Blockchain Temporality Smart Contract Time-Specifiability with Blocktime
1. Blockchain Temporality
Smart Contract Time Specifiability with Blocktime
Part of a Series on Cryptophilosophy
cryptophilosophy
Melanie Swan
Philosophy & Economic Theory
New School for Social Research, NY NY
melanie@BlockchainStudies.org
Stony Brook, New York NY, July 7, 2016
Slides: http://slideshare.net/LaBlogga
2. April 22, 2016
Temporality of the Future 1
Melanie Swan
Time Theorist, Philosophy and Economic
Theory, New School for Social Research, NY
Founder, Institute for Blockchain Studies
Singularity University Instructor; Institute for Ethics and
Emerging Technology Affiliate Scholar; EDGE
Essayist; FQXi Advisor (Foundational Questions Inst)
Traditional Markets Background Economic Theory Leadership
http://www.amazon.com/Bitcoin-Blueprint-New-World-Currency/dp/1491920491
Book: Blockchain:
Blueprint for a New
Economy
4. April 22, 2016
Temporality of the Future
Thesis Statement
3
A concept of temporality is needed that is
adequate to the future; a model that has an open
possibility space for both the form and content of time;
that is multiple and complex; discrete and continuous;
and integrates the unstoppable flow of physics and
biology human-time with manipulable compute-time
6. April 22, 2016
Temporality of the Future 5
http://www.robotandhwang.com/attorneys/
Law Firm,
San Francisco CA
How to develop empowering human-
machine collaborations, especially when…
7. April 22, 2016
Temporality of the Future
…humans and machines are running
different time paradigms
Human-time of physics and
biology is continuous, inexorable,
flowing unidirectionally
Fixed endpoints: birth and death
Compute-time is discrete and
malleable, interruptible, with
multiple temporal regimes
(discrete time, no time,
asynchronous time), and the
possibility of evolving new
paradigms such as blocktime
6
8. April 22, 2016
Temporality of the Future
What is time?
7
“A non-spatial continuum that
is measured in terms of
events which succeed one
another from past through
present to future”
– Merriam-Webster
Source: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/time
9. April 22, 2016
Temporality of the Future
Bergson’s Duration (1889)
Two time paradigms
1. Objective (quantitative):
Measurable clocktime
2. Subjective (qualitative): Internal
experience of lived time (flying by,
taking forever, flow state);
duration
Claim: exercise of free will is
possible, by tuning into our
internal qualitative experience,
and acting from there
8
Source: Bergson, Henri. (1889, 2001). Time and Free Will: An Essay on the Immediate Data of Consciousness. Dover Publications,
London UK.
10. April 22, 2016
Temporality of the Future
Husserl’s Retentional-Protentional Internal
Time Consciousness (1893-1917)
Three time paradigms
1. Bergson’s measurable clocktime
(quantitative) as objective time
2. Bergson’s internal sense slow/fast
(qualitative) as phenomenological time
3. A third domain where we comprehend and
distinguish 1 and 2
Any present moment is comprised of a
primal impression (pure perception)
plus a link to what it retains of the past
(retention) and what it anticipates of the
future (pretention)
9
Source: Husserl, Edmund. (1991, 1964). On the Phenomenology of the Consciousness of Internal Time (1893-1917). Kluwer
Academic Publishers: Dordrecht NL.
11. April 22, 2016
Temporality of the Future 10
1. Retention 1. Protention
Present
Now
Primal
Impression
2. Recollection 2. Expectation
(Discrete) (Discrete)
(Continuous) (Continuous)
Husserl’s Internal Time Consciousness
I. Classic Diagram
Primal Impression: pure perception of the present-now moment
Retention-Protention: the link of the primal impression to what it retains
of the just recently-elapsing past (retention) and what it anticipates of
the rapidly-arriving future (protention); the horizon might be immediate
(only surrounding the present-now point) or extending to include all
recollections and expectations
Recollection-Expectation: discrete elements (snapshots or flows)
composed into re-plays or re-presentations of present-now moments in
new present-now moments when requested or imagined
Source: Husserl, Edmund. (1991, 1964). On the Phenomenology of the Consciousness of Internal Time (1893-1917). Kluwer
Academic Publishers: Dordrecht NL.
Past Future
12. April 22, 2016
Temporality of the Future
A “Middle Third” Time term is needed
Overcome either/or conceptualizations of time
11
Discrete
Snapshot
Digital
Quantitative
Objective
Recollection-Expectation
Computing Clocktime
Machine-time
Continuous
Flow
Analog
Qualitative
Subjective
Retention-Protention
Physics/Biology Time
Human-time
13. April 22, 2016
Temporality of the Future
Why? Cognitive Bias
We know that we are not good at thinking about the future
Always “20 years out” - AI, nanotech, life
extension, fuel cells, grand unified theory
Minsky: computer vision=summer project
Blackswans: positive/negative outliers occur
with greater frequency than anticipated
Procrastination and fMRI studies: we
procrastinate because we think of our future
selves as strangers, third persons no
different than politicians or celebrities
Supports Parfit: personal identity is not required
for survival, but relational experience between
past/future selves and experience is
12
Sources: http://nautil.us/issue/9/time/why-we-procrastinate citing van Gelder JL, Hershfield HE, Nordgren LF. (2013).
Vividness of the future self predicts delinquency. Psychol Sci. 24(6):974-80, and Pronin, Emily. (2008). How we see
ourselves and how we see others. Science. 320(5880):1177-80.
14. April 22, 2016
Temporality of the Future
Thus we need a Temporality of the Future
A temporality in a more
open non-determined
possibility space of both
form and content,
where new trajectories
might be possible
A temporality of
multiplicity and
complexity
Non-linear, dynamic,
emergent, open, unknowable
at the outset, interdependent,
self-organizing
13
Source: Morin, Edgar. (2007). "Restricted complexity, general complexity." Trans. C. Gershenson. In Worldviews, Science and Us:
Philosophy and Complexity, ed. C. Gershenson, D. Aerts, and B. Edmonds, 5–29. World Scientific, Singapore.
15. April 22, 2016
Temporality of the Future
Inspiration: Light’s Wave-Particle Duality
The first ever photograph
of light as both a particle
and wave (Mar 2015)
Light's wave-particle
duality imaged in physical
reality for the first time
Schrödinger's cat: dead
or alive?
14
Source: http://phys.org/news/2015-03-particle.html, http://actu.epfl.ch/news/the-first-ever-photograph-of-light-as-both-a-parti
The bottom 'slice' of the image
shows the particles, while the top
image shows light as a wave
Particle
Wave
16. April 22, 2016
Temporality of the Future 15
1. Retention 1. Protention
Present
Now
Primal
Impression
2. Recollection
(Discrete) (Discrete)
A middle kind of time: time as a ‘raw material’ existing uncollapsed as
simultaneously discrete and continuous; a snapshot and a flow (like light as a
superposition of a particle and a wave); a perdurant khôra-spacing; time is an
uncollapsed raw material until deployed into a specific situation
Adds to our conceptual model of time
(Continuous) (Continuous)
Husserl’s Internal Time Consciousness
II. Adding a New Kind of Time: X-tention
Husserl’s Missing Middle Third term
3. X-tention 3. X-tention
2. Expectation
(Discrete and Continuous) (Discrete and Continuous)
Source: Extended from Husserl, Edmund. (1991, 1964). On the Phenomenology of the Consciousness of Internal Time (1893-1917).
Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht NL.
Past Future
17. April 22, 2016
Temporality of the Future
Composability of Physical Time
Information Theory
Formulate spacetime as
simultaneously discrete and
continuous (Shannon’s sampling)
Time and matter are
composable at small scales
Matter at the atomic scale
(1×10−9) via positional
nanoassembly (actual)
Possibly time and matter at the
Planck scale (1×10−35) via Lego-
like time fabric bricks (loop
quantum gravity) (theoretical)
16
Source: http://www.dedoimedo.com/physics/what-is-time.html, Kempf, Achim. (2010). “Spacetime could be simultaneously
continuous and discrete, in the same way that information can be.” New Journal of Physics. 12.
Atomic-scale Positional
Nanoassembly of Matter
Planck-scale ‘Lego-like’
Assembly of Spacetime
19. April 22, 2016
Temporality of the Future
Contemporary Situation
Algorithmic Reality
Increasing presence of technology
Everything is a math problem
Automation economy
Explosion in classes of compute
technology
Personal robotics, drones, IoT (Internet
of Things), BCIs (brain-computer
interfaces), quantified self wearables,
smart cities, smart homes, self-driving
vehicles, factory automation, big data
analytics, recommendation engines,
deep-learning neural nets
18
Source: Swan, M. Rethinking Authority With The Blockchain Crypto Enlightenment. Response to The Edge Question 2016: What do
you consider the most interesting recent news? What makes it important? John Brockman, Ed., 2016.
20. April 22, 2016
Temporality of the Future
Posthuman Futures
Radically-different situations
Life extension, digital societies, cloudminds
Temporality and spatiality have been the
fundamental organizing parameter in the
physical world but less relevant in digital situations
Example: “location” not among 20 features in World-
of-Warcraft event-recording software Prat
Need new models for correspondence between
internal mind/experience and external objects
Meillassoux: conceptual grounds for the necessary
contingency of reality
19
Source: World of Warcraft http://www.wowace.com/addons/prat-3-0
21. April 22, 2016
Temporality of the Future
Temporality Paradigms
Human-time
Continuous flow of physics-biology time
Compute-time: computing clocktime eras
1. General: time becomes stoppable and
malleable
2. Machine learning/big data temporality: time
becomes predictable, future-addressable
Causality models = prediction models1
All human and natural patterns modeled
Shifts focus from reactive response to proactive
attending to the real-time present and future
3. Blocktime: time becomes future-assignable,
future-creatable
20
1Predictive Outcome causality modeling; graph theory; recurrent neural nets; (Karpathy) selective equation modeling (Pearl)
22. April 22, 2016
Temporality of the Future
Blocktime: Temporality of the Blockchain
Blockchain: decentralized computing
software protocol upon which
cryptographic ledgers like Bitcoin run
Blocktime: the temporal regime of
cryptographic ledgers and smart
contracts; time is specified in units of
transaction block confirmation times,
not minutes or hours like human-time
or variability like “park closes at dark”
21
Source: Swan, M. Magic Blockchains, but for Time? Blockchain Arbitrage. http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/more/Swan20151202
23. April 22, 2016
Temporality of the Future
Specify Future Time with Smart Contracts
Time has not been future-specifiable before;
now assignable in blocktime smart contracts
Example: automatic pay-out of bet on high
temperature tomorrow, automatic e-debit for utility
bills, automatic mortgage rate resets
Techspecs: assign time primitives, via MTL
(machine trust language), for example open a
micropayment channel dapp to track time
Temporality as a Smart Contract feature
Temporal regime: contract-specifiable parameter
per drop-down menu, just like legal regime
Blocktime specifications: time speed-ups, slow-
downs, event-waiting, prediction markets,
Bayesian-distributed future event-positing
22
Source: MTL (machine trust language) time primitives: http://futurememes.blogspot.com/2015/11/machine-trust-language-mtl-
human.html
24. April 22, 2016
Temporality of the Future
Conjecture: Blocktime “makes more time”
Any compute-time like blocktime creates
a differential with human-time
Since there is a differential, possible to
Hedge or arbitrage between time regimes
Example of Blocktime Arbitrage: a
decentralized peer-to-peer loan coming due in
blocktime, without there being enough
physical-world time cycles available for
generating the ‘fiat resources’ to repay the loan
‘Make more time’ by accessing events in
other time trajectories; thereby getting access
to more time
Example: Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat:
accessing event trajectories not lived directly
23
Source: Swan, M. Magic Blockchains, but for Time? Blockchain Arbitrage. http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/more/Swan20151202
25. April 22, 2016
Temporality of the Future
“More time” Parallelism Argument
Core argument: having sense of “more
time” due to ability to access events in
other time trajectories
Future could be running parallel: Flesh-
space self and various digital selves; thus
acquiring “more time” through multiple and
parallel experienced trajectories
History is a form of time parallelism
Time parallelism already exists via history
where we access events pre-dating and
existing outside of our own direct experience
of time as individuals
Example: Moon Landing
24
Source: Carr, D. (2014). Experience and History: Phenomenological Perspectives on the Historical World.
26. April 22, 2016
Temporality of the Future
More philosophical questions raised…
Do we need “more time”?
How can we experience the
benefit and meaning of more
time and alternative time
trajectories?
How to integrate the “diffs”
How to synthesize myriad
subjective time regimes and
event trajectories?
Moore’s Law for time?
Limits of computational
complexity and time?
25
27. April 22, 2016
Temporality of the Future
Thesis Statement
26
A concept of temporality is needed that is
adequate to the future; a model that has an open
possibility space for both the form and content of time;
that is multiple and complex; discrete and continuous;
and integrates the unstoppable flow of physics and
biology human-time with manipulable compute-time
28. April 22, 2016
Temporality of the Future
Conclusion
Blocktime Temporality
Merges human-time and compute-time
New theory of time as a raw material:
simultaneously discrete and continuous
Make more time through access to
alternative time trajectories
Could help orchestrate the
automation economy and futures
such as human-machine cloudmind
collaborations, digital smartnetwork
societies, and algorithmic reality
more generally
27
29. April 22, 2016
Temporality of the Future
Kurt Vonnegut
“Salami-mercury (quantitative-qualitative) theory of time”
28
“I think one of the biggest mistakes we’re making, second
only to being people, has to do with what time really is. We
have all these instruments for slicing it up like a salami,
clocks and calendars, and we name the slices as though we
own them - when in fact they are as likely to break into
pieces or go scampering off as dollops of mercury.”
- Kurt Vonnegut, A Man without a Country, p. 119
30. Blockchain Temporality
Smart Contract Time Specifiability with Blocktime
Part of a Series on Cryptophilosophy
cryptophilosophy
Melanie Swan
Philosophy & Economic Theory
New School for Social Research, NY NY
melanie@BlockchainStudies.org
Stony Brook, New York NY, July 7, 2016
Slides: http://slideshare.net/LaBlogga
Thank You! Questions?