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Chapter 05
1.
Chapter 5Chapter 5 ManagingManaging Organizational
CultureOrganizational Culture and Changeand Change
2.
5-2Copyright © 2002
by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Management ChallengesManagement Challenges After reading this chapter, you should be able to:After reading this chapter, you should be able to: Describe how organizational culture helpsDescribe how organizational culture helps management achieve its objectives.management achieve its objectives. Understand how cultural symbols, rites,Understand how cultural symbols, rites, ceremonies, heroes, and stories are used toceremonies, heroes, and stories are used to sustain an organization’s culture.sustain an organization’s culture. Recognize the differences between strong andRecognize the differences between strong and weak organizational cultures, and identify situationsweak organizational cultures, and identify situations in which each of these cultures may bein which each of these cultures may be advantageous.advantageous. Adapt to organizational change and the forces thatAdapt to organizational change and the forces that drive change.drive change.
3.
5-3Copyright © 2002
by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Management ChallengesManagement Challenges (continued)(continued) Identify the four different types of organizationalIdentify the four different types of organizational cultures and the characteristics of people who fitcultures and the characteristics of people who fit best with each.best with each. Direct and counsel employees who resistDirect and counsel employees who resist organizational change.organizational change. Apply the tactics of change agents while taking intoApply the tactics of change agents while taking into consideration potential sources of resistance.consideration potential sources of resistance. Use tools that enhance our understanding of theUse tools that enhance our understanding of the change process, such as Lewin’s three-step modelchange process, such as Lewin’s three-step model of change and force field analysis.of change and force field analysis.
4.
5-4Copyright © 2002
by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Skills for managing organizational culture andSkills for managing organizational culture and change:change: Cultural diagnostic skillsCultural diagnostic skills Cultural strategic skillsCultural strategic skills Managing culture skillsManaging culture skills Change management skillsChange management skills
5.
5-5Copyright © 2002
by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Organizational CultureOrganizational Culture A system of shared values, assumptions,A system of shared values, assumptions, beliefs, and norms that unite the members ofbeliefs, and norms that unite the members of an organization.an organization. Reflects employees’ views aboutReflects employees’ views about “the way“the way things are done around here.”things are done around here.” The culture specific to each firm affects howThe culture specific to each firm affects how employees feel and act and the type ofemployees feel and act and the type of employee hired and retained by theemployee hired and retained by the company.company.
6.
5-6Copyright © 2002
by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. CoreCore ValuesValues ExpressedExpressed ValuesValues VisibleVisible CultureCulture Levels of CorporateLevels of Corporate CultureCulture
7.
5-7Copyright © 2002
by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Functions performed by organizationalFunctions performed by organizational culture:culture: Employee Self-ManagementEmployee Self-Management Sense of shared identitySense of shared identity Generation of commitmentGeneration of commitment StabilityStability Sense of continuitySense of continuity Satisfies need for predictability, security, andSatisfies need for predictability, security, and comfortcomfort
8.
5-8Copyright © 2002
by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Functions performed by organizationalFunctions performed by organizational culture:culture: (continued)(continued) SocializationSocialization Internalizing or taking organizational valuesInternalizing or taking organizational values as one’s ownas one’s own Implementation Support of theImplementation Support of the Organization’s StrategyOrganization’s Strategy If strategy and culture reinforce each other,If strategy and culture reinforce each other, employees find it natural to be committed toemployees find it natural to be committed to the strategythe strategy
9.
5-9Copyright © 2002
by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Stages of the Socialization ProcessStages of the Socialization Process Pre-arrivalPre-arrival EncounterEncounter MetamorphosisMetamorphosis
10.
5-10Copyright © 2002
by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Creating and Sustaining OrganizationalCreating and Sustaining Organizational CultureCulture Cultural SymbolsCultural Symbols Company RitualsCompany Rituals and Ceremoniesand Ceremonies Company HeroesCompany Heroes StoriesStories LanguageLanguage LeadershipLeadership OrganizationalOrganizational Policies andPolicies and Decision MakingDecision Making
11.
5-11Copyright © 2002
by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Aspects of organizational cultureAspects of organizational culture Cultural Uniformity versus HeterogeneityCultural Uniformity versus Heterogeneity Strong versus Weak CulturesStrong versus Weak Cultures Culture versus FormalizationCulture versus Formalization National versus Organizational CultureNational versus Organizational Culture Organizational FitOrganizational Fit Baseball team cultureBaseball team culture Club cultureClub culture Academy cultureAcademy culture Fortress cultureFortress culture
12.
5-12Copyright © 2002
by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. ManagingManaging Organizational ChangeOrganizational Change Organization culture can facilitate or inhibitOrganization culture can facilitate or inhibit changechange in an organization.in an organization. A firm attempts to change organizationalA firm attempts to change organizational culture because the current culture hindersculture because the current culture hinders the attainment of corporate goals.the attainment of corporate goals. EnvironmentalEnvironmental andand internalinternal forces canforces can stimulate the need for organization change.stimulate the need for organization change.
13.
5-13Copyright © 2002
by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Forces for Change: Environmental ForcesForces for Change: Environmental Forces Put pressure on how a firm conducts itsPut pressure on how a firm conducts its business and its relationships withbusiness and its relationships with customers, suppliers, and employees.customers, suppliers, and employees. Environmental forces include:Environmental forces include: TechnologyTechnology Market forcesMarket forces Political and regulatory forcesPolitical and regulatory forces Social trendsSocial trends
14.
5-14Copyright © 2002
by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Forces for Change: Internal ForcesForces for Change: Internal Forces Come from decisions made within theCome from decisions made within the company.company. May originate with top executives andMay originate with top executives and managers and travel in a top-down direction.managers and travel in a top-down direction. May originate with front-line employees orMay originate with front-line employees or labor unions and travel in a bottom-uplabor unions and travel in a bottom-up direction.direction.
15.
5-15Copyright © 2002
by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Resistance to ChangeResistance to Change Self-InterestSelf-Interest Lack of Trust andLack of Trust and UnderstandingUnderstanding UncertaintyUncertainty DifferentDifferent Perspectives andPerspectives and GoalsGoals Cultures thatCultures that Value TraditionValue Tradition
16.
5-16Copyright © 2002
by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Models of Organizational ChangeModels of Organizational Change Lewin’s three-step modelLewin’s three-step model Force-field analysis modelForce-field analysis model
17.
5-17Copyright © 2002
by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Lewin’s Three-Step Model of OrganizationalLewin’s Three-Step Model of Organizational ChangeChange UnfreezingUnfreezing RefreezingRefreezingChangeChange
18.
5-18Copyright © 2002
by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Restraining forcesRestraining forces Driving forcesDriving forces StatusStatus quoquo DesiredDesired statestate TimeTime Force-field Model of ChangeForce-field Model of Change
19.
5-19Copyright © 2002
by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Implementing Organizational ChangeImplementing Organizational Change Top-down ChangeTop-down Change Change AgentsChange Agents Bottom-up ChangeBottom-up Change
20.
5-20Copyright © 2002
by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Change agents should take the following stepsChange agents should take the following steps to obtain a successful change outcome:to obtain a successful change outcome: 1.1. Establish a sense ofEstablish a sense of urgency.urgency. 2.2. Form a powerfulForm a powerful coalition of supporterscoalition of supporters of change.of change. 3.3. Create a vision ofCreate a vision of change.change. 4.4. Communicate theCommunicate the vision of change.vision of change. 5.5. Empower others toEmpower others to act on the vision.act on the vision. 6.6. Plan and create short-Plan and create short- term wins.term wins. 7.7. ConsolidateConsolidate improvements andimprovements and produce still moreproduce still more change.change. 8.8. Institutionalize newInstitutionalize new approaches.approaches.
21.
5-21Copyright © 2002
by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Tactics for Introducing ChangeTactics for Introducing Change Communication andCommunication and EducationEducation EmployeeEmployee InvolvementInvolvement NegotiationNegotiation CoercionCoercion Top-ManagementTop-Management SupportSupport
22.
5-22Copyright © 2002
by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Applications of Management Perspectives:Applications of Management Perspectives: For the ManagerFor the Manager Certain types of changes routinely provokeCertain types of changes routinely provoke strong employee resistance:strong employee resistance: Changes that affect skill requirements.Changes that affect skill requirements. Changes that represent economic or status loss.Changes that represent economic or status loss. Changes that involve disruption of socialChanges that involve disruption of social relationships.relationships. By being aware of the sources of resistance,By being aware of the sources of resistance, managers can better apply tactics to make themanagers can better apply tactics to make the changes more palatable for employees.changes more palatable for employees.
23.
5-23Copyright © 2002
by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Applications of Management Perspectives:Applications of Management Perspectives: For Managing TeamsFor Managing Teams Teams can help test the waters for aTeams can help test the waters for a proposed change.proposed change. Various employee teams can serve as focusVarious employee teams can serve as focus groups in order to find ways to make agroups in order to find ways to make a change in policy more acceptable tochange in policy more acceptable to employees.employees.
24.
5-24Copyright © 2002
by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Applications of Management Perspectives:Applications of Management Perspectives: For IndividualsFor Individuals Learning the specifics about the companyLearning the specifics about the company culture can help you determine your fit withculture can help you determine your fit with the organization and the possibility ofthe organization and the possibility of succeeding.succeeding. Ask questions and gather information duringAsk questions and gather information during the recruiting process to get a handle on thethe recruiting process to get a handle on the company culture and assess whether youcompany culture and assess whether you will function comfortably in it.will function comfortably in it.
Notas do Editor
3
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