1. Internet Governance & Security !
through the CyberGeoPolitics Viewpoint OSIPP Guest Lecturer/ Special Appointed Reseacher!
Kunihiro Maeda
Global Governance Studies@OSSIP 2014.12.15
Vo.1 ”What the Cyber-GeoPolitics is”
2. Profile Kunihiro Maeda
2
CEO of Unique ID Inc., and Quantum ID Inc. Specially Appointed Researcher of
Osaka School of International Public Policy at Osaka University, Visiting Fellow of
Tokyo University, Part-time lecturer of Tamagawa University. Co-researcher of
National Institute of Informatics. Visiting researcher of National Institute of
Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. Part-time lecturer of Graduate
School of Arts and Design at Onomichi University. Profession is about “social-
media design” and “collective intelligence mining” .
He made SNS with his friend in 1996. It was called "Human Web". Maybe it was
First SNS in Japan. In 1998, They tried to make another version “Small World
Connection” as work of art. They sent their works to multi-media competition “Ars
Electronica” in Australia. And They entered it Digital Be-in in USA. They went to
San Francisco for presentation. Their work won the praise of early adapter, just as
art. In 2001, They tried to make commercial web site “Kanshin Kukan” again. Our
work won the praise of early adapter in Japan. They got “Good Design award” in
2001 and he got Web Creation Award in 2006 as a pioneer of Japanese CGM.
Now He is interested in Science of Science and Technology Innovation Policy and
Social Issue-oriented Collective Intelligence Mining for Human Security.
3. What the “GeoPolitics” is …
3
Geopolitics is the study of the effects of geography
(human and physical) on international politics and
international relations. Geopolitics is a method of studying
foreign policy to understand, explain and predict
international political behaviour through geographical
variables. These include area studies, climate, topography,
demography, natural resources, and applied science of the
region being evaluated.
Geopolitics focuses on the link between political power in
relation to geographic space. In particular, territorial
waters and land territory in correlation with diplomatic
history. Academically, geopolitics analyses history and
social science with reference to geography in relation to
politics. Also, the study of geopolitics includes the
ensemble of global politicians and the way in which they
impact the societies they lead. In turn, it impacts all of the
social sciences.
The term "Geopolitics" was coined at the beginning of the
twentieth century by Rudolf Kjellén, a Swedish political
scientist, who was inspired by the German geographer
Friedrich Ratzel.
Introduction to
Geopolitics
by
Colin Flint
http://amzn.com/0415667739 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopolitics
4. What “GeoPolitics” is …shady past with Nazism
4
Karl Ernst Haushofer (1869–1946) was a German general, geographer and
geopolitician. Through his student Rudolf Hess, Haushofer's ideas may have
influenced the development of Adolf Hitler's expansionist strategies(He think
GeoPolitics is theory for struggle existence), although Haushofer denied
direct influence on the Nazi regime.
Haushofer e!ected Japanese Political Geography
In November 1908 the army sent him to Tokyo to study the Japanese army and to advise it as an
artillery instructor. He travelled with his wife via India and South East Asia and arrived in February 1909.
Haushofer was received by the Japanese emperor and became acquainted with many important people
in politics and armed forces.!
Relation of Haushofer and CSIS= Curse of geopolitics(with suspicion of conspiracy)
Fr. Edmund Aloysius Walsh, S.J. (1885–1956) was an American Jesuit Catholic priest, author, professor
of geopolitics and founder of the Georgetown University School of Foreign Service.(He defended
Houshofer wasn’t war criminal before the Judgment at Nuremberg)!
The center was founded in 1962 by Admiral Arleigh Burke and Ambassador David Manker Abshire,
originally as part of Georgetown University. The first professional sta" member hired was Richard V.
Allen who later served in the Reagan administration.!
When Henry Kissinger retired from his position as U.S. Secretary of State in 1977, he decided to teach
part-time at Georgetown's Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service and to make CSIS the base for
his Washington operations, over o"ers to teach at Yale, Penn, Columbia and Oxford.
5. What the “GeoPolitics” is …”Heartland Doctrine”
5
Mackinder posited that the industrial centers of the Periphery were necessarily located in widely separated
locations. The World Island could send its navy to destroy each one of them in turn, and could locate its own
industries in a region further inland than the Periphery (so they would have a longer struggle reaching them,
and would face a well-stocked industrial bastion). Mackinder called this region the Heartland. It essentially
comprised Central and Eastern Europe: Ukraine, Western Russia, and Mitteleuropa. The Heartland contained the
grain reserves of Ukraine, and many other natural resources. Mackinder's notion of geopolitics was summed up
when he said:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopolitics
Sir Halford
Mackinder's Heartland
concept showing the
situation of the "pivot
area" established in
the Theory of the
Heartland. He later
revised it to mark
Northern Eurasia as a
pivot while keeping
area marked above as
Heartland.
Who rules Central and Eastern Europe commands the
Heartland. Who rules the Heartland commands the World-
Island. Who rules the World-Island commands the World.
6. What the “Choke Point” are …
6
Introduction to Geopoliticshttp://amzn.com/0415667739
In military strategy, a choke point (or chokepoint) is a geographical feature on land such as a valley, defile or a
bridge, or at sea such as a strait which an armed force is forced to pass, sometimes on a substantially narrower
front, and therefore greatly decreasing its combat power, in order to reach its objective. A choke point can allow a
numerically inferior defending force to successfully thwart a larger opponent if the attacker cannot bring his
superior numbers to bear.
7. How vulnerable are undersea internet cables
77
(CNN) -- A telecommunications company on Friday blamed a ship anchor for cutting one of three severed undersea cables
that snarled Internet traffic throughout the Middle East last week.
2008年1月30日にエジプト、インド、ペルシャ湾沿岸国のインターネット接続が海底ケーブルの破損で切断され、エ
ジプトのネットの70%がダウン、インドでは帯域が50%∼60%になった
8. Easy to attack the IT infrastructure by Military
88
http://vimeo.com/54630037
http://www.wired.com/2008/12/
mediterranean-c/
12. Grandma is big threat for Internet
1212
MONDAY, 18 JULY 2011 Armazi, Georgia - 75-year-old woman arrested for single-
handedly cutting off the internet in Georgia and Armenia.
"I have no idea what the internet is”
The company that owns the fibre-optic cable, Georgian Railway Telecom, said that the
damage was serious, causing 90 per cent of private and corporate internet users in
neighbouring Armenia to lose access for nearly 12 hours while also hitting Georgian
internet service providers.
13. Shark attacks threaten Google's undersea Internet
1313
Google confirmed to me that its newest generation of undersea cables comes
wrapped in special protective yarn and steel wire armor—and that the goal is to
protect against cable cuts, including possible shark attacks. Here's an old video
of what that looks like, in case you were wondering: !
!
http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2014/08/15/
shark_attacks_threaten_google_s_undersea_internet_cables_video.html
14. Cyber GeoPolitics is Multi-Dimensional
14
Multidimensional scaling (MDS) is a means of visualizing the
level of similarity of individual cases of a dataset. It refers to
a set of related ordination techniques used in information
visualization, in particular to display the information
contained in a distance matrix.
Dimensionality reduction
15. To find out the Multi-Dimensional “Choke Points”
15
Sudan produces half the world s supply, and the best quality, of gum arabic, which is almost as
crucial to modern life as oil; it s in every bottle of Coca-Cola for a start. Even fierce sanctions
against Sudan didn t apply to gum arabic supplies!
!
Wired Italiaの記事で、米国が一時スーダンに拠点を置いていた「アルカイーダ」への圧力をかけるため経済制裁を実
施したにも関わらず、「コカコーラ」や「ペプシ」の重要な原料(黒い着色料が沈殿しないようにする植物)である「アラ
ビア・ガム」の生産量の世界の半分が「スーダン」で栽培されていたために、両社の圧力によって禁輸措置の対象から外
されたという記事が掲載された。この事実は当時、フランスのルモンド紙から「ソーダ・ポップ外交」と揶揄された。
16. The Evolving Cable Network and Imperialism
1616
電信および海底ケーブルの実用化と、そのグローバル
な展開にいち早く成功したのは英国であった。英国の
電信による海底ケーブルについてはすでに多くの研究
がなされている。たとえば、ダニエル・R・ヘッドリ
ク(Daniel R. Headrick)が、「ケーブルは、新帝
国主義の不可欠の一部であった」と指摘している。http://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/0195062736
http://jsp.sfc.keio.ac.jp/pdf/wp/jsp-wp_2_Motohiro_Tsuchiya.pdf
17. The Evolving Cable Network and Its Implications
1717
西暦1851年(嘉永4年)世界最初の海底ケーブルがドーバー海峡に敷設されたが、早くも翌嘉永5年
に、その情報が長崎の和蘭商館長(和蘭の東印度株式会社日本支店長)すなわち甲比丹(かぴたん)か
ら、長崎奉行経由で幕府に提出された和蘭風説書によって報告されている。 http://
www.nttwem.co.jp/knowledge/anecdote/18.html
24. Fibre optics to connect Japan to the UK ‒ via the Arctic
2424
A big plus for the Arctic cables is that they avoid failure-prone "choke points" such as the
Luzon strait near Taiwan, the strait of Malacca between Indonesia and Malaysia, and the
crowded and politically unsettled Middle East. A single landslide or a ship dragging its anchor in
these areas can break several cables, disrupting internet traffic.
25. New passage of global commons or not?
2525
ロシアが安全保障面において中国の動きを警戒する新たな要因として、中国による北極進出の動きがある。2007 年 8 月にロシアの北
極遠征隊が北極点の海底 4261m にチタン製のロシア国旗を設置して以降、ロシアは北極開発に積極的に乗り出す姿勢を見せている。
2008 年 9 月 13 日には、「北極におけるロシア連邦の国家利益の擁護」と題する安全保障会議が、セルゲイ・ナルィシキン大統領府
長官(当時)ら安全保障会議の常任メンバーらが参加して、国境警備隊が駐留する最北端の地であるフランツ・ヨーゼフ群島で開催さ
れた。さらに、同年 9 月 17 日には「2020 年までのロシア連邦の北極政策の基本」が承認され、北極地域をロシアの最重要の戦略資
源基地と位置付け、国の経済発展のために北極開発を進めることや、輸送路として北極航路を利用することがロシアの国益であると規
定された。翌 2009 年 3 月の安全保障会議では、2020 年までに北極を戦略的資源基地にする方針が承認されるとともに、同年 4 月
にはプーチン首相(当時)自らがフランツ・ヨーゼフ群島を視察した20。2010 年夏には、ロシア海運大手のソフコムフロートの大型
タンカーが北極航路の運航に成功したほか、ロシアとノルウェーがバレンツ海・北極海の海洋境界画定条約を締結して、両国が北極海
における協力を前進させることで合意した。ロシアが北極を重視する理由には、北極の資源開発、北極航路の出現、安全保障上の考慮
の 3 つがある。まず、北極圏には世界全体の未発見の天然ガスの 30%、原油 13%が埋蔵されており、手つかずの天然資源が眠ってい
るといわれている。総面積 450 万 km2 の北極海大陸棚のうち、その 6 割にあたる約 270 万 km2 をロシアが保有しているほか、ロ
シアは国連大陸棚限界委員会に対して大陸棚延長を申請して、120 万 km2 の追加保有を目指している。
26. Russian Arctic strategy - GeoPolitics and Militarization
2626
Russia is planning to set up the headquarters of its Arctic Command at a naval base used by its Northern Fleet, and the new
facility will become operational on Dec. 1, Russian President Vladimir Putin announced Monday. The Arctic Command is part
of Russia’s plan to form a combined arms group and construct a unified network of military facilities in the country’s Arctic
territories, by hosting troops, advanced warships and aircraft to strengthen the protection of its northern borders, Ria Novosti
reported. Read more: http://www.businessinsider.com/russia-arctic-expansion-2014-11#ixzz3LBw1pbXR
27. Russian Arctic strategy - GeoPolitics and Militarization
2727
Russia's new military command center in the
Arctic became operational Monday, as the
country increasingly militarizes the polar region.
Moscow's new Northern Command will
subsume the Russian Northern Fleet and form a
unified military network of ground troops,
aircraft, and naval vessels in an attempt to
leverage Russia's strength in the great north.
Read more: http://www.businessinsider.com/
russia-is-militarizing-the-
arctic-2014-12#ixzz3Ldwf1owu
28. Measure the real place and cyber space in pacesMeasure the real place and cyber space in paces
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http://www.jice.or.jp/quiz/kaisetsu_02.html
28
http://www.jice.or.jp/quiz/kaisetsu_02.html