1. Culture and
Attachment
L/O: To define and apply key terms (AO1/2)
To be aware of cross-cultural research (AO2)
Starter
In pairs, try
to define
CULTURE in
one
sentence.

2. List a few of the
expectations of your
culture.
Are there any for
child rearing?
Read the chapter opening on page
114 of the textbook.
INDIVIDUALIST CULTURE?
COLLECTIVIST CULTURE?
SUBCULTURE?
L/O: To define and apply key terms (AO1/2)
To be aware of cross-cultural research (AO2)

3. Bowlby's theory of attachment
assumes universality of
attachment: the features apply to
all in all cultures.
If infant attachment is innate then
it should be the same in all cultures.
We might all need responsive and
sensitive parenting (according to
Bowlby) but how we obtain it is not
the same across all cultures.

4. Recap!
Independently, describe the behaviour of a:
Securely attached child
Insecurely (anxious-avoidant) attached child
Insecurely (anxious-resistant) attached child
Disorganised/’other’ attached child
A B C D?

5. Suggest why children from different
countries may behave differently in the
Strange Situation (2 marks).
Suggest why there may be differences
within a country in children's reactions
to the Strange Situation (2 marks).
1 mark = name the key word/issue.
+1 marks= elaborate/explain.
L/O: To define and apply key terms (AO1/2)
To be aware of cross-cultural research (AO2)

6. L/O: To define and apply key terms (AO1/2)
To be aware of cross-cultural research (AO2)
Cross-cultural research into attachment
Differences in long-term goals:
Carlson & Harwood (2003)
Differences in caregiver response to needs:
True et al. (2001)
Differences in value of caregiver/child:
Tronick et al. (1992)

7. L/O: To define and apply key terms (AO1/2)
To be aware of cross-cultural research (AO2)
Van Ijizendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988)
Cross-cultural comparison of the Strange
Situation.
1. Study the data in the table (number of
studies for each place and percentage
attachment types).
2. Read their key findings.

8. L/O: To define and apply key terms (AO1/2)
To be aware of cross-cultural research (AO2)
Can the Strange Situation procedure
be used to assess the development of
secure attachment in children
regardless of which culture they are
brought up in?
Explain your answer with reference to
cross-cultural research.
(6 marks)

9. TOP MARKS
Accurate and
reasonably
detailed.
Cultural Bias
AO1 – to be able to outline cross-
cultural research into attachment.
AO2 – to select appropriate details
from cross-cultural research to
evaluate the Strange Situation.
TOP MARKS
Specifics of
the research
findings are
accurate.

10. Recap!
Independently, describe the behaviour of a:
Securely attached child
Insecurely (anxious-avoidant) attached child
Insecurely (anxious-resistant) attached child
Disorganised/’other’ attached child
- Separation
A B C D? - Stranger
- Reunion

11. Cross-cultural research into attachment
1. Differences in long-term goals:
Carlson & Harwood (2003)
2. Differences in caregiver response to needs:
True et al. (2001)
3. Differences in value of caregiver/child:
Tronick et al. (1992)

12. Van Ijizendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988)
Cross-cultural comparison of the Strange
Situation.
1. Study the data in the table (number of
studies for each place and percentage
attachment types).
2. Read their key findings.

13. Can we?
 AO1 – to be able to outline cross-
cultural research into
attachment.
Outline one or more studies that have
investigated cultural variations in
attachment (6 marks)
Accurate and reasonably detailed.

14. Read your neighbour’s answer.
Are they accurate?
Can we?
 AO1 – to be able to outline
outline cross-cultural research
into attachment.
Outline one or more studies that have
investigated cultural variations in
attachment (6 marks)
Accurate and reasonably detailed.

15. AO2 – to select appropriate details from cross-
cultural research to evaluate the Strange Situation.
Exam Tip: It is impressive to use specific
examples of attachment/child-rearing differences
across, and within, cultures.
Tell the person next to you one specific
difference. Listen to theirs.
TOP MARKS
Specifics of
the research
findings are
accurate.

16. AO2 – to select appropriate details from cross-
cultural research to evaluate the Strange Situation.
Read ‘Cultural Bias’ – a Japanese perspective on
pages 118-119.
Complete the table of differences found.
Discuss the findings on your tables.

17. AO2 – to select appropriate details from cross-
cultural research to evaluate the Strange Situation.
Evaluate the Strange Situation as a method for
investigation types of attachment (4 marks).
Or
Apart from ethical issues, explain one or more
limitations of using the Strange Situation to
assess the type of attachment in young children
(4 marks).

18. AO2 – to select appropriate details from cross-
cultural research to evaluate the Strange Situation.
Mark scheme:
Can we?
Cultural differences e.g. German children are
encouraged to be independent so may appear
insecure anxious-avoidant whereas Japanese
children are rarely – to selectfrom their mothers so
 AO2 separated appropriate
details from cross-cultural
may appear insecure avoidant-resistant.
research to evaluate the Strange
Situation.
What other ways could the Strange Situation be
criticised? (other than ethical and cultural
issues).

19. Meta-analysis: not a new study but a bringing
together of information from studies conducted
previously (e.g. Van Ijzendoorn)
Outline and evaluate research into cultural
variations in attachment (12 marks)
AO1 – 6 marks
Outline methodology (what they did, who with, key factors in the
culture and attachment, findings).
AO2 – 6 marks
Evaluate research (strengths and criticisms) based on other
research (supports or contradicts) or on AO3 grounds.

20. Choose and write on a post-it note one thing / idea
/ part of the model answer that would you were
impressed by and would like to try to use in your
answer next week.
Self-Study:
Complete Research Methods questions (AO3)

22. AO1 – to be able to outline the findings of
Rothbaum’s comparative study.
Rothbaum et al. (2000) argue against the assumed
universality of attachment principles.
• Insufficient consideration of the importance of
culture on attachment.
• Differences in child-rearing behaviour and attitudes.
• Attachment theory concepts are “deeply rooted in a
Western-perspective” - focused on Western values.
- CULTURALLY BIASED

23. AO1 – to be able to outline the findings of
Rothbaum’s comparative study.
Rothbaum et al. (2000) compared three key aspects of
attachment theory with Japanese child-rearing and
culture.
Aim: to demonstrate the cultural bias.
1. The sensitivity hypothesis
2. The secure base hypothesis
3. The competence hypothesis

24. Can we?
 AO1 – to be able to outline the
findings of Rothbaum’s
comparative study.
Outline one or more studies that have
investigated cultural variations in
attachment (6 marks)
Accurate and reasonably detailed.

25. Read your neighbour’s answer.
Are they accurate?
Can we?
 AO1 – to be able to outline the
findings of Rothbaum’s
comparative study.
Outline one or more studies that have
investigated cultural variations in
attachment (6 marks)
Accurate and reasonably detailed.

26. Self-study for over half term
1. Update card tracker for 12 markers including reflection
on key target.
• Choose one main Subject Target and write in Spring
Term 2 of small tracker.
2. Correct any highlighted or circled literacy errors in
marked work (spelling/word choice).
• Choose one main Literacy Target and write in Spring
Term 2 of small tracker.
General revise of attachment so far.