1. The Rise ofDemocracy600 B.C.-1790

2. Democracy BeforeDemocracy the most common formofgovernmentwasanabsoluterulerlikekings, dictators, pharahons etc. The idea that people can governthemselves, alsoknownasdemocracy, evolvedveryslowly. Democracyduringcrisis

3. The LegacyofAncientGreece and Rome:Solon The first man thatintroducedpoliticalreformsthatgavepoliticalrightsto the people ofAthenswasSolon. Hispoliticalreformsincluded a fairer code oflaws and the right of a citizen tobringchargesagainstunjustice. Hiseconomicreformsstarted a overseastrade and demandedproductssuchasgrapes and olives. Hesaidthathe “stoodwith a strong shieldbeforebothparties ( common people and nobles) and allowedneithertowinanunfairvictory” Solonis a veryimportant man, heis the onethattook the first steptowarddemocracy.

4. The LegacyofAncientGreece and Rome: Cleisthenes AfterSolonanother man continuedhis work. This man isknownasCleisthenes. HeworkedtowardmakingAthens a full democracybyreorganizing the assembly. Hecreated the CouncilofFiveHundred: thatproposedlaws and counseled the assembley. Thisis the first timecitizens are abletoparticipate in democracy. BecauseofthisCleisthenesisregardedas the fatherofdemocracy in Athens.

5. Compare and ContrastAthens and Sparta: The RoleofGovernment on the LivesofIndividuals

6. Compare and ContrastAthens and Sparta: Rights and PrivligesofCitizens and Non Citizens

7. The LegacyofAncientGreece and Rome:Golden Age Pericles led Athensfor 32 yearsfrom 461 B.C.to 429 B.C.ThisAgeofPariclesbecameknownas the Golden Age. DuringthisperiodPericlesincreased the numberofpaid public officials, and payedjurors. ThankstohimAthensevolvedinto a directdemocracy. A directdemocracyis a formofgovernment in whichcitizensruledirectly and notthroughrepresentatives. During the Golden Age the first steptowardtoday’sdemocracywasmadethankstoPericles. Unfortunatelydemocracyended in Greeceaftter the Golden Agebecauseofaninvasionof King Philip and hisson Alexander the Great thatstartedruling on Greece. Greecehasswitchedfromhaving a democarcyintohaving a monarchy, a governmentcontrolledbyonlyoneperson.

8. The LegacyofAncientGreece and Rome:GreekPhilosophers Greekphilosophersusedlogic and reasonto investigate the nature of the universe, human society and morality. Theyusedreason and intelligence todiscoverpredicatbelpatternsthatthetcallednaturallaws. Theywere the first oneto put in discussion the powerof nature and whythings are the way they are. The first greatpholospherwasSocratesthatencouragedhisstudentstoexaminetheirbeliefs. HisgreaterpupilwasPlatothathad a vision of a perfectlygoverned society. Hispupilthen, Aristotole, examined the nature of the world, humanbelief, though and knowledge.

10. The LegacyofAncientGreece and Rome: Roman Republic In 509 B.C. a groupofaritocratesoverthrew a king and formed a republic. A republicis a formofgovernment in whichpowerrestswithcitizenswhogave the right toelect the leaderswhomakegovernmentdecisions. The romansestablished a governmentwith separate branches: Twoofficialscalledconsulescommanded the army The legislative branchdivided in two: The Senate: was the aristocraticbranch, otcontrolledforeign and financialspolicies and advised the counsels The twoassemblies: includedallclassesofcitizens .

12. Allpersonswereconsideredinnoncentuntilprovenguilty

13. The burdenofproofrested the accuserratherthan the accused

14. Anylawthatseemedunreasonable or grosslyunfaircouldbe set aside. Writtenlawsgave the ideasof “a governmentoflawsnotofmen” whereevenrulers and otherpowerful people couldbeheldaccountablefortheiractions. Thiswas a greatstepfordemocracy, fromnow on all the lawshadtobeobyedbecausewritten down. Without the Greece and Roman legacydemocracywouldoftakingmany more yearstobegintodevelop.

16. The worthof the individual

18. Religious impact on Democracy: Christianity Christianityis the nameof the religionfoundedbyJesusthatderivedby the name Christ. One man, the apostle Paul establishedChristianityacross the Roman Empire. Hestressed the essentialequalityofallhumanbeings. Theseideas spread in twoways: -INDIRECT: Startedwhen the Jewswereexiledfromtheirhomeland in 70 A.D. Theyfledtodifferent part of the world bringingtheirbeliefswiththem. - DIRECT: the Roman Empire spread Judeo- Christian ideas. By 380 ithadbecome the officialreligionof the Empire.

19. Religious impact on Democracy:Renaissance and Reformation Durong the Middle Ages the mostpowerfulchurchhadbecome the Roman Catholic Church, the Church thatdevelopedfrom Roman Christianity. In 1300s a cultural movementarouse in italy, the Renaissance, from the french word rebirth. Thismovementwasmarkedby the rediscoveries and intrests in the Greek and Latin manuscripts. Duringthisperiod people valuesweredirectedtowardhumankind and culture. Poeplebegantobe more criticaltoward the Church. The Renaissance emphasized the individualism: the believeof the importanceofanindividual and self-evidence and humanism, trytobe the best humanyou can be.

20. The Reformationwas a religiousreformmovementthatbegan in 16 thcenturythatoriginatedfrom the Renaissance questionings. Thosewho wanted toreform the churchwerecalledprotestantsthatstressed the importanceof a directrelationshipwithGod. Itstartedwith Martin Luther in 1521 in Germanywhenhesaidthat people couldbesavedonlythroughfaith in God. At the end thismovementbrought a division in religion: Christanity and Protestantism A factorthathelped the Reformationhasbeen the printing press. The printing press wasinvented in 1455 by Johannes Gutenberg ofGermany. Thanksto the printing press, millionsofcopiesof the biblecouldbemade and people werenotobbligatedto go to Church. Bychallanging the high authorities the reformationcontributed on the growthofdemocracy. The idea of the individual ,thatwasrediscoveredfrom the Greekmanuscriptsduring the Renaissance, will play a significant part in the democraticrevolutions.

22. DemocraticDevelopments in England:The Magna Carta When Henry diedhistwosons Richard and John becamekings. King John fought a costly war against France and raisedtaxes. This led to a conflictbetween the nobles and the King . In 1215 The noblesrebelled and presentedto King john a writtenform, the Magna Carta. Itis a contractbetween the nobles and the kingthatgives the nobles more rights. The Magna Carta has 63 clauses, twothatestablishedlegalrightsto the individuals: the claue 12 and the claue 39.

23. The 12 Clauestatedthat the kingcannotdemandtaxeswithout the consentof the people. The Claue 39 statedthateachpersonhad the right tojury trial and protectionoflaws. Therewasalsoanotherveryimportantlawcalled the due processoflaw. Thislawstatedthat the kingcouldnotpunishhis people onlybecausehe wanted to. After the Magna Carta a Parlimentwascreatedby John’sgrandson Edward I thatgatheredall the lords and leadingcitizensof the towns and created a ModalParlimentthatvoted on taxes and helpedhimestablishlaws. Thiswasoneof the mostimportantturningpointfor the historyofdemnocracy. Itis the first timewesee a contractbetween a king and the people thatgives more right to the people ratherthanto the king.

24. Advantages and DisadvantagesofSigning the Magna Cartafrom King Prospective

25. DemocraticDevelopments in England: The Tudors The struggletolimit the powerof the authority continuedover the centuries. Kingsstartedclaimingthattheyhad the right not just torulebuttohave the absolutepower. TheyclaimedthattheirpowerwascomingfromGod . Thiswasknownas the theoryof the divine right. Thereforetochallange a kingyouwastochallangealsoGod. Elisabeth I was the last of the Tudors, and whenshedied in 1603 shewassucceededbut the Stuarts, the relativesfrom Scotland.

26. The Tudors Family Tree Henry VIII

29. Imprisonongcitizensillegally

30. Housingtroops in citizens’ home

31. Militarygovernment in peacetimeEdward I PetitionofRights

33. The kingisnotseenanymoreas a God and man understandthattheyhave the right tooverthrowanunjustking. England hadbecome a constitutionalmonarchy, where the powerof the ruler are restrictedby the constitution and lawsof the country.

35. can’ttaxwithoutconsentof the Parliment

36. can’traise the armyduringpeacetimewithoutconsentof the ParlimentThistwoeventshad a great impact and completed the processthatbeganwith the Magna Carta. Thisalso set anexample fot the future revolutions, in particularto the American Revolution.

38. Lockegave a positive viewofhumanityandsaidthat people hadby nature right to life, liberty and property.

39. Voltaire proposedtolerancefreedomofrelifion and free speech

40. Rousseau called the social contract, an agreement among free individualsto create a governmentthatwouldrespondto the people’swill.

41. Montesquieuconcludedthat liberty could best besafeguardedbyseparationofpowersbydividing the governmnetintothree separate branches ( legislative, executive, and court)Thisbecame the ideasofEnlightenmnet. Theseinspired the American and FrenchRevolution.

42. Enlightenment: American Revolution After the French and Indian War the King higheredtaxesfor the colonists. The colonistsprotestedsaying “ no taxationwithoutrepresentation” , the colonistsdidin’thave a representative in the Parliment. The American Revolutionisevent in which the colonists’ fightforIndependencefrom Great Britain. The American issued the DeclarationofIndependece on July4 1776, and gainedtheirfinalindependencefiveyearslater in 1781. The ideasof the Enlightenment , espesciallyLocke’s, greatlyinfluenced the CommiteeofFive. The CommiteeofFivewas the group in chargetowrite the DeclerationofIndependence.

43. In 1787 a groupof people met in Philadelphia, and wrote the Constitutionof the UnitedStates. Whilecreatingthisdocument the leadersdebated on anissue: IsItpossibleytohave a governmentthatis strong and stablewithouttyranny? The answerwas yes. In ordertohavethistypeofgovernment the people agreedtohave a representativegovernmnet: one in whichcitizenselectrepresentativestomakelaws and policiesforthem. Thiswasan idea inspiredbyRosseau. Thentheycreated a federal system, where the powersof the government are divided in: federal ,or central, government and the states, or local, government. Thisfederal system wasbased on the writingsofMontesquieu. Bycreatingthesetwo system therewasbalanced and none of the twohadtomuchpower. Signingof the DeclerationofIndependence

44. Enlightenment: The FrenchRevolution The fighttowindemocraticfreedomsfor the people in France isknownas the FrenchRevolution. The fighteruptswhen the peasentsattck the Bastille, the mosthatedprisonthatsymbolizedautocarticrule, in 1789. After the revolution France adopted the Declarationof the Rightsof Man and ofCitizens, thisdocumentwasstronglyinfluencedby the Enlightenmentideas and the American DeclerationofIndependence. ThisDeclerationguaranteeded the rightsof liberty, equality and fraternity. The New Assemblyunfourtunatlydidn’tsucceed and aftergoingto war France wasovertakenby a new leader: Napoleon Bonaparte and a dictorshipstarted. Itwasnotuntil the mid 1800s thatdemocracydeveloped in France. The FrenchRevolutionillustrates the failingofdemocracy. Itdemostratesthatitisnotenoughtohave a representativegovernment. Fordemocracyto work a society musthave a rulelaw, the acceptenceofmajoritydecisionsby the minority and protectionforcivilrights and liberties. Attackof the Bastille, 1789

45. Enlightenment: StruggleforDemocracyContinues Today people preferdemocracyas a formofgovernment. The mostrecentimportantinternationaldemocraticassemblycreatedis the UnitedNations. Itwascreatedafter The Second World War in 1945. Its goal wasto work for world peace. Oneof the branchesof the UnitedNationscalled the GeneralAssmbleyissimilartodemocracy. Eachnationhas a representative and theydiscusstheirproblems and trytofind a peacefulsolution. Oneof the mostimportantdocumentsis the Universal DeclerationofRights. Thisdocumentdrawsdemocraticideas and sets a worldwide standard foreconimic, social and politicalrights. The declerationwascreatedtohaveaninternational code ofconduct. Democracyis a verydifficultthingtoachieve and can beeasilybelost , itisan idea whostrenghtcomesfrom the leaders and mostimportantfrom the people.

46. PrimarySources Modern World History: PatternsofInteraction, McDougalLittell, 2001

47. Conclusion The mostimportant stage for the creationofmoderndemocracyhasbeen the LegacyofAncientGreece and Rome. The first steps are always the mostimportant and theyweremadeby the Greece and Romans. Withoutthesetwolegacydemocracywouldoftakenmany more yearstobediscovered . All the otherstages are based on the AncientGreece and Roman legacy. The twomostimportant people fordemocracyhavelivedduringAncientGreece, and theywereSolon and Cleithenes. Theywere the first tobringdemocracyinto the world. Itwas the first timethatpoliticalreformsweremadefor the citizens and gavethemrightstowardunjustice. People startedvoting and citizensstartedtobeallequal. In AncientGreeceanimportant leader calledPericlesstartedpayingjurors and public office. ThankstohimGreecedeveloped in a directdemocracy. Duringthatperiodphilosophersquestioned a lotofimportantthingsthathelped people understand the world in a different way. The philosophersencouragepoepletoexaminetheirbeliefs and people startedthinkingaboutbeingabletogovernthemselves so having a democracy. Theyalsowere the first tothinkabout the threebranches in the government (legistlative,branch, executive branch, and jusicalbranch). The romansbelievedthatlawsshoudbebased on principles, just like the Grecce. Theywere the first tohave a written code oflawsthatcouldbeuniversallyapplied. Theywerealso the first tohave a republic. Thankstothiswritten code al people, aslorulerscouldbeheldaccountablefortheiractions. Forallthesereasons ,the first stage, LegacyofAncientGreece and Rome, is the mostimportant stage for the creationofmoderndemocracy.