Technology in medicine

1. SEMEY MEDICALSEMEY MEDICAL
UNIVERSITYUNIVERSITY

2. How are computers used
in medicine?

3. Medical informaticsMedical informatics
The storage, analysis, andThe storage, analysis, and
communication of information Icommunication of information I
medicinemedicine
•CommunicationCommunication
•InternetInternet
•Medical recordsMedical records
•Diagnostic SupportDiagnostic Support
•Pharmaceutical PrescriptionsPharmaceutical Prescriptions
•Health System ModelingHealth System Modeling
•Data MiningData Mining

4. Administrative ApplicationsAdministrative Applications
Patient recordsPatient records
BillingBilling
Filing Insurance claimsFiling Insurance claims
Imaging DataImaging Data
Transcribing reportsTranscribing reports
Scheduling appointmentsScheduling appointments

5. Clinical and SpecialClinical and Special
Patient dataPatient data
Pharmaceutical referencingPharmaceutical referencing
Medical guidelinesMedical guidelines
CalculationsCalculations
Scheduling and appointmentsScheduling and appointments
Databases of pharmacy numbers, consultants,Databases of pharmacy numbers, consultants,
etcetc
Contact among other medical professionalsContact among other medical professionals

6. Computer-Assisted surgeryComputer-Assisted surgery
Use computers, cameras, and roboticUse computers, cameras, and robotic
arms to examine and perform surgically-arms to examine and perform surgically-
non-invasive procedures on a patient.non-invasive procedures on a patient.
Knee repairKnee repair
Gall bladder removalGall bladder removal
Unblocking arteriesUnblocking arteries

7. ProstheticsProsthetics
DesigningDesigning
FittingFitting
Control of prostheticsControl of prosthetics
Monitoring use of prostheticsMonitoring use of prosthetics

8. PharmacyPharmacy
Client recordsClient records
InventoryInventory
InsuranceInsurance
GuidelinesGuidelines
Pharmaceutical referencesPharmaceutical references
BillingBilling
ContactsContacts

9. How is digital imaging
used in the radiology
these days?

10. Digital ImagingDigital Imaging
No developing process – quickerNo developing process – quicker
Copies as good as originalCopies as good as original
Viewed on computer screenViewed on computer screen
Can be transmitted over phone linesCan be transmitted over phone lines
Less radiationLess radiation
More flexibleMore flexible
Can be highlighted or enhancedCan be highlighted or enhanced

11. Traditional X-RaysTraditional X-Rays
Traditional X-rays use electromagnetic waves toTraditional X-rays use electromagnetic waves to
make pictures. The high-energy waves travelmake pictures. The high-energy waves travel
through soft tissue but not through the densethrough soft tissue but not through the dense
materials of bone. It can be used to detectmaterials of bone. It can be used to detect
pathology of the skeletal system as well as somepathology of the skeletal system as well as some
soft tissuesoft tissue
Used in orthopedics and dentistryUsed in orthopedics and dentistry
videovideo

12. Digital X-RaysDigital X-Rays
Computers make pictures usingComputers make pictures using
mathematical informationmathematical information
Appear instantly on the computer screenAppear instantly on the computer screen
Can be emailed to others for help inCan be emailed to others for help in
diagnosisdiagnosis
Can be manipulated by the computer toCan be manipulated by the computer to
create better imagescreate better images
Allows greater access to radiology inAllows greater access to radiology in
remote areasremote areas

13. MammographyMammography
a low-dose x-ray system for thea low-dose x-ray system for the
examination of breasts.examination of breasts.
A mammogram is used as a screeningA mammogram is used as a screening
tool to detect early breast cancer intool to detect early breast cancer in
womenwomen
plays a central part in early detection ofplays a central part in early detection of
breast cancersbreast cancers
show changes in the breast up to twoshow changes in the breast up to two
years before a patient or physician canyears before a patient or physician can
feel them.feel them.

14. UltrasoundUltrasound
Also called sonography,Also called sonography,
uses of reflected high-frequency sounduses of reflected high-frequency sound
waves to create imagewaves to create image
Captured in real-timeCaptured in real-time
Examine movement of objectExamine movement of object
VideoVideo

15. Computerized TomographyComputerized Tomography
(CT)(CT)
CAT scanCAT scan
uses special x-ray equipment to obtainuses special x-ray equipment to obtain
image data from different angles aroundimage data from different angles around
the bodythe body
computer processing of the informationcomputer processing of the information
shows a cross-section of body tissues andshows a cross-section of body tissues and
organs.organs.
VideoVideo

16. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
uses radiofrequency waves and a stronguses radiofrequency waves and a strong
magnetic field to create imagesmagnetic field to create images
Has a broad use for diagnosisHas a broad use for diagnosis
videovideo

17. Positron-Emission Tomography (PET)Positron-Emission Tomography (PET)
PET ScanPET Scan
radioactive material is injected into bodyradioactive material is injected into body
radiation from the emission of positronsradiation from the emission of positrons
Used to view cancer and blood flowUsed to view cancer and blood flow
Uses to study Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’sUses to study Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s
VideoVideo

18. Interventional RadiographyInterventional Radiography
use previously mentioned technology touse previously mentioned technology to
insert catheters to treat disease (throughinsert catheters to treat disease (through
the skin).the skin).
Advantages: outpatient, less cost, lessAdvantages: outpatient, less cost, less
pain, local anesthesiapain, local anesthesia

19. Stereotactic RadiosurgeryStereotactic Radiosurgery
delivery of a single high dose of radiationdelivery of a single high dose of radiation
in a one-day session to a tumorin a one-day session to a tumor
Mainly for brain tumorsMainly for brain tumors
videovideo

20. Focused UltraSound ImagingFocused UltraSound Imaging
ultrasound beams are focused on a tissueultrasound beams are focused on a tissue
temperature within the tissue rises to moretemperature within the tissue rises to more
than 65°C, completely destroying it.than 65°C, completely destroying it.

21. What is Telemedicine?What is Telemedicine?

22. TelemedicineTelemedicine
Definition: “The use of computers, theDefinition: “The use of computers, the
Internet, and other communicationInternet, and other communication
technologies to provide medical care totechnologies to provide medical care to
patients at a distance.”patients at a distance.”
Includes:Includes:
–DiagnosesDiagnoses
–Patient monitoringPatient monitoring
–TreatmentsTreatments

23. TelemedicineTelemedicine
Telehealth:Telehealth:
–Larger field that includes health-Larger field that includes health-
related educationrelated education
–public health researchpublic health research
–health services administrationhealth services administration

24. TelemedicineTelemedicine
Advantages:Advantages:
–Brings high quality medical care toBrings high quality medical care to
anyone regardless of distanceanyone regardless of distance
–Decreases patient wait timeDecreases patient wait time
–Decreases patient travel timeDecreases patient travel time

25. TelemedicineTelemedicine
Teleradiology: Oldest form of telemedicineTeleradiology: Oldest form of telemedicine
using computers andusing computers and
telecommunications .telecommunications .
Interactive video conferencing:Interactive video conferencing:
Conferencing that allows medicalConferencing that allows medical
professionals and patients to consult inprofessionals and patients to consult in
real-time, using telephones and videoreal-time, using telephones and video
screens.screens.

26. TelemedicineTelemedicine
Telepathology: Transmission ofTelepathology: Transmission of
microscopic images overmicroscopic images over
telecommunications lines allowing thetelecommunications lines allowing the
pathologist to view images on a monitorpathologist to view images on a monitor
instead of under a microscope.instead of under a microscope.
Telepsychiatry: Uses teleconferencing toTelepsychiatry: Uses teleconferencing to
deliver psychotherapy. May not bedeliver psychotherapy. May not be
suitable for some types of mental illness.suitable for some types of mental illness.

27. TelemedicineTelemedicine
Remote monitoring devicesRemote monitoring devices
– Telespironmetry-Telespironmetry-
used for asthma patientsused for asthma patients
information transmitted over telephone lines toinformation transmitted over telephone lines to
remote locationremote location
– Arrhythmia monitoringArrhythmia monitoring
ECG telemetry that monitors a patient’s cardiacECG telemetry that monitors a patient’s cardiac
status and sends it to a remote locationstatus and sends it to a remote location

28. Effectiveness of TelemedicineEffectiveness of Telemedicine
Examining a patient at a distance is notExamining a patient at a distance is not
the same as examining that patient face tothe same as examining that patient face to
faceface
In prisons, telemedicine has led toIn prisons, telemedicine has led to
decreased costs and improved health caredecreased costs and improved health care
for inmatesfor inmates

29. Effectiveness of TelemedicineEffectiveness of Telemedicine
Medical assistants at the remote sites mayMedical assistants at the remote sites may
be usefulbe useful
Small hospitals and clinics may findSmall hospitals and clinics may find
hardware costs prohibitivehardware costs prohibitive
Research studies generally favorable forResearch studies generally favorable for
medical and cost effectivenessmedical and cost effectiveness

30. Use of TelemedicineUse of Telemedicine
Health care to the elderly (homebound)Health care to the elderly (homebound)
Connect rural primary care physicians toConnect rural primary care physicians to
urban specialistsurban specialists
Allow families of high-risk newborns toAllow families of high-risk newborns to
watch babies’ hospital care from homewatch babies’ hospital care from home
Data can be transmitted from ambulanceData can be transmitted from ambulance
to ERto ER
Patients with chronic illnesses can receivePatients with chronic illnesses can receive
medication reminders at homemedication reminders at home

31. Issues with TelemedicineIssues with Telemedicine
Technical issuesTechnical issues
–appropriate telecommunicationsappropriate telecommunications
infrastructure must be in placeinfrastructure must be in place
–not available in some rural andnot available in some rural and
urban areasurban areas
–requires high bandwidth (cablerequires high bandwidth (cable
modem)modem)

32. Issues with TelemedicineIssues with Telemedicine
Insurance issuesInsurance issues
– insurance may not coverall telemedicineinsurance may not coverall telemedicine
Legal issuesLegal issues
– licensing laws differ in each statelicensing laws differ in each state
– liability is not clearliability is not clear
Privacy issuesPrivacy issues
– electronic medical record subject to misuseelectronic medical record subject to misuse
– HIPPA (Health Insurance Portability andHIPPA (Health Insurance Portability and
Accountability Act of 1996)Accountability Act of 1996)