satisfy the party so offended or grieved by
such reproachful language...."such reproachful language...."