2. Heart Disease and Stroke
Background
Heart disease and stroke are two of the leading
causes of death in the United States.
Americans suffer more than 2 million heart attacks
and strokes each year.
2
3. Heart Disease and Stroke
Risk Factors
Approximately 49% of adults have at least one major risk factor for
heart disease and stroke.
(Source: www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/facts.htm 3/23/12)
3
4. Heart Disease and Stroke
Mortality Rates by Ethnicity
(Source: http://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/facts.htm 3/23/12)
4
5. Aspirin Therapy
Benefits
The U.S. Preventive Services Task
Force (USPSTF) found good
evidence that aspirin decreases the
incidence of myocardial infarction in
men and ischemic strokes in women.
However…
the USPSTF also found good
evidence that aspirin increases the
incidence of gastrointestinal bleeding
and fair evidence that aspirin
increases the incidence of
hemorrhagic stroke.
5
6. Aspirin Therapy
Benefits
The benefits of aspirin therapy depend substantially
on an individual’s risk of cardiovascular disease or
stroke and adverse treatment effects.
6
10. Aspirin Therapy
Risk of GI Bleeding
Age: Increases with age—with
or without aspirin therapy
Gender: Twice the risk for men
10
11. Aspirin Therapy
Risk of GI Bleeding
GI Ulcers: 2 to 3 times greater in patients with
history of GI ulcers
Non-Steroidal Quadruples risk for serious GI
Anti-inflammatory bleeding compared to aspirin use
Drug (NSAID) Use: alone
Other Factors: History or presence of upper GI tract
pain, uncontrolled hypertension, and
concomitant use of anticoagulants
11
12. Aspirin Therapy - Men
Benefit vs Risk
The net benefit of aspirin
therapy for men depends on
• the initial risk for
coronary heart disease
(CHD) events and
• GI bleeding.
12
14. Aspirin Therapy - Men
Risk Factors for CHD
Tools to determine individual risk for CHD
National Cholesterol Education Program
Million Hearts
14
15. Aspirin Therapy - Women
Benefit vs Risk
The net benefit of aspirin
therapy for women
depends on
• the initial risk for stroke
and
• GI bleeding.
15
19. Aspirin Therapy
Weighing Benefits
Estimated heart attacks
prevented and estimated
harms of using aspirin for
10 years in a hypothetical
cohort of 1000 men aged
45-79 years.
(Source: http://www.uspreventiveservicetaskforce.org/uspstf09/aspirincvd.aspcvdrsf2.htm)
19
20. Aspirin Therapy
Weighing Benefits
Estimated number of
strokes prevented
according to the stroke
risk level in women aged
45 to 79 years.
(Source: http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf09/aspirincvd/aspcvdrsf4.htm)
20
25. Aspirin Therapy
Dose/Dosage
According to USPSTF
• The optimum dose of aspirin for preventing
cardiovascular disease events and stroke is
unknown.
• Primary prevention trials have shown benefits with
various regimens.
• Approximately 75 mg/d aspirin seems as effective
as higher dosages.
25
26. Remember
Understanding who
benefits from aspirin
use, and how much, can
help clinicians and
patients develop a more
patient-centered
approach to preventive
therapy.
26
28. Resources
U.S. Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTF)
Aspirin for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease
Centers for Disease Control
Recommendations for Aspirin for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease
Million Hearts
PubMed.gov Individual and Population Benefits of Daily Aspirin
Therapy: a Proposal for Personalizing National Guidelines
28
