What Is Essay Structure

Essay about Organizational Structures
Introduction
McShane and Von Glinow state that "the best organizational structure depends on the organization's
external environment, size, technology, and strategy" (409). To identify the best organizational
structure for ProtegГ© Engineering, I will first determine what 'Organizational Structure' means. In
a second step I will analyze its elements and carve out the important components for the considered
organization. Finally I will provide a conclusion and recommendation. Organizational Structures
In general, organizational structure is related to the way that an organization organizes employees
and jobs, so that its work can be performed and its goals can be met. McShane and Von Glinow
define 'Organizational Structure' in...show more content...
We can admit that informal communication is necessary in no routine and ambiguous situations
because employees can exchange large volume of information through face–to–face communication
and other media–rich channels. Therefore informal communication is important for ProtegГ©
Engineering because their work involve new and novel situations when developing specific solutions
for each client. Even if informal communication is difficult in large firms it can be possible when
keeping each production site small (McShane and Von Glinow 388). Now, that we identified what
organizational structure means, and that informal communication is necessary for ProtegГ©
Engineering, we need some more information of how structures differ from each other. McShane and
Von Glinow state that "every company is configured in terms of four basic elements of
organizational structure"; namely: span of control, centralization, formalization, and
departmentalization (390). Further on, I will explain these four elements and carve out what this
means for ProtegГ© Engineering.
The span of control "refers to the number of people directly reporting to the next level hierarchy"
(McShane and Von Glinow 390). Today's research found out that a wider span of control (many
employee directly reporting to the management) is more appropriate especially for companies with
staff members that coordinate their work mainly through standardized skills and do not
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Social Structure Theory Essay
Social Structure Theory Holly Barnes CJS/231 August 30, 2015 Professor Chris Rosbough There
are several theories created by many thinkers of our time that believes that societal, financial, and
social arrangements and/or structures as the main cause of criminal behavior. In society, depending
on where you are, there are usually some unwritten norms that are expected to be followed. It can
be in a business corporation, out in the streets, at home. Usually there will be two sets of norms
that is expected to be followed that causes an individual to feel torn. However, the feeling of being
torn is the inner battle of doing the right thing, conscience or keeping yourself alive. The video,
"Tent City, Arizona" was chosen to be watched
...show more content...
Although the theories were not clearly spelled out in the video, it could be clearly portrayed by
the cluster of races as well as how they ran each cluster internally. The first social structure theory
that could be identified is the social disorganization where the prisoners would come from their
world outside the prison where they had freedom of choices as well as freedom to have whatever
they wanted. They knew people in their lives and had the bonds with their families. Once they
came into the prison, it was clear that they wouldn't know anybody with exception of a few
people and only interacted with each other due to their races. Although they knew the rules of the
prison, they had a separate unwritten rule made up for their races which was basically to keep an
eye out for each other or face consequences such as bashings, stabbings, or get killed. As Professor
John Fuller (2011), states in his lecture, "society is not organized and so people don't know what
is right, they don't know exactly what the rules are and so they are free to kind of make up things
as they go along. They don't have, they are not bonded to each other as neighbors, and so they look
at each other, particularly in an emerging capitalist society, they look at each other as targets of
opportunity for financial gain, rather than necessarily people to care about and to connect with." As
a result, prisoners are expected to continue breaking

Rank Structure Essay
The Importance of Rank Structure in the Marine Corps Rank structure is important to the Marine
Corps because it form one of the fundamental backbones of military service. Many believe that
with rank structure the Marine Corps or any other military organization could not function. This is
has been proven fact over the centuries by the countless of mob armies that has arisen in history
of the fall apart because they had no clear leadership. One of the ways that rank structure is
important is that it is like a link of chains. This chain forms a link between the highest officer to the
lowest of the enlisted. This chain allows for the anywhere in the chain of command for an order to
be issued and it will go down the chain to the level...show more content...
This is also one of the most important reasons for the rank structure to have been created is that
any time a commander can find out the condition of his troops. And this of course is something
that every commander especially if the commander is going in to a wartime environment would
like to know what strength he is has. Rank structure is vital to the Marine Corps or any military
organization because rank structure is the basis of where all discipline in the ranks comes from.
Without a rank structure know one would know who is in charge of who and everyone would
start to trying to take charge in their own way cause confusion and disorder through the ranks.
Also without rank structure, when rules or orders are broken in a military organization it is up to
the superior of that person to discipline that person, no one would know who was supposed to
merit the discipline or who is supposed to carry out the discipline thus cause more chaos and
anarchy. Therefore in conclusion we see that without rank structure, military organization such as the
Marine Corps could not function. Without rank structure the Marine Corps would be in disorder
and disarray, because it would have no idea who was in charge and who was suppose to be the foot
soldiers. Therefore maintaining proper rank structure is the responsibility of the highest ranking
officer to the lowest ranking private in boot

Family Structure Essay
A family is made up of two or more people, related by birth, marriage, or adoption and residing in
the same home. Society's definition of 'family' is expanding and includes single parents, blended
families, unrelated individuals living cooperatively, and homosexual couples, among others.
Unfortunately, family guidelines have been slow to catch up to changing trends in modern lifestyles
(Crawford, 1999).
The complex family, or a family structure involving more than two adults, was prevalent before the
industrial revolution. The primary component in traditional society was the group, not the
individual. Individuals functioned as part of groups in such a way that their lives were greatly
influenced by the group even more so than by...show more content...
China's ongoing economic revolution has had a profound impact not only on China but on the
world. The market oriented reforms China has implemented over the past two decades have made
way for individual inventiveness and entrepreneurship. The result has been the largest decline of
poverty and one of the fastest increases in income levels ever recorded. China today is the third
largest economy in the world, and is projected to pass Japan to become second largest by the end of
2010 (Hamlin, 2010). It has sustained average economic growth of over 9.5% for the past 26 years
(Department of State, 2010). In 2009 its $4.814 trillion economy was about one third the size of the
U.S. economy (Department of State, 2010). U.S. exporters maintain concerns about protection of
intellectual property rights, fair market admittance due to strict testing and standards requirements
for some imported products, and policies appearing to pursue import replacement. In addition, a lack
of simplicity in the regulatory process complicates the process for businesses to plan changes in the
domestic market structure.
One of the severe harmful consequences of China's rapid industrial development has been increased
pollution and deprivation of natural resources. China surpassed the U.S. as the world's largest
emitter of carbon dioxide in 2007 (Harrabin, 2008). Almost all of the nation's rivers are considered
polluted to

1.2
At least two different organizational structures are identified, described, and compared in terms of
their design principles.
Ans: –
1.Organisational Structure – It is a structure which is used to elaborate ranking in an organisation. It
is also define as an organizational structure which defines how activities such as task portion,
division and guidance are directed towards the achievement of organizational purposes.
2. There are different types of organisational structures. Two of them are Organic and Mechanistic.
Organic – An organic organisation is a kind of casual association represented by English scholars
Tom burns and George Stalker. As indicated by Blazes and Stalker, a natural association is one that
is especially changeable and has the capacity adjust well to changes. Its structure is special as having
little employment activity, few layers of administration, decentralized choice making and very little
direct supervision.
Mechanistic – A mechanistic organisation is an idea grew by English scholars Tom Burns and G.M.
Stalker in their work titled "the management of innovation" (1961). As indicated by them, qualities
of a mechanistic organisation mix a high level of learned many–sided quality, solution and
concentration.
3. Differentiation between Organic and Mechanistic structures
MechanisticOrganic
Individual specialization:
In this, employees mostly works separately on one taskJoint Specialization:
In this , employees

Describe A Molecule's Structure
One of the key factors affecting a molecule's efficiency within an organism is its individual,
particular structure. A molecule's structure depends on many different components including the
type of molecule and bonding forces present. A molecule's structure is also based on a molecule's
purpose, and a molecule's structure can be paramount to a function performing correctly within a
cell. Since molecules are assigned specific structures they are expected to perform individual tasks
for the body which allow an organism to function properly as a whole. The unique structure of
proteins, water, and nucleic acids is essential to many imperative functions that allow an organisms
to survive and prosper. The distinct structure of proteins, which make up...show more content...
A molecule of water is made up of two hydrogen atoms that are covalently bonded to a single
oxygen atom at an angle or 104.5В°. Due to its intermolecular forces, water is classified as polar
and is known as the "universal solvent" and is able to dissolve other polar substances and acts as
the solvent for several chemicals which are part of important chemical processes. Water's unique
structure also allows it to be less dense in its solid state which allows many aquatic organisms living
within the water to survive in the liquid water beneath the solid ice. Water also has strong surface
tension and a high melting and boiling point which allows water to exist in exceptionally hot
climates as well. One important function maintained by water is waste removal which helps a cell to
function more efficiently. In additional to waste removal, water also transports many important
nutrients to cells and is key in maintaining homeostasis by regulating conditions in order to retain
stability within a cell. Without water many vital processes wouldn't be able to occur, and without
water humans can live no longer than 3 to 5

Internal Structure of the Earth
<center>What is the evidence for our knowledge of the internal structure of the Earth?<
/center> As we enter the twenty first century we are beginning to learn more and more
about the composition of the Earth. Early predictions have thrown up some rather strange and
peculiar thoughts as to what is making up our Earth, but now dayВЎВ¦s scientists can be confident
that the Earth is made up of what they think. As from experiments and other sources of information a
picture to what is really down there is becoming much clearer. So how do these scientists
know that the EarthВЎВ¦s sections are made up of different compositions, and how do we know
that the physical state of each layer is what it is? The outmost layer of the...show more
content...
This time could then be scaled up to give the results of what they though would be the times for the
P and then the S–waves to arrive at other destinations. This theory was correct, further away from the
point of the epicentre, first the P–waves arrived followed by the S–waves a few minutes later. So
then they thought that this would be the case for all over the globe, but they found out something
else. They tried to predict the time they expected the waves to reach a destination on exactly on the
other side of the globe, so they scaled up the time interval between the two waves arriving. First the
P–wave arrived, on time as they expected but the S–wave didnВЎВ¦t, this was because the P–waves
can travel through any physical state. However S–waves can only travel through solids which is
why they can pass through the mantle, so a change of physical state must happen in the middle of the
mantle somewhere. The area where the S–waves enter and do not come back out is called the
shadow zone. The P–waves also have a shadow zone. This would be from about 105ВўX to 142ВўX
marked from the Focus of the earthquake. This is because when the P–waves enter the core they are
bent downwards, they are then bent down again when they leave the core–mantle boundary. So no
waves can emerge at the surface before 142ВўX. From these results scientists are
convinced that inside the mantle there is a molten core that must be blocking out the
S–waves. So scientists have very good

Structure and Agency Essay
Structure and agency are two theoretical terms used to explain the capacity at which we as people
are able to be individuals, and to what extent those influences limit our individuality. Structure refers
to the ways in which a society is organized. Agency refers to the behaviors and actions of the
individuals within the social structure. Agency is limited by the structure due to cultural barriers and
inequalities within the structure. In this essay, I will present an overview of why critical theorists
are concerned with those inequalities, and I will further identify the problems within the system
contributing to the unequal access to the public sphere, relating specifically to class and gender
inequalities. Society is highly...show more content...
As Habermas puts it "the relationship of the individual to the state has increasingly become one of
client or consumer services, rather than citizen" (Roberts & Crossley, 5). Due to the limited agency
(citizens' roles) within this sphere, we can conclude that the ongoing competition and negotiation
for a role in the public sphere ends with strictly dominant views. In such a monarchy, ordinary
citizens such as lower classes and women have limited input when debating politics among other
things. The ideal of a place where all opinions are counted, so to speak, fails to provide a sense of
individual identity. This is due to the fact that it is pre–destined by the state itself and then turned
back to the people– telling them what they will think about particular issues; shown especially
through the controlling lens of the media. According to Marx, those who have power over society
exert their control as a result of economic power and therefore determine the dominant ideologies
within the superstructure model. Being the greater economical and cultural barrier, the structure
provides the social world with norms, rules and beliefs pertaining to age, gender, class and one's
cultural identity. Within that structure it becomes apparent that inequalities restrict your agency in
terms of nationality, geographical location, class etc. In agreement with Marx, the dominant views
are generally the views of the superior class; the elite. One example

Social Structure and Its Effect On Our Lives
Social structures are constraints that affect the lives of both the affluent and the indigent members of
society. Each society has its own set of social arrangements for example; class, gender and ethnicity
are all constraints that each society has to deal with in one way or another. One of the most
fundamental of the social structures would be class. Class structure is found in all societies and is
the key source of economical inequality. Members of different class groups start their lives with
unequal opportunities. This means that when someone is born into a poor household they will
undoubtedly remain in the same economical situation they began in. Gender is another important
According to McGregor (1989) class is the main cause of inequality and social injustice in Australia.
The prime explanation for this is that members of different class groups begin their lives with
unequal opportunities, this affects the education they will receive, the social connections they will
make and even the way they speak and behave. McGregor also argues that the class one belongs to is
determined by many factors, these include; power, family background, wealth, lifestyle, mannerisms,
social interactions, and employment. Class can be separated into three categories, upper class, middle
class and lower class.
According to Abercrombie (2000) the upper class is distinguished from the rest by its wealth and
power. The upper class consists of very few people; McGregor argues that it may be as little 1% of
society's population. The people in this group are employers, they own large quantities of land, and
some are self–employed or have a career as managers or professionals. Wealth is distributed among
the upper class members mainly through inheritance. With greater wealth people have the
opportunity to manipulate the life that they will lead. The education system reinforces many
inequalities insuring that members of the highest class have better opportunities and elevated
chances of achieving greatness. Members

Hospital's Organizational Structure Hospitals have organizational structures that allows them to
carry out their duties efficiently and successfully. What separates the organizational structure of a
healthcare organization from a business, essentially that the hospital 's organization is chiefly
founded on the amalgamation of medical and administrative staff (Carayon, et al., 2014). The
organizational structure of the twenty–first century solutions in health care hospitals involves, both
divisional and hierarchical structure. In the of the chain of command hierarchy, there are various
levels of professional's that fall under other levels within the facility, and each staff member is
organized in regards to departments that are related to their (KSA's) skills, attributes and job duties
(Carayon, et al., 2014). Hospital organization philosophies is based on development of values and
ethics, with the understanding on moral principles relating to human conduct. These systems are
comprised with the processes in decision making and determining the best actions to consider
between the difficult alternatives when pertaining to patient care. Administrative staff remains at the
top– level of the organizational structure, formulated of individual's that have ownership
(stakeholders) with the functions of operations in the healthcare facility. These important individuals
are accountable for the enforcement on policies and regulations, with ensuring the implementation
for public

Essay about Structuralism
Structuralism
Structuralism is a mode of thinking and a method of analysis practiced in 20th–century social
sciences and humanities; it focuses on recurring patterns of thought and behaviour – it seeks to
analyse social relationships in terms of highly abstract relational structures. Structuralism is
distinctly different from that applied to Radcliffe–Brown – it involves more the bio and
psychological aspect of human studies rather than social structures. Claude Levi–Strauss was the one
to pioneer structuralism; he suggested that cultural phenomena such as myths, art, kinship systems
and language display certain ordered patterns or structures. With these, he believed that the structure
of the human mind could be revealed. He reasoned...show more content...
All cultures think in to terms of opposites so as to classify–meaning we must be able to distinguish
between things. For example, life, death; spirit, body; black, white; red, green (stop and go) – these
words alone do not carry much significance; they have a meaning and that's it – basic facts. We take
the words as they are by use of external references from what society acknowledges to it to be. A pen
is not an eraser because society has accepted it to be a pen.
Levi–Strauss argued that culture is to be understood as a surface phenomenon which reveals the
universal human tendency to order and classify experiences and dynamics. He compared people's
language to the 'rules' that govern society, in that the governed are largely unconscious of what they
know. He compared speech – the use of sounds and rules, mainly in the form of sentences to the
ideas and behaviour that result from the application of largely unconscious social rules. Members
of a society are much more likely to be conscious of their actual ideas and behaviours than they are
of the deeply structured rules that make these ideas and behaviours possible, but the ideas and
behaviours of a given group of people, according to Strauss, can only be understood once the "deep"
structures in their minds can be discovered. He says that human responses are largely dissimilar, and
that the surface structure is what will consequently show different

My Family Structure
I grew up in a nuclear family. There are four people in my family, consists of my father, mother,
my sister and me. My father is 62 years old. He's working as a insurance agent. My mother is 10
years younger than my father. She used to work as a store manager before she gave birth to me.
She quitted her job in order to take care of me and my sister because she believes that the mother
daughter bond can grow stronger day by day by spending time with us. My sisters and I are four
years apart. She is currently studying in Tsun Jin Independent School. Even though we fought a lot
growing, got mad at each other, but she is still my one and only sister and that's all that matters. I
think is normal for siblings to fight despite the age difference...show more content...
I am also aware of my role as a student, studying and doing the best I can to score in my exams so
that in the future I may provide a higher living standard to my family. For my sister, apart from also
being a student like myself, she basically carries the role of the helper at home. Unlike myself, she
spends a lot of time at home with mom while I'm out doing assignments and juggling college life.
By spending a lot of time at home, she spends more time with my mom, helping her with house
chores. With all these roles, comes rules as well, my parents have always given my sister and I
curfews. It is understandable because of all the crime rates shooting sky high these days, our parents
just wants us to be safe. Another important rule set by my parents is that all family members must
have dinner together. This is so that all of us can have our bonding time as a family. Communication
is the knot that ties it all and it is no doubt the most important thing needed in any kind of
relationship. For my family, the communication methods that we practice are pretty much very
decent. My parents, after years and years of being together, they can understand each other very
well. They can understand each other without even saying a word, just a face expression would do.
My parents communicate differently as compared to when they communicate with my sister and
myself. This is because of the hieratical

Gender Social Structure
In the article Gender as a Social Structure: Theory Wrestling with Activism was explained how
gender is a structure that has affected all aspects in our society. Since gender is a result of
sociocultural it creates the roles that both men and women should follow if they want to be accepted
in society, which have created inequality for women. I agree with the author that gender is a social
structure that affect our identity; however, our identity can be affected different depend on society
that the individuals live in. Since there are so many structural factors that affect our identity such
as ethnicity, cultural background, family values, and religion. The social structure of gender could
be encouraged by the way parents act with their children, by their beliefs about how their children
should behave and by the toys they buy for them. For example, girls are expected to play with
dolls and be lovable, nurture, and emotional. Boys are expected to play with action figures and be
aggressive. As a result, clothes, toys, and the language used with children has constructed gender
roles at a young age. This could prove how social influences affect gender notions, behaviors, and
institution concerning gender. Furthermore, cultural and religious have an influential impact on
gender identity and in many ways, promote stereotypes beliefs against women and lead to
inequality. For example, when a society depends on religious or cultural motives we see that
women are viewed as weak or

Essay On Business Structure
When brainstorming to start a business, it is essential to research the most efficient way to start a
company and all the liabilities that can happen. Business can become successful with the right
person in place and a unique idea. When making a company, it is crucial to determine the structure,
which organization to start with and the liability that is involved. When taking a closer look at five
different company structures Sole Proprietorship, General Partnership, Limited Partnership, S/C
Corporation, and Limited Liability. Which have not honored the contract and are at risk for legal
actions. The various liabilities between each owner will be discussed. Which will analyze ways to
limit liability and display my future business...show more content...
Now, A partnership is formed between two individuals and the agreement should be in a contract
form or writing. The next two types that are discussed are general partnership and limited
partnership. Silverbrand (2008) stated Partnerships are the primary form of business which larger
companies begin (p.167). Partnerships are simple to start, no required registration only within
certain states, and can end quite rapidly. A general partnership is where each partner is equal to
liability or any litigation consequences. In a limited partnership, the liability is limited equal to the
amount the limited partners at first invested. In fact, sometimes limited partners do not make
business decisions but, own stock within the company. Basically, an LLC, with its hybrid nature,
"provides owners...with the limited liability protection of a corporation, but without the potential
for double taxation" (Jordan & Clark, 1197). The income created from a general partnership of a
business is taxed as income earned by the person working for a different company. When starting a
partnership it is best to discuss the amount of liability that each partner is responsible for. Which,
will help when looking at the type of litigation described.
The most recognized companies are Corporations and LLC's. According to Sonderquist (2000)
Corporations are similar to limited partnerships

The Structure Of An Organization Essay
STRUCTURE
The structure of an organization, along with its policies and procedures, has a direct impact on how
an organization operates and how well it will perform. The structure of an organization describes
how a company is organized. This may include roles, responsibilities, authority chains and
relationships. Facilities Management is headed by Vice President Kevin Freeman under the
immediate direction of Assistant Vice President Mark Rodolf. The management team of Facilities
Management includes the Assistant Vice President, the Physical Plant Director and Assistant
Director, an Assistant Director of Facilities Operations, and the Director of Architectural and
Engineering Services. The management group is solely responsible for deriving, articulating,
communicating and implementing the vision and direction of Facilities Management. Three
separate divisions comprise Facilities Management: Architectural and Engineering Services, the
Physical Plant, and the business team. Figure 2 represents the Facilities Management organizational
chart as of November 2016.
Architectural and Engineering Services is a sole entity that employs eight team members. The
Physical Plant is made up of seven different shops: carpentry, electrical, landscaping/turf
management, motor pool, paint, plumbing and recycling/setup. The business team includes material
supply, campus mail, inventory and receiving, as well as the finance team.
The structure of Facilities is four levels deep. A

Mg/561 Organizational Structure
Date: January 18, 2013
To: MG 561 Class
From: Jessica Rushing
Subject: "Organizational Structure"
Introduction:
Organizational structure provides the framework of an organization determining how roles and
responsibilities are delegated throughout the different levels of the organization. It has been defined
by some as the looking glass through which coworkers see their organization and its surrounding
environment while others have described structure as the backbone of the organization. In this memo,
I will briefly discuss the importance of organizational structure, give examples of some major
organizational structures, and provide factors influencing the choice of organizational structure.
Importance of Organizational...show more content...
For organizations which produce standardized goods and services, a functional service is beneficial.
Within this structure, employees perform very specialized tasks (Naoum, 2001). For example, an
engineering department would be staffed with only software engineers. Divisional structures, also
known as product structures, groups each function into a division. Automobile industries typically
use this divisional structure. Within this industry, divisions may include: SUVs, subcompact cars,
and sedans. Although not discussed in detail in this memo, other organizational structures include:
organizational circle, team, network, lattice, and virtual ("Organizational Structure", 2013).
Factors influencing the choice of Organizational Structure
The following factors can affect the type of structure which an organization may use: strategy,
characteristics, management, operation, and environment. Strategy is the most important factor
influencing type of structure. According to Phillips and Gulley in their book Organizational
Behavior: Tools for Success, higher performance will be achieved if structure and strategy are
directly related). Organizational characteristics include the age and size of the organization. If the
organization is small, there is less need for formal structure as communication

Structure Of A Work Breakdown Structure Essay
Work Breakdown Structure
Name
Institution
Work Breakdown Structure
Importance of A WBS and How the WBS It May Contribute To the Success of the Project
A Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) refers to the breakdown of all the tasks that are vital to
ensure a successful completion of a project. Notably, a work breakdown structure is normally
organized in a hierarch. In addition, it is designed to give room for clear as well as logical
assemblages, either with regard to undertakings or deliverables (Haughey, 2014). It is a general
principle that the WBS should be a representation the activities acknowledged in the sanctioned
Project Scope. Further, the structure acts as a statement as well as an early groundwork for
effective development of the schedule as and estimation of cost. Normally, the project manager
develops a WBS as a predecessor to an oncoming project schedule that contains more details (Martin,
2010).
A work breakdown structure is a key undertaking deliverable that composes the work done by a
team into reasonable areas. The Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) characterizes
the work breakdown structure as a deliverable arranged progressive decomposition of the work to be
executed by the venture group. A work breakdown structure component might be a product,
information, administration, or any mix thereof. Additionally, an effective work breakdown structure
gives the essential structure to cost evaluation and control alongside giving

Lewis Structure
Drawing a Lewis Structure
Lewis structure is the structure of a molecule in which dots are used to show the electron position
around the atoms that make up the molecule.
In order to produce the Lewis structure of a molecule, there are certain steps one needs to follow
(they are five (5) in number). Basically what I will do is to use the molecule methane (CH4) as
example to show you how to draw the Lewis structure of any molecule.
First Step
In order to produce the Lewis structure of methane, the first step is to count and determine the total
valence electron present in methane (or any molecule of interest). Methane is made up of carbon
and hydrogen atoms (CH4). The valence of carbon is 4 and that of hydrogen is 1. Since we have four
Checking the octet rule means counting the number of pair electrons around carbon to know if they
are up to eight. If yes, it means that we have our final Lewis structure. If no, it takes is to step five.
Looking at the second figure above, the octet rule is satisfied. This means that the final Lewis
structure of methane is:
Fifth Step
If octet rule is not satisfied, and more electrons remain to be shared, move one electron per bond per
atom to make another bond. An example is given below for CO2 molecule:
(Source: http://www.chem.ucla.edu/harding/lewisdots.html)
Isomer Questions
Isomers in organic chemistry are compounds that have the same molecular formula but with different
structural formulas.
(1) Pentane is isomer. Its molecular formula is: C5H12. Other compounds that have this same
molecular formula are: 2–methylbutane and 2,2–dimethylpropane. These three compounds have
different structural formulas (see below):
(2) 2–methylbutane is an isomer. See above, it is an isomer of Pentane.
(3) 2,3–dimethylbutane is an isomer of hexane. Their molecular formula is: C6H14. Their structural
formulas are shown below:
CH3(CH2)4CH3 for hexane and CH3CH(CH3)CH(CH3)CH3 for 2,3–dimethylbutane.
(4) 2,2–dimethylpropane is an isomer of pentane. See above.
(5) 1–hexene is also an isomer. For further information consult the following site: http:/
/webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=R97406
| |

The Structure Of A Building
Introduction
In several aspects, the structure of a building is vulnerable to failure during the construction
phase. Since buildings are made by humans, using their knowledge, failures are always probable to
happen. These failures may be caused by a single error or a combination of errors. However, the
probability of failure should be predicted and solved by an Engineer of Record during the design of
this building.
Any fail during the construction phase may not involve a construction error. It may be the product
of an error made during design. As engineers, they are responsible to observe the construction as a
complete unit, with all the elements interacting to resist the loads. Failing to consider a load or
combination of loads, connection details and calculation errors are the main cause of accidents,
according to Kenneth (1987). Besides loading, the engineer of record is also responsible for
developing and supervising the construction sequence.
Moreover, according to the code of ethics of ASCE (2010), all engineers need to recognize their
responsibility with the general public, and make their judgments and decisions about structures,
machines and products thinking in their client and target public with the view to avoid collapses
during the construction.
Research studies have concluded that the design aspect of projects has contributed to increase
accidents in the construction. Studies also have proved that besides any calculation, responsible
considerations in the

The Structural Theory of Functionalism Essay
In social science, Functionalism is the theory that put pressure on the dependence of the patterns and
institutions of our society and her interaction by preserving her cultural and society unity. In
Sociology, functionalism came from the sociologist EMILE DURKHEIM, who viewed our society
as a sort of "ORGANISM" that brings with it certain "needs" that must be complete. The American
sociologist Talcott Parsons analysed very extensive societies with regards to their social order,
integration and stability. The structural theory of Functionalism is a vast perspective in social
science which directs to the attention of the social structure of the function and its components.
Those components are called norms, values, status and role....show more content...
These key functions are called A.G.I.L. In order to understand social order lets have a look at the
explanations of how and why all societies stick together. There are two different types of
explanations for social order, which can be associated to the sociologist EMILE DURKHEIM on
one hand and the sociologist KARL MARX on the other. The former sociologist E DURKHEIM
is also associated with another sociologist called TALCOTT PARSONS put their attentions on the
role that shared norms and values plays by preserving cohesion in our society. For the sociologist
DURKHEIM, this importance emerged out of his critique of social thought. For EMILE
DURKHEIM, by comparative estimate, questions on the morality were central to the explanation
on social integration. His view rested on shared beliefs and values, which were located on the
conscience collective. However, the coming of industrial society sees the arising of a new form
of organic analogy which is based on the emerging out of socialisation. While EMILE
DURKHEIM did not refuse the existence of conflict and the use of force, and specially in time of
rapid change social change, TALCOTT PARSONS indicate the importance of moral consensus as a
necessary to subsequent condition for social order. He saw Organic analogy as a different and
modified form of the conscience collective and argued that

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